生物工程专业英语ppt课件.ppt

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1、生物工程专业英语,antibiotic【ntbatk】抗生素vaccine【vksi:n】疫苗,Biotechnology includes fermentation processes(ranging from beers and wines to bread,cheese,antibiotics and vaccines),water and waste treatment,parts of food technology,and an increasing range of novel applications ranging from biomedical to metal recov

2、ery from low grade ores.,生物技术包括发酵过程（如啤酒、果酒、面包、奶酪、抗生素和疫苗的生产）、水与废物处理、食品技术以及越来越多的新应用，包括从生物医学到从低品质矿石中回收金属各个领域。,versatility【v:stlt】多用途的,多功能的organic【:nik】有机的，有机物的,Because of its versatility,biotechnology will exert a major impact in many industrial processes and in theory almost all organic materials coul

3、d be producted by biotechnological methods.,由于生物技术的普遍性，它将在许多工业生产过程中产生重大的影响。理论上，几乎所有的有机物都能用生物技术来生产。,Predictions of future worldwide market potential for biotechnological products in the year 2000 have been estimated at nearly US$65bn.,到2000年，生物技术在未来全球市场的潜力预计接近650亿美元,synthesize【sn,saz】人工合成，使合成molecule

4、【mlikju:l】分子interferon【int(:)firn】干扰素,However,it must also be appreciated that many important new bio-products will still be synthesized chemically from models derived from existing biological molecules,e.g.,new drugs based on the interferons.,然而，我们必须意识到，许多重要的新的生物产品仍将以化学方法，按照现有的生物分子模型进行合成，例如以干扰素为基础的

5、新药。,interface【intfeis】连接，接口interpret【int:prit】理解，解释，说明,Thus the interface between bioscience and chemistry and its relationship to biotechnology must be broadly interpreted.,因此，应该从广义上来理解生物学和化学以及他们与生物技术之间的关系。,residue【rez,du:】剩余，余渣,A high production of the techniques used in biotechnology tend to be m

6、ore economic,less energy demanding and safer than current traditional industrial processes and for most processes the residues are biodegradable and non-toxic.,生物技术所采用的众多技术通常比传统工业更经济、更低能耗、更安全，而且大多数生产过程中的残留物都能够通过生物降解而且无毒。,In the long term biotechnology offers a means of solving some major world probl

7、ems,in particular those related to medicine,food production,pollution control and the development of new energy sources.,从长远来看，生物技术提供了一种可以解决众多世界性难题的方法，尤其是医药、食品生产、污染控制和新能源发展领域的问题。,Contrary to popular belief biotechnology is not a new pursuit but in reality dates far back into history.In practice,four

8、 major developmental phases can be identified in arriving at modern biotechnological systems.,与人们的普遍看法相反的是，生物技术并不是新兴起的，事实上，它已经有很长的历史了。实践证明，现在的生物技术体系是经历了四个主要的发展阶段后形成的。,baking 烘焙brewing 酿造,Activities such as baking,brewing and wine making are known to date back several millennia;the ancient Sumarians

9、and Babylonians were drinking beer by 6000 B.C.,the Egyptians were baking leavened bread by 4000 B.C.while wine was known in the Near East by the time of the book of Genesis.,利用生物技术生产食品和饮料人类从事烘焙、酿造以及果酒酿造的活动可以追溯到数千年前，古老的苏美尔人和巴比伦人喝啤酒的历史可追溯到公元前6000年，埃及人在公元前4000年就会烘焙面包，创世纪诞生时，葡萄糖就就开始在中东地区流行。,recognition

10、【reknin】识别，认可formulate【f:mjuleit】确切地阐述，用公式表示Anton van Leeuwenhoek安东尼列文虎克，荷兰博物学家，显微镜创造者,The recognition that these processes were being affected by living organisms,yeasts,was not formulated until the 17th century,by Anton van Leeuwenhoek.,这些过程都在受生物体、酵母菌的影响，但直到17世纪安东尼列文虎克做了系统阐述之后，人们才认识到这一点。,minute or

11、ganisms 微生物seminal 对以后发展有重大影响的，种子的,Definitive proof of the fermentation abilities of these minute organisms came from the seminal studies of Pasteur between 1857 and 1876.Pasteur can justifiably be considered as the father of biotechnology.,1857年到1876年间，巴斯德的开创性研究证明了这些微生物具有发酵能力，他理所当然地被称为生物技术之父。,tempe

12、h【temp】豆豉ancestry【nsstr】祖先,Other microbially based processes such as the production of fermented milk products,e.g.cheeses and yogurts,and various oriental foods,e.g.soy sauce,tempeh etc.,can equally claim distant ancestry.,其他的微生物过程，如奶酪和酸奶等发酵乳制品的生产，以及酱油和豆豉等各种东方食品的生产，都同样有悠久的历史。,Of more rencent introd

