初中英语知识点归纳汇总.pptx

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1、初中英语知识点归纳汇总,初中英语知识点归纳汇总,of 结构也能用于有生命名词的所有格。,a friend of my sisters,a book of his,第二课时,冠 词（一）,一、概述,冠词是一种虚词，在句子中不重读，本身不能独立使用。在汉语中没有这个词类。在学习冠词时，要注意这种加在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物的词表示数量“一”时，与数词的区别；其表示“数量”的意义没有“one”强，这是学习中注意区别的。二、冠词的定义,冠词是置于名词之前，说明名词所表示的人或事物的一种虚词，它不能离开名词而单独存在。冠词有两种：,一种是定冠词(the Definite Article)；the

2、,一种是不定冠词(the Indefinite Article). a an,三、不定冠词的用法,a 用于辅音音素起首的单词前，an 用于元音音素起首的单词前。1、当第一次提到某人或某物时，用 a 或 an 起介绍作用，如：,What is this?Who is she?,It is a bus.,She is a doctor.,2、表示泛指一类人或物,A snake is a cold-blood animal.A plane is a machine that can fly.3、表示某一类人或事物的任何一个。如：,She is a teacher;,That is an apple.

3、,There is an elephant in the zoo.,4、可用于某些词组，是该词组不可缺少的组成部分。如：,a long timeat a time,a littlehave a try,a few,take a chance,5、表示“每一个”的意思。如：three times a day four yuan a dozen,6、可用于抽象名词之前，使抽象名词具体化。如：I am quite at a loss;,The little child is a joy to his parents.7、用于物质名词之前，使物质名词普通化。如：He drew out a tin of

4、 pineapple.,They made a fire to get warm.,注意：,1、不定冠词 an 用在以元音（不是字母，而是发音）起首的名词或其他以元音起首的词之前，不定冠词 a 用在以辅音起首的名词或其他以辅音起首的词之前。2、u 和 h 有时在单词中发元音，有时却读作辅音或不发音。如：I have been waiting for an hour.,He is an honest young fellow.,A hammer is a useful fool.,3、英语中有些字母，如 f,h,l,m,n,s,x。由于它前头第一个音是元音，所以在单独使用或作,缩略词的第一个字母

5、时，应使用“an”，如：There is an “n” in the word “no”.,An MP means a member of parliament.,第三课时 冠 词（二）,第 2 页 共 41 页,of 结构也能用于有生命名词的所有格。a friend of,一、定冠词的用法,定冠词 the 有 this, that, these, those 等意思，用于单数或复数名词前。主要用来特指，使一个或几个事物区别于所有其他同名的事物。,1、指前文已经提到过的人或事物。如：I wrote an article. The article was about physics.2、指说话人

6、都知道的人或事物。如：,Please close the door before you leave.,Lets go to the classroom.,3、名词有定语修饰时，须用定冠词 the,表示特指意义。如：The book on the desk is his.,The teacher who talked with you is her mother.4、用于世界上独一无二的事物前。如：,the sun,the moon,the earth,the sky,the world,5、用在序数词前面表示顺序。如：,I live on the fourth floor.,My mothe

7、r is always the first one to come and the last one to leave.,6、与其他词连用，构成固定词组。如：,on the left7、在表示乐器名称的名词之前用定冠词。如：the piano the violin,in the north,in the front of,8、用在形容词或副词的最高级前面。如：This was the most interesting voyage we had ever had.He is the tallest of us.,9、用在形容词前面，表示复数意义的某一类人或事物。如：,the richthe n

8、ew,the poorthe right,the youngthe true,the living,the beautiful,10、在表示江河、山脉、海湾、海峡、沙漠等专用名词之前加定冠词。如：,the Changjiang Riverthe Alps,the Nile,the Himalayas,11、用在年代、朝代、时代名词前。如：,the Qin Dynastyin the 50s,the Ming Dynastythe spring period,12、和表示姓氏名词的复数形式连用，表示某姓氏一家人或夫妇二人。如：,the Lis,the Martins,二、不用冠词的情况,1、除一

9、些特殊情况外，专用名词以及抽象名词和物质名词前不加冠词。如：Man is mortal.,Miss Smith came in power at last.,2、当名词前已有 this, that, my, his, any, every, some, no, those, these 等词修饰时或有所有格修饰时，,不必加冠词。如：,She is my sister.,This article you had written is very wonderful.3、在交通工具、学科名称等名词前不加冠词。如：,by plane,by boat,Chinese,Physics,4、在节日、假日、星

