被动语态的翻译 课件.pptx

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1、1,被动语态的翻译,语态是表明句子中谓语与主语之间关系的一种语法手段。相比汉语，英语中被动语态使用范围大、频率高。因此，在翻译时，我们可以根据两种语言的习惯，从句式和辅助词语两个方面进行语态转换。,1被动语态的翻译,2,1.1 译成被动句 英语被动句是由“助动词be+过去分词”构成，在译成汉语时，除了用“被”表示外，还可以运用其他词语，如“受”、“遭”、“让”、“给”、“叫”、“由”、“把”、“挨”“为所”、“加以”、“予以”等。例如：,一、英译汉中被动语态的翻译,被动语态的翻译,3,The optimists believe defeat is not their fault:circums

2、tances,bad luck,or other people brought it about.Such people are not bothered by defeat.,乐观主义者相信失败并不是他们的错，环境、运气不佳或其他人都可能造成自己的失败。这些人从不为失败所困扰。,当乐观主义者参加竞选时，他们比悲观主义者更容易当选。,2)When optimists run for office,they are more apt to be elected than pessimists are.,被动语态的翻译,4,3)Americans eat a lot of beef because

3、 there is plenty of land for raising cattle and their meat can be shipped cheaply for long distance by railroad.,4)Late in November,street lights and store windows are decorated with the traditional Christmas colors of red and green.,美国人牛肉吃得很多，因为美国有大量的土地可用来养牛，而且牛肉可以由铁路以低廉的价格进行长途运输。,11月下旬，街灯和商店的橱窗都用红

4、和绿这两种传统的圣诞节颜色加以装饰。,被动语态的翻译,5,A.把被动语态译成汉语被动句1)The company was enjoined from using false advertising.这家商号被禁止使用虚假广告。2)Up to now,sulphur dioxide has been regarded as one of the most serious of these pollutants.到目前为止，二氧化硫一直被看作是这些污染物中最严重的一种。,TIP:当句中不出现行为主体时，有时可以在谓语前使用“被”字来表示被动意义,6,3)All around,the hill we

5、re black with oil,and some were hidden by gas and drifting oil spray.四周，由于蒙上了一层油，山峦是黑色的，有的山峦则被天然气和在风中飘洒的喷油遮挡住了。4)The thrust force of an airplane is produced by the propeller.飞机的推力由螺旋桨所产生。,TIP:在行为主体前使用“被”、“由”、“受”、“给”等字,在这类句子中，在“被”、“由”、“受”、“给”等字后面，在动词前面，有一个名词作为该动词的逻辑主语。,7,使用“是的”、“为所”句型“是的”、“为所”这些句子着重说

6、明一件事情是怎样做或什么时候、什么地点做的等等。例如：,5)Poets are born,but orators are made.诗人是天生的，而演说家则是后天造就的。6).Footprints on the sands of time are not made by sitting down.沙滩上的足迹是走出来的。（喻“不身体力行不足以成事”）7).In his late thirties he was almost knocked down in his despondency of the unsuccessful career.近四十岁时，由于事业上的挫折，他几乎为失意所毁。,8,

7、8)The laws of motion will be discussed in the next articles.运动定律将在下文中予以讨论。9)The details of the facade will be further fitted up to match the interior.铺面将进一步加以装修，使之与室内装饰浑然一体。,使用“加以”、“予以”字样 表达被动含义。,9,1.2 译成主动句 英译汉时，不少英语被动句被译成汉语主动句，使句子更符合汉语习惯。,2)Here,hold the baby while I fix her blanket.Its all pulled

8、 out.,1)Dont be alarmed if your newborn fails to be startled by loud noises or fails to turn toward sound.,如果你的新生儿听到响声并不吃惊，或者没有把头转向发出声音的方向，不必慌张。,来，抱着孩子，我把毯子弄弄好，全都拉散了。,被动语态的翻译,10,3)When the meal is finished,the guests put their napkins on the table and rise.,4)The monkeys were given sweet potatoes by

9、 scientists who wanted to attract them to the shore of an island.,吃完饭后，客人们把餐巾放在桌上并起身。,科学家们给猴子白薯，想把它们引到海岛的岸边。,被动语态的翻译,11,1).His pride must be pinched.他这股傲气应该打下去。2).The result of the invention of the stream engine was that human power was replaced by mechanical power.蒸汽机发明的结果是，机械力代替了人力。,B.把被动语态译成汉语主动句