13、uction is mushroom cultivation which probably dates back many hundreds of years for Japanese shii-ta-ke cultivation and about 300 years for the Agaricus mushroom now widely cultivated throughout the temperate world.,最近引进的蘑菇种植可以追溯到数百年前日本的shii-ta-ke种植，如今在温带地区广泛种植的巴西蘑菇也有三百年左右的历史了。,intuitive【ntjutv】直觉的，

14、直观的vital【vat!】有生命的,It cannot be ascertained whether these microbial processes arose by accidental observation or by intuitive experimentation but their further and continued development were early examples of mans abilities to use the vital activities of organisms for his own needs.,我们无法确定这些微生物生产过程的

15、出现是源于偶然还是主观实验，但其进一步不断发展的早期实例证明了人类能够利用微生物的生命活动来满足自己的需要。,reliant【rlant】依赖、依靠proportion【prporn】比例、比率humble【hmb!】低下的、卑微的origin【rdn】起源,In more recent times,just as these processes have become more reliant on advanced technology,their contribution to world economy has equally increased out of all proporti

16、on to their humble origins.,近年来，这些生产过程更依赖于先进的技术，其与世界经济的贡献也与日俱增，远远大于初期阶段的作用。,acetic【sitk】酸的，醋酸的acetic acid 乙酸butanol【bjut,nol】丁醇acetone【s,ton】丙酮contaminate【kntm,net】污染、毒害manipulation【m,npjulen】操作、控制,Many important industrial compounds such as ethanol,acetic acid,organic acids,butanol and acetone were

17、 being produced by the end of the 19th century by microbial fermentation procedures that were open to the environment;the control of contaminating micro-organisms was achieved by careful manipulation of the ecological environment and not by complicated engineering practices.,到19世纪末，许多重要的工业化合物，如乙醇、乙酸

18、、有机酸、丁醇、丙酮，都是在开放的环境里利用微生物发酵进行生产的，而对微生物污染的成功控制是通过认真的控制生态环境而不是通过复杂的工程来实现的。,petroleum【ptrolm】石油eclipse 使黯然失色,However,with the arrival of the petroleum age in which these compounds could be produced more cheaply from the by-products of petroleum production,most of these emerging industries were eclipsed

19、.,然而，进入石油时代，这些化合物都能够从石油的副产品中得到，使得它们更廉价，而这些新兴产业也黯然失色。,escalation【】上调、涨价,Escalation of oil prices in recent years has lead to a re-examination of the early fermentation procedures with a view to a return to commercial production.,近些年来，石油价格的不断上升使我们重新考虑启用早期的发酵工序，并恢复商业化生产。,previously【privisl】事先，以前relativ

20、ely【rltvl】相对地,Together with the previously mentioned food fermentations these fermentation practices are relatively simple and can be run on a large scale.,与前面提到的食品发酵相比，这些物质的发酵方法相对简单，能够进行大规模生产。,outstanding 显著的、重要的sterile【strl】不生育的、无效的municipal【mjunspl】市政的compost【kmpost】堆肥,Other outstanding examples

21、of non-sterile biotechnology are waste water treatment and municipal composting of solid wastes.,其他成功的有菌微生物发酵例子有废水处理和城市固体废物堆肥。,exploit【ksplt】开发、利用decompose【,dikmpoz】分解detoxify【ditks,fa】去除污染、使去毒,Microorganisms have long been exploited for purposes of decomposing and detoxifying human sewage and,to a

22、lesser extent,in the treatment of industrial toxic wastes such as those from the chemicals industry.,人们一直利用微生物来处理和净化生活污水，以及简单的处理工业有毒废料，如化工厂（排放的）废水。,represent【,rprznt】表现，表示formulate【】,Biotechnological treatment of waste waters represents by far the largest(but least recognised)fermentation capacity p

23、racticed throughout the world.,在目前世界上实施的发酵过程中，利用生物技术处理污水的规模最大（但对其了解最肤浅）。,recognition【】formulate【】,A new direction in biotechnology came in the 1940s with the introduction of complicated engineering techniques to the mass cultivation of micro-organisms to ensure that the particular biological process

24、 could proceed with the exclusion of contaminating microorganisms.,生物技术过程无菌技术的引进 20世纪40年代，随着微生物培养中复杂工程技术的引进，一项新的技术诞生了，以保证每个生物反应过程都不受到杂菌的污染。,recognition【】formulate【】,Thus by prior sterilization of the medium and the bioreactor and with engineering provision for the exclusion of incoming contaminants

25、only the chosen biocatalyst was present in the reactor.,因此，要预先对培养基和生物反应器进行灭菌确保反应其中只留有已选定的生物催化剂。,recognition【】formulate【】,Examples of such products,which represent an increasing volume of biotechnologicalf activity,include antibiotics,amino acids,organic acids,enzymes,steroids,polysaccharides and vac