10、期、月份、季节等名词前不加冠词。如：,National DayAutumn,May DayJanuary,5、在一日三餐、体育类等名词前不加冠词。如：,He prefers milk and egg for breakfast.,第 3 页 共 41 页,一、定冠词的用法定冠词 the 有 this, that,He preferred to play football and Id rather play tennis.6、在唯一的职务、头衔的名词前不加冠词。如：He is elected manager of our company.,People elected him presiden

11、t of that country last year.7、在报纸标题、图像说明、文章题目、标志、广告前不加冠词。如：Workers Mind,Notes on the Study of Hong Lou Meng,8、在一些固定词组中不加冠词。如：,at homeat firstby sea,by mistakeat last,learn by heartat once,day and night,第四课时,代 词（一）,一、概述,代词是用来代替名词或名词短语的词。代词的分类：,人称代词：表示“我”、“我们”、“你”“你们”、“他、她、它”、“他们”的词叫人称代词；物主代词：表示所有关系的代

12、词，分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词；反身代词：表示动作反射到执行者本身或用来加强语气的代词；指示代词：表示能替代名词或替代形容词的词；,不定代词：表示不指明替代任何特定名词的代词。,疑问代词：表示替代人或物且含有疑问语气的代词。,二、人称代词,人,第一人称,第二人称,第三人称单数,称,数,单数,复数we,单数,复数you,复数they,格,主格,I,youyou,he, she, ithim, her,it,宾格,me,us,you,them,人称代词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语。1、主格在句中作主语，宾格在句中作宾语。She gave these books to you and me;

13、You must look after them;,2、当并列代词作主语时，I 放在最后。顺序为你，他，我,You, he and I are going to spend the winter holidays in Beijing.,三、物主代词物主代词包括形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种，有人称和数不清变化形式。第一人称 第二人称 第三人称单数,人,称,数,单数,复数our,单数,复数your,复数their,类,别形容词性名词性,my,your,his, her, itshis, hers,its,mine,ours,yours,yours,theirs,第 4 页 共 41 页,

14、He preferred to play football,形容词性物主代词只能作定语修饰名词，如：my watch; your books ; their names;,名词性物主代词在句中可单独作用，可作主语、宾语和表语，后面不跟名词，英语中说：“我的一位朋友”，要用“a friend of mine”。,有些结构中常用 the 替代物主代词,He had a cold in the head.（the 意思是 his）,My mother took me by the arm. （the 意思是 her）,四、反身代词,单数复数,myself,yourself,himself; hers

15、elf; itselfthemselves,ourselves,yourselves,反身代词在句中可以加强语气，用作宾语和同位语。He himself has finished it .（作同位语）He has taught himself Russian for 5 years .（作宾语）I did it mysldf. （加强语气）,某些固定结构：by oneself; fo oneself; among themselvesThey made the machine all by themselves.He cooked a meal for himself.,第五课时,代 词（二）

16、,一、指示代词,指示代词有：this; that; these; those,this, these 表示“这”、“这些”，是“近指”。that, those 表示“那”、“那些”，是“远指”。,注意：在电话用语里面，用 this 代替自己，that 代替对方。如：,whos that?,This is Tom speaking,二、不定代词,英语中有以下不定代词：all, each, every, both, either, neither, one, none, little(a little), few(a few), many,much, other, another, some, a

17、ny, no 还有由 some, any , no every 构成的代词。1）both, all,both 是指“两者都”，而 all 则是指“三者或三者以上都”，如：Both of us are right.,All of you are good at playing basketball.,但 all 还可以组成固定短语 all day, all this, all the time 等2) either, neither,either 是指“两者之中任何一个“属于部分否定，而 neither 则是“两者之中一个也不“属全部否定,Either of the books will do.

18、,Neither of the answers is right.,而 either 还可出现在否定句子里，可与 neither 进行句型转换。如：Tom hasnt been to America, Jim hasnt, either= Neither Tom nor Jim has been to America.,而 neither (nor) 也可用于表示“也不”，构成“neither (nor) +助动词+主语”的句式。Kate isnt a worker, neither is Meimei.,3) little, a little, few, a few,第 5 页 共 41 页

19、,形容词性物主代词只能作定语修饰名词，如：名词性物主代词在句中,little, a little 修饰不可数名词； few , a few 修饰可数名词；little, few 表示否定，“几乎没有”,a little, a few 表示肯定，相当于 some, any.There is a little milk in the glass.,There are few students in the classroom, theyre in the reading-room.4) every, each,every, each 都是强调每一个，every 作定语修饰名词。如：The bus