10、,当英语被动句中的主语是无生命的名词，而且句中一般没有由介词by引导的行为主体时，这种句子常常可译成汉语的主动句，而不需加什么词。,当被动句中有地点状语，由介词“by”引导的方式状语及“from”等表示的其它状语时，有时可把这种状语译成主语，将介词省略，而把原主语译成宾语，这样，就更符合汉语的习惯。如例2,12,1.3 译成判断句 有些英语被动句并不突出强调被动动作，而着重对事物的状态、过程和性质等加以描写，其作用与系表结构类似,因此，此类句式可翻译成中文的判断句。例如:,l)Everything in the world is build up from atoms.,世界上最早的炸药是在中

11、国制造和使用的。,世间万物都是由原子构成的。,2)The first explosive in the world was made and used in China.,被动语态的翻译,13,3)He was brought up by his grandmother.,4)We are not to be bullied.,他是由他祖母抚养大的。,我们是不能被欺负的。,被动语态的翻译,14,C.把被动语态译成汉语无主句,1).Power would be gotten if there were money to get it with.有了钱，就会以钱谋权。2).If water is

12、heated,the molecules move more quickly.如果把水加热，水分子就运动得更快。,D.习惯译法,1).Its believed that her plans for a movie career had all been merely a pipe dream.有人说她那些当明星的计划全都是些非非遐想罢了。,英语中以it 做形式主语，以被动语态作谓语，其后跟一个由that引导的主语从句的结构很多。这种结构在译成汉语时，除把it一律省略外，通常有两种处理方法：在被动语态前加“人们”、“有人”、“我们”、“大家”等词用“据”等短语译出,15,2).It is est

13、imated that Americans spend up to five years of their lives in that tedious,stressful but unavoidable process known as waiting.据估计，美国人一生中,在乏味而令人厌烦,却又躲避不掉的等待上所耗费的时间,竟达五年之多。,英语中这种it做形式主语的被动句型在各类文章中比比皆是，汉译时一般均按主动结构译出。即将原文中的主语从句译在宾语的位置上，而把it做形式主语的主句译成一个独立语或分句。常见的固定结构如：,英语中以it 做形式主语，以被动语态作谓语，其后跟一个由that引导

14、的主语从句的结构很多。这种结构在译成汉语时，除把it一律省略外，通常有两种处理方法：在被动语态前加“人们”、“有人”、“我们”、“大家”等词用“据”等短语译出,16,It is generally accepted that 一般认为；大家公认It is alleged that 人们断言It is asserted that 有人主张（断定）It is understood that 人们理解；不用说,It must be realized that 必须了解（认识、明白）It is said that 据说；一般认为It is suggested that 有人建议,17,It is be

15、lieved that 据信；人们（大家）相信It is claimed that 有人（人们）主张；人们要求It is declared that 据宣称；人们宣称It cannot be denied that 不可否认It is estimated that 据估计（推算）It has been found that 已经发现；实践证明,It must be kept in mind that 必须记住 It is known that 众所周知；大家知道It has been objected that 有人反驳It is predicted that 据估计；据预计It is rep

16、orted that 据报道；据报告说,18,A.不加主语,It is hoped that.希望 It is reported that 据报道 It is said that.据说 It is supposed that 据推测 It may be said without fear of exaggeration that 可以毫不夸张地说 It must be admitted that.必须承认 It must be pointed out that.必须指出 It will be seen from this that 由此可见,1.4“It+be+past participle+

17、that引导的从句”句型的翻译,被动语态的翻译,19,B.增加主语,It is asserted that.有人主张 It is believed that.有人相信（认为）It is generally considered that.大家认为 It is well known that.大家知道（众所周知）It will be said that 有人会说 It was told that.有人曾经说,被动语态的翻译,20,1)This point deserves mentioning.2)The paper can stand criticizing.3)As I passed by,

18、my coat got caught on a nail.4)The murder is now under investigation.,1.5 某些表示被动含义的句型的翻译,这起谋杀案正在调查中。,这一点值得一提。,这篇论文经得起推敲。,我走过去时，外衣被钉子勾住了。,被动语态的翻译,21,5)Does your coat require pressing?6)The noodles are still cooking.7)This ball-pen writes smoothly.,你的外衣需要熨烫吗？,面条还在煮着。,这支圆珠笔写起来很顺畅。,被动语态的翻译,22,2.1 带有如“被”

