催化剂制备原理:8第五六七章加氢脱氢氧化催化剂的制备课件.ppt
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1、5 加氢催化剂,加氢反应加氢反应催化剂还原镍催化剂分解镍有机酸盐制成的催化剂骨架镍催化剂层型和片状镍催化剂 漆原镍催化剂镍催化剂的钝化其它,24-Jan-23,1,5.1 加氢反应,烯烃加氢芳核加氢羰基加氢硝基还原腈的加氢,24-Jan-23,2,加氢反应的特点,绿色化的化学反应,原子经济性催化加氢一般生成产物和水,不会生成其它副产物(副反应除外),具有很好的原子经济性。绿色化学是当今科研和生产的世界潮流,我国已在重大科研项目研究的立项上向这个方向倾斜产品收率高、质量好普通的加氢反应副反应很少,因此产品的质量很高反应条件温和,设备通用,24-Jan-23,3,烯烃加氢,CH2=CH2+H2 C
2、H3-CH3+33 KCal活性:Rh Pb Pt Ni Fe W Cr Ta丙烯加氢,浮石载体活性:Rh Ir Ru Pt Pb Ni Fe Co Os佐藤,Ni+碱金属氟化物Ni-NaF-SiO2 1-己烯、环己烯,收率100%,稳定,24-Jan-23,4,芳核加氢,活性:Rh Ru Pt PbNi和Co也有很高活性工业上一般采用Ni和CuCu-NaF-SiO2,Cu 20%wt、NaF 24%wt,24-Jan-23,5,Hydrogenation,Hydrogenation of aromatics have been commercialized at a lot of plant
3、s in the world.Ni and Pt-Al2O3 is used in slurry or fixed bed reactor mostly.Ru-Al2O3 has high activity also.,Hydrogenation of Benzene and Alkylbenzene,A pure cyclohexane is used for raw material of nylon-6.Stable Ni or Pt-Al2O3 is commercialized as fixed bed process.Reaction condition of Ni is a li
4、ttle severe,5 MPa,Pt-Al2O3 is operated 1 Mpa.The life of catalyst is 2-4 years.small amount of sulfur becomes catalyst poison.,Aromatics in paraffin would be hydrogenated to naphthene and alkylcyclohexane.Small amounts of acid is promoter of the reaction.Ru-Al2O3 is excellent catalyst for hydrogenat
5、ion of aromatics.Ethyl benzene is easy to be hydrogenated with Ru-Al2O3 to ethyl cyclohexane which is used none aromatic solvent.Typical reaction condition is Temp.150,1 MPa,WHSV.1.0.,Although Pd-Al2O3 has hydrogenation activity of alkylaromatics,it can not be used industry because of very sensitive
6、 to small amount of sulfur.Asahi chemical Co.,developed selective hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene using Ru-Zn black powder catalyst in benzene-water solvent.The process was commercialized Japan and China.Cyclohexene is introduced to cyclohxanone by hydration with ZSM-5.,Hydrogenation of bezo
7、yic acid,Pd-carbon powder is used for hydrogenation of benzoic acid to cyclohexane carboxylic acid which is called Sinia process producing intermediater of caprolactam.The process is commercialized in Europe and China.,Hydrogenation of phenol,Cyclohexanone is introduced by hydrogenation of phenol al
8、so.Cyclohexanone is raw material of nylon.Pd-carbon powder has been used at slurry bed process and Pd-Al2O3 used at fixed bed process.Modified by alkaline gives high yield.Rh or Ru gives cyclohexanol.Pt and Ni is easy to make hydrogenolysis and gives cyclohexane as follows reaction.,苯酚加氢,24-Jan-23,1
9、3,己内酰胺,己内酰胺是一种重要的有机化工原料,是生产尼龙6纤维(即锦纶)和尼龙6工程塑料的单体。己内酰胺为白色粉末或者白色片状固体,手触有润滑感,工业品有微弱叔胺气味。纯己内酰胺的凝固点为69.2,在760mmHg时沸点为268.5,具有吸水性,易溶于水、乙醇、乙醚、丙酮、氯仿和苯等有机溶剂中,受热时起聚合反应。,苯酚法,苯酚在镍铅合金催化剂存在下加氢转化为环己醇。精馏分离出环己醇,以锌铁或铜为催化剂脱氢转化为环己酮。精馏得到环己酮,与硫酸羟胺和氨发生肟化反应生成环己酮肟,同时还生成副产品硫酸铵。分离出的环己酮肟在过量发烟硫酸存在下经贝克曼转位反应生成己内酰胺。反应生成物中的硫酸用氨中和得到
10、副产品硫酸铵。分离出来的粗己内酰胺,经提纯精制得到己内酰胺的成品。,环己烷氧化法,苯在三氧化二铝为载体的镍催化剂存在下,经气相加氢反应得到环己烷。环己烷以钴为催化剂经液相氧化生成环己醇和环己酮。环己醇按上法脱氢转化成环己酮,以下的生产过程同上。,环己烷光亚硝化法,氨与空气在钯催化剂存在下燃烧生成三氧化二氮,三氧化二氮与硫酸反应生成亚硝基硫酸。亚硝基硫酸与氯化氢反应生成氯化亚硝酰。环己烷与氯化亚硝酰在加有碘化铊的高压汞灯照射下生成环己酮肟盐酸盐,以下生成过程同上。,Hydrogenation of cyclohexylethanol,Vinylcyclohexane is applied as