20、comes every five minutes.,Each of them may come at a different time.5) some , any,6) 由 some, any, no, every 组成的不定代词something, someone, somebody, somewhere, anything, anyone, anybody, anywhere, nothing, none, nobody,nowhere, everything,everyone, everybody, everywhere.三、疑问代词,疑问代词用来构成疑问句，一共有五个：who, who

21、m, whose, what, which.,第六课时 数 词,一、基数词,基数词表示数量,one,eleven,twentythirtyforty,twenty-onethirty-eightfifty-three,a hundreda thousanda milliona billion,two,twelve,threefourfivesix,thirteenfourteenfifteen,fifty,sixty,sixteenseventeeneighteennineteen,seventyeightyninety,seveneightnineten,注意：表示具体数目的 hundren

22、, thousand, million 等均不用复数，百位数和十位数之间通常加连词,and；十位数与个位数之间要加连字符。,二、序数词,first,eleventh,twentieththirtiethfortieth,twenty-firstninety-ninty,a hundred and fifty-third,secondthird,twelfth,thirteenthfourteenthfifteenth,fourthfifth,fiftieth,sixtieth,sixth,sixteenthseventeentheighteenthnineteenth,seventiethei

23、ghtiethninetiethhundredth,seventheighthninthtenth,序数词的缩写形式：由阿拉伯数字后加上序数词的最后两个字母。first-1st second - 2nd tenth - 10th,三、时间和年月日表示法,1、时间均用基数词表示：,1）顺读法，先说“点钟”，再说“分钟”，如：,第 6 页 共 41 页,little, a little 修饰不可数名词； few,2:15 two fifteen2）逆读法30 分钟以内：“分钟数+ past +钟点数”，如：,6:20,six twenty,3:20 - twenty past three,2:10

24、 - ten past two,半小时用 half，15 分钟用 a quarter :,2:15 - a quarter past two,3:30 - half past three,30 分钟以外要用：“分钟数+ to + 下一个钟点”，如：,4:35 - twenty-five to five,2:55 - five to three,2）年月日表示法,年份读法；月日读法；年月日一起读法。四、分数的表示法,当分数中表示分子的数只含个位数时一般采用“分子（用基数词）+分母（用序数词）”表示。（分子大于 1 时，分母序数词用复数）如：,one-third; two-thirds; thre

25、e twenty-seconds,五、数词与名词的搭配,1）数词与名词连用时，它们的次序是“名词+基数词”Lesson 15; Room 1506 或者用“the + 序数词 + 名词”,The Fifteenth Lesson2）数词与小时的搭配two hours and a halfhalf an hour,the third floor,three hours,第七课时 形容词,一、概述,形容词修饰名词，说明人或事物或特征。在句中可作定语、表语、宾语补足语。The beautiful girl is Toms sister.（充当定语）,Three is nothing serious,

26、 is there?（充当定语，修饰不定代词的形容词及短语要放在不定代词之后）The shoes in the shop were not very expensive.（作表语）,The old are looked after well.（有些形容词和定冠词 the 连用时，表示一类人或物，其谓语动词用复数,形式）,二、形容词比较级及最高级的形式,1、绝大部分双音节形容词和单音节形容词的比较等级变化是规则变化。,情,况,变 化 形 式在词尾直接加-er ; -est在词尾加 r ; - st ;,举,例,一般情况以 e 结尾的词,small - smaller - smallestlarg

27、e - larger - largesthappy- happier- happiestfat fatter fattest,以辅音字母+y 结尾,变 y 为 i，加- er; -est,以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母结尾，而且是重读闭音节,将该辅音字母双写，再加,thin thinner thinnestbig bigger biggesthot hotter - hottest,-er ; -est,2、部分双音节和多音节形容词比较级和最高级变化形式在多音节形容词前加 more 或 mostbeautiful more beautiful most beautiful,useful more

28、 useful most useful,3、不规则形容词比较级和最高级形式：,good, well better best,bad, ill worse worstlittle less least,many, much more most,far farther, further farthest, furthest三、形容词的比较等级的用法,1、当 A=B 时，则用 as（副）as（介，连），中间用形容词或副词的原级。表示甲与乙在某方,第 7 页 共 41 页,2:15 two fifteen6:20six twenty,面一样,He is as tall as I (me),2、AB，则

29、用 not as(so)as 表示甲与乙在某方面不一样。He is not so tall as I = He is shorter than I =Im taller than heThe boy isnt as careful as that one,= This boy isnt as careful than that one,3、比较级+than 形式,This lesson is more difficult than that oneShe is fatter than Kate,4、the+最高级+(in of)短语,Miss Zhou is one of the most p

30、opular in our classHe is the oldest of the three,of 常与名词复数或表示数量的词连用。表示“在之中”这一。in 常与表示范围或场所的名词,连用“在范围之中”,四、形容词比较级特殊用法,1）more and more 比较级连用表示“越来越”In spring the weather gets warmer and warmer.He is getting busier and busier.,2）The more the more 越就越,The larger the bus is , the more people it can carry.