19、、“受”、“遭”、“给”、“挨”等被动标记词的汉语句子应该译成英语被动句。,二、汉译英中被动语态的翻译,1)被采访的挂钥匙的孩子们的反应是不同的。2)他们认为他们受到了关爱与信任，这种感觉激励了他们的信心。3)我发现昨天英语考试中我作弊的事当天晚上就让我父母知道了。,Latchkey children who were interviewed reported diverse reactions.,They felt loved and trusted,and this feeling encouraged them to be self-confident.,I found that my

20、cheating in yesterdays English test was reported to my parents that very evening.,被动语态的翻译,23,2.2 含有被动意义的汉语句子应当译成英语的被动句 这类句子在形式上没有被动标记：有主语有动词，但主语不是谓语动词动作的执行者，有时主语缺席，但都有被动含义，英译时应该译成被动语态。例如：,1)而且，这也是违反中国习俗的，因为凡事都不能匆忙。2)当他了解到需要什么以后就决定申请入会。3)基本建设速度加快，投资环境不断完善。,The capital construction has been accelerate

21、d and the environment for investment has been continuously improved.,When he learned what was required,he decided to apply for membership.,Besides,thats going against Chinese custom,because haste is to be avoided.,被动语态的翻译,24,2.3 无主句 汉语中有些句子没有主语，翻译时可以用被动语态，可以让原句里的动词宾语充当英语句子里的主语，而动词变为被动形式的谓语，构成英语被动句。例

22、如:,1)对这些评论应予以充分的讨论。2)到目前为止还未得出结论。3)该问题没得到注意。4)表格要在有证人的情况下签名。,These remarks should be discussed fully.,So far,no conclusion has been reached.,No attention was paid to the problem.,The form has to be signed in the presence of a witness.,被动语态的翻译,25,2.4 泛指主语句 汉语中有些句子用表示泛指的“人们”、“有人”或“大家”等作主语，英译时通常都用被动语态。

23、例如:,1)大家估计罢工明天会开始。2)人们认为他现在住纽约。3)人们推测他们总有一天会结婚的。4)有人看见老教授深夜还在做试验。5)大家认为，他对做这项工作很满足。,It is expected that the strike will begin tomorrow.,It is believed that he is living in New York.,It is assumed that they will get married one day.,The old professor was seen making an experiment late at night.,He wa

24、s considered quite satisfied with the job.,被动语态的翻译,26,翻译练习,Directions:Translate the following sentences into English.They might be useful when you write the composition.,1)人们认为，悲观常常会导致绝望、疾病和失败。2)一战前好莱坞首次制作了电影。3)公共交通增加投入，可以抑制不断增长的私车需求。,It is believed that pessimism often leads to hopelessness,sicknes

25、s and failure.,Movies were first made in Hollywood before WWI.,The ever-increasing demand for private cars could be halted by more investment in public transport.,翻译练习,27,4)In 1849 gold was discovered in California in the mountains near San Francisco and so started the famous Gold Rush.5)It is belie

26、ved that nuclear power is among the greatest innovations of our time.But it is also feared it will bring the end of the world.6)The National Security Agency in US is accused of reading other peoples e-mails around the world in its search for military and commercial secrets.,1849年加州三藩市附近的山里发现了黄金，由此开始

27、了广为人知的淘金热。,我们相信核能是当代最伟大的发明之一，但是我们也担忧核能会带来世界末日。,(1)美国国家安全局在全球范围内偷窥他人的电子邮件，获取军事和商业秘密，受到了指责。(2)人们指责美国国家安全局在全球范围内偷窥他人的电子邮件，获取军事和商业秘密。,翻译练习,28,1.The dockers were seen unloading the chemical fertilizer from S.S.“Apollo”.2.The Finnish Trade Mission was given a warm welcome by their counterparts.3.Our reaso

28、nable price has already been accepted by Sears,which will lead to further business.4今天邀大家来开座谈会，目的是要和大家交换意见，5只有你方把现有订货量增至我们所确定的最低数字，我们才能供货。,29,1有人看见码头工人正从“阿波罗”号轮船卸化肥。2芬兰贸易代表团受到同行们的热烈欢迎。3我方合理的价格已由西尔斯公司接受，这样可促成更多的贸易。4You have been invited to this forum today to exchange ideas on5.We will not be able to dispatch your shipment until your order is large enough to qualify our minimum requirement in size.,