11、raw material for Polymer.It is introduced from cyclohexylethanol by dehydration.Cyclohexylethanol is produced from phenylethanol by hydrogenation with Ru-Al2O3.,Hydrogenation of aniline,Aniline is hydrogenated to cyclohexyl amine.Acid inhibit the rate of reaction.Basic metals such as Li,K are promot
12、er.Ru-Al2O3 seems the best catalyst either slurry and fixed bed process.,Hydrogenation of pyridine,Pyridine is hydrogenated to piperidine with Pt or Ru-carbon powder.Using 5%Ru-carbon powder process are commercialized.Acid is catalyst poison and alkali metals are promoter as same as hydrogenation of
13、 aniline.,吡啶加氢,24-Jan-23,21,Ni、Co、Cu-Cr2O3、Rh、Ru、Pb、Pt比苯加氢困难,Bi-metal catalyst,Rh-Ru or Rh-Pt bi-metal catalyst shows very high activity for hydrogenation of p-xylene.It is reported by Dr.P.N.Rylander.,Hydrogenation of Bis-phenol A,Stable Ni catalyst has been used to produce hydrogenated bis-phenol
14、A at slurry process.trans isomer is main product.Ru-Al2O3 can be used at fixed bed process,and main product is cis-isomer,secondary alcohol as solvent gives high yield.,丙酮加氢,24-Jan-23,24,金属蒸发膜上:Pt Ni Fe W Pb AuPb 对丙酮及其它脂肪酮的加氢能力较差,硝基还原,24-Jan-23,25,Ni(硫化物)、Cu催化剂,Adv.Synth.Catal.2007,349,1877 1881,Pro
15、f Lv Rongwen,Reduction of nitroarenesus ing hydrazine hydrate over nickel-iron mixed oxide catalyst prepared from a nickel-iron hydrotalcite-like precursor.,腈的还原,24-Jan-23,33,Co、Ni:伯胺Rh:仲胺Pt、Pd:叔胺,葡萄糖加氢生产山梨醇,镍-/催化剂-非晶态催化剂,Hydrogenation of p-phenylphenol to p-cyclohexylphenol,J.Xin et al./Catalysis C
16、ommunications 9(2008)23452348Regioselective hydrogenation of p-phenylphenol(p-PP)to p-cyclohexylphenol(p-CP)was performed over 10 wt.%Pd/C catalyst in THF solvent.The selectivity of p-CP was up to 92.3%at 413 K under 3.5 MPa with 100%conversion of p-PP.The desired product could be easily separated f
17、rom the reaction mixture by washing with aqueous NaOH following extraction by toluene.,蒽醌加氢催化剂,含钯或钯-铂加氢催化剂颗粒大小:23 活性组分:Pd或Pd、Pt 堆比重(gml):0.65 比表面积(mg):150200 孔容(mlg):0.500.60 压碎强度(N粒):50 耐热温度()650,NiO+Al2O3 铝镍尖晶石(NiAl2O4),内容回顾,40,24-Jan-23,H2,H2,HCl,金属氧化物或氯化物的还原反应,300500 C,H2,42,24-Jan-23,673 K,金属氧化
18、物和氯化物还原反应平衡常数,43,24-Jan-23,取PH2 101 KPa,PH2O、PHCl 0.133Pa:K1=1.310-6,K2=1.810-7,为了得到高活性金属催化剂需要较高的还原度及高分散度的金属微晶,44,24-Jan-23,24-Jan-23,45,实施方法:在不发生烧结的前提下,尽可能地提高还原温度特别是还原初期,可以加快金属晶核生成速度(结构型助剂)使用较高的氢空速尽可能地降低还原气体中水蒸气的分压如在还原前事先将催化剂进行低温脱水,或用干燥的的惰性气体通过催化剂的床层,5.2 加氢反应催化剂(镍催化剂),46,24-Jan-23,分解镍有机酸盐,氯化镍置换反应,N
19、i-Al合金 脱铝,还原镍无机酸盐,镍催化剂,1.还原镍催化剂,1897年,Sabatier,乙烯+氢气乙烷,24-Jan-23,47,硝酸镍,硅藻土,NaCO3,NiCO33Ni(OH)24H2O/硅藻土,水洗过滤干燥煅烧还原,还原镍催化剂,商品还原镍催化剂的制备,24-Jan-23,48,Al2O3,400 500,Ni-Al2O3-硅藻土,2.分解镍有机酸盐,蚁酸镍(或草酸镍),24-Jan-23,49,H2、N2、CO2,硬化油、石蜡、二苯基醚,3.骨架镍催化剂(Raney 镍催化剂),1925,Raney,Ni-SiO2;Ni-Al?,24-Jan-23,50,Ni-Al合金:Ni3
20、Al、NiAl;Ni2Al3、NiAl3,Ni-Al合金展开及水洗方法,24-Jan-23,51,W-6,2L三口烧瓶,温度计,搅拌160 g NaOH溶于600 ml水激烈搅拌,保持502 25 30 min,加入125 g Ni-Al合金粉末缓慢搅拌50 min,24-Jan-23,52,安村和西村,NaOH溶液加入合金中把非常稀的NaOH溶液加入合金合金表面被Al(OH)3包覆,呈灰白色加入浓NaOH溶液溶铝反应平缓进行高活性催化剂,24-Jan-23,53,平用水展开,三水氧化铝Al2O3H2ONi-Al合金与水一起加热种子反应氧化铝为单体的骨架镍,24-Jan-23,54,4.层状和
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