31、The farther away an object is from us, the smaller it looks.3）比较级形式表达最高级：,比较级+than any other+名词单数；,比较级+than the other+名词复数,He is clever than any other boy,- He is the clevest of all the boys,- He is clever than the other boys,4、修饰比较级的副词有 much, even , quite , a little, a lot 等表示“得多”“甚至”，表示程度。,第八课时 副

32、词,一、概述,副词是用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的词，表示动作的特征、状态的特征或某种性质的程度。二、副词的分类,时间副词、地点副词、方式副词、疑问副词及程度副词。1、时间副词：时间副词表达的内涵包括回答“什么时候”或“经常与否”A: how, then, yesterday, last time, today, just now, later on, so far, ago;B: always, often, usually, sometimes, never, hardly, ever;,C: already, yet, late, early, soon, at once, at la

33、st, finally, at first, since;2、地点副词：表示地点或位置关系的副词。,A: here, there, home, anywhere, everywhere;,B: above, below, down, up, out, in, across, back, over, round, away, near;注：B 类中表示位置的副词有时也可作介词。,如：come in, please- They live in the next room.,3、方式副词：badly, carefully ,politely, sadly, suddenly, happily. we

34、ll, fast, high, hard.4、 程度副词：常见的有: much, a little, a bit, very, even, so, too, enough, quite, rather, completely,terribly, nearly, hardly, not at all。这些副词多用来修饰形容词、副词或动词以加强语气。5、 疑问副词：是用来引导一个特殊问句，有时用来引导时间状语从句或宾语从句。疑问副词有：how, when, where, why, who,6、部分副词的用法：,第 8 页 共 41 页,面一样He is as tall as I (me)2、A,1

35、）too, either, also 都是表示“也”。,too 和 either 都用于句末，too 用于肯定句中，either 用于否定句及一般疑问句中，also 放在句子中，BE 动词前，实义动词后。,2）so, neither 都可以用在倒装句的开头。,so 接在肯定句后表示“也一样”，句式：so+助动词+主语；neither 接在一个否定句后面表示“也不，没.”句式：neither+助动词+主语,I have read the book, so has he.,Jim didnt win the game, neither did Tom.,3）already, yet,already

36、 和 yet 通常用于现在完成时中，already 用于肯定句，yet 用于否定句和疑问句中。He has already finished his homework.,Jim hasnt come back yet.,7、副词的比较等级,副词和形容词一样，也有比较级和最高级，其变化形式与形容词的比较比较级和最高级一样。,第九课时 介 词,一、知识概述,介词是一种虚词，一般在句子中不重读，也不能单独充当句子成分，但与它的介词宾语一起构成介词短语，就可以在句子中作状语、定语和表语。,介词又称前置词，一般位于名词或代词的前面，表示该词与句子其他成分的关系。在学习介词时，最重要的是掌握介词的用法，动

37、介词组的搭配，时间介词、方位介词、方向介词、位置介词、成语介词以及动向介词和静向介词的比较和区别。,二、介词的定义及句法功能,介词是一种虚词，在句中不单独作任何句子成分，只表示其后的名词或相当于名词的词语与其他句子成分的关系。介词后的名词，或相当于名词的其他词组、短语或从句，称为介词宾语。介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语。介词短语在句中主要用作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。The boy over there is my brother.（作定语）,A friend in need is a friend indeed.（作定语）,I shall meet you at the entrance

38、 of Qianmen Hotel.（作地点状语）To their surprise, they saw not locusts, but seagulls.（作原因状语）Ill be in the office every afternoon.（作表语）,He isnt at home（作表语）,The farmer made the king out of the water.（作宾语补足语）I found everything in good order（作宾语补足语）,三、介词与其他词类的固定搭配。,介词和动词、形容词、名词等常构成固定搭配。也就是说，在这些词的后面，常常要求用一定的介

39、词。,1、形容词与介词的固定搭配,有些形容词后面要求用固定的介词，这类介词常见的有：about, at, for, from, in, of, to, with,（1） 形容词+about,careful about,hopeful about,sure about,He is careless about his clothes,（2）形容词 +at,good at,surprised atready for,angry atsorry for,（3）形容词 + forfamous for,Im terrible sorry for telling him the truth.,第 9 页

40、共 41 页,1）too, either, also 都是表示“也”。to,（4）形容词 + from,different from,safe from,He was absent from class this morningMy sister is different from me in many ways.（5）形容词 + in,interested in,successful in,He is interested in making model ships.,2、名词与介词的固定搭配,（1）,名词 + for,He made up an excuse for being late.