26、cines.Most of these processes are complicated,expensive and suitable only for high value products.,抗生素、氨基酸、有机酸、酶、类固醇、多糖和疫苗的生产代表了生物技术水平的不断发展，这些生物产品的生产过程是复杂的，成本高，只适合高价值产品的生产。,recognition【】formulate【】,Although many of the products are produced in relatively large quantities they are still dwarfed in vo

27、lume and financial returns by the older systems used in food and beverage biotechnology.,虽然很多产品的需求量很大，但由于设备和资金的限制，工厂仍然采用用于食品和饮料生产的传统生产体系。,recognition【】formulate【】,Within the last decade there have been outstanding developments in molecular biology and process control which have created new and excit

28、ing opportunities not only to create new dimensions but also to improve greatly the efficiency and economics of the established biotechnological industries.,生物技术产业的新前景和预测在过去的十年里，分子生物学和过程控制有了突出发展，这不仅为开辟新的发展方向创造了新的机会，也为生物技术产业提高效率和增加经济效益创造了新机遇。,recognition【】formulate【】,It is largely from these discover

29、ies and developments that there have been such euphoric statements about the future role of biotechnology to the world economy.,从生物技术的兴起和发展可以看出他对未来世界经济的重要性。,recognition【】formulate【】,Manipulation of the genome of industrially important organisms by sexual recombination and/or by mutation have long be

30、en part of the innovative repertoire of the industrial geneticist.,对工业上重要的重组和/或突变体基因的操控一直是工业遗传学家的创新性研究的一部分。,recognition【】formulate【】,New recombinant DNA techniques involve breaking living cells gently,the extraction of DNA,its purification and subsequent selective fragmentation by highly specific en

31、zymes;the sorting,analysis,selection and purification of a fragment containing a required gene;the chemical bonding to the DNA of a carrier molecule and the introduction of the hybrid DNA into a selected cell for reproduction and cellular synthesis.,新的DNA重组技术包括活细胞的轻微破碎、DNA提取、DNA纯化和高度专一酶的选择性破碎；分类、分析、

32、筛选并纯化目的基因；将DNA与载体结合并导入受体细胞进行细胞繁殖和细胞合成。,recognition【】formulate【】,Recombinant DNA technologies permit easier manipulation of a genome and can readily bypass interspecies and intergeneric incompatability.,重组DNA技术使基因的操控更加容易，能够避免种间和属间的不相容。,recognition【】formulate【】,Unlimited possibilities exist and alread

33、y human insulin and interferon genes have been transferred into and expressed by microbial cells.,人的胰岛素和干扰素基因已经被转入到微生物细胞中并得到成功表达。,recognition【】formulate【】,Protoplast fusion,monoclonal antibody preparation and the wide use of tissue culture techniques including the regeneration of plants from suspens

34、ion culture cells have had a profound impact on the development of biotechnology.,原生质体融合、单克隆抗体以及广泛使用的组织培养技术包括植物细胞悬浮培养技术，对生物技术的发展产生了深远影响。,recognition【】formulate【】,Isolated enzymes have long been a part of many biotechnological processes and their catalytic properties are being further utilized with t

35、he development of suitable immobilization techniques allowing reuse of the biocatalyst.,酶技术分离酶长久以来都用在生物生产中，它们的催化能力也在进一步被开发利用。,Of particular importance has been the development of high fructose syrups（annual production 3 million tonnes）using immobilized bacterial glucose isomerase.,固定化技术迅速发展得以使酶能够重复使

36、用，如采用固定化葡萄糖异构酶生产高果糖将（年产30万吨）具有重要意义。,A further development is the immobilization of whole cells for biocatalytic purposes.,将整个细胞固定化作为生物催化剂是下一步的发展方向。,Bioreactors play a central role in biotechnological processes by providing a link between the starting materials or substrates and final products.,生化工程生

37、物反应器在生物技术反应过程中具有重要作用，是起始原料转化生成最终产物的重要场所。,Major advances have been made in bioreactor designs,in process monitoring techniques and in computer control of fermentation processes.,在生物反应器设计过程控制技术和发酵过程的计算机控制方面已经取得了重大进展。,However,the application of process control in biotechnological industries is many yea

38、rs behind that in operation in the chemical process industry.,但是，生物技术产业的过程控制应用要比化学工业落后几年。,New approaches to the processing of the products of biotechnology(downstream processing)will improve the economics of all processes.,生物产品（下游）采用的新工艺流程将改善所有生产过程的经济状况。,There is an increasing need to design efficie

39、nt recovery processes,in particular for high value products e.g.the ratio of recovery to fermentation costs for L-asparaginase is about 3.0 whereas for ethanol it is 0.16.,人们越来越需要设计一种有效的回收工艺，尤其是对高价值产品的回收，如大肠杆菌产物的回收成本与发酵成本比值：L-天冬氨酸在3.0左右，乙醇是0.16。,However,downstream processing is still the Cinderella subject of biotechnology.,但下游加工还是没有收到重视。,