41、Did you find the cause for your failure?,（2）,名词 + in,He has some difficulty in translating the bookShe has made great progress in English.,（3）,名词 + of,She found another way of solving the problemHe forms a bad habit of getting up late,（4）,名词 + on,There have been several attacks on foreigners recentl

42、y.Have pity on me!,（5）,名词 + with,I wanted to have a talk with you,He is always getting into trouble with the police,第十课时,连 词,一、知识概述,连词是一种虚词，不能在句子中单独作句子成分，也没有句子重音，在句子中只起连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子以及从句的作用。连词分为并列连词和从属连词两种。并列连词是连接彼此并列关系的词。从属连词是用来引导从句的词。,二、并列连词,并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词、短语或句子。并列连词按其作用可分为表示转折、因果、选择和联合关系等四大类

43、。,表示联合关系的连词，常见的有：and, not onlybut also, as well as, bothand, neithernor.Written English is more or less the same in both Britain and American.They were very surprised and I knew that I had done the right thing.Work hard and youll pass the exam,=If you work hard, youll pass the exam.,While I was in t

44、he university, I learned both English and Japanese.Both European and Asian speak Russia,You cant speak both American English and British English at the same time.Neither Tom nor you are a driver.,Neither I nor he has seen the play.,Neither of us is a teacher,You dont like it, Neither do I .,She is b

45、eautiful as well as clever.,He is a great writer as well as a famous doctor.,三、从属连词,从属连词是用来连接各种从句的词,1、连接主语从句、表语从句与宾语从句的连词只有三个，即 that, if, whether。如：,第 10 页 共 41 页,（4）形容词 + fromdifferent fromsaf,Ask her if she will come with me.,The reason is that she never wasted her time.,I dont know whether he had

46、 passed the exam.2、引导状语从句的从属连词,(1) 连接时间状语从句的从属连词有：since, until, after, before, when, while, as soon as, whenever.Ill tell you as soon as I know.,(2) 连接地点状语从句的从属连词有: where, whereverSit wherever you like.,I found my books where I had left them.,(3) 连接让步状语从句的从属连词有：although, though, even if, however.Alt

47、hough she was tired, she kept on working.,(4) 连接原因状语从句的从属连词有：as, because, since, now that,He was absent because he was ill.,(5) 连接目的状语从句的从属连词有：that, so that, in order that.He raised his voice so that we could hear him.,(6) 连接条件状语从句的从属连词有：if, unless, once, in case.Youll miss the train unless you hurr

48、y up.,(7) 连接结果状语从句的从属连词有：sothat, suchthat.He came so late that he missed the class.,(8) 连接比较状语从句的从属连词有：asas, not soas, less(more)than, the theThis is more than I can accept.,(9) 连接方式状语从句的从属连词有：as, as ifIt looks as if it was going to rain.,第十一课时,动 词（一）,一、知识概述,在英语中，每个句子必须有一个动词来担当谓语。说明主语“是什么”或“做什么”，动词是

49、表示动,作或状态的词。动词和名词、代词一样，有人称和数的变化。谓语动词的人称和数一般要与主语的人称和,数保持一致。,学好了英语动词相当于学好了一半的英语语法，可见英语动词的重要性。在初中英语中，动词的分,类、动词的时态和语态以及动词的各种形式之间的联系，非谓语动词的构成、用法等等贯穿整个初中课本，,包括英语句型都离不开动词时态或语态，因此在学习时特别要注意英语中时态的运用和语态之间的区别。,二、动词的分类及作用,按照动词的词义和在句中的作用，英语动词可分为行为动词（又叫实义动词）、连系动词、助动词和,情态动词。,1、行为动词,表示动作或状态，能独立作谓语。如：She took pictures

50、 of trees,He is typing letters.,行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。（1）及物动词,及物动词后面必须跟宾语，意思才完整。I enjoyed the film very muchI gave the child another piece of cake.常见的能带两个宾语的动词有：,第 11 页 共 41 页,Ask her if she will come with,bring, build, buy, cook, cut, draw, find, get, hand, leave, lend, make, offer, pass, pay, read, re