托福阅读常考话题类别梳理.doc

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1、托福阅读常考话题类别梳理 托福阅读考察范围广泛，题材与学科领域多样，归类一下涉及到的背景知识主要可以分为经济、生物、天文、人类、艺术和社会发展这六大类，下面就和大家分享托福阅读常考话题类别梳理，希望能够帮助到你们，快来一起学习吧。托福阅读常考话题类别梳理1、ECONOMY经济经济发展史能源革命农业的起源(3种理论)新英格兰农业日本农业的振兴科学管理方法的提出中东贸易欧洲行会的产生和发展印刷降价伊朗农业发展欧洲商业组织(chamber of commerce)游牧部落的定居(pastoralism in ancient Inner Eurasia)2、BIOLOGY生物学白蚁的生物学特点，造屋的

2、能力动物的智商鸟类的迁移动物的领域鲑鱼昆虫的导航互利共生(mutualistic symbiosis)动物御寒灭绝夏威夷岛的生物热带雨林Soil types自然发生说(spontaneous generation theory)植物的防御沙漠生物的适应新物种的形成寒武纪(cambrian)大爆发3、ASTRONOMY天文学小行星与彗星太阳系的形成过程恒星的演化(stellar revolution)利用星象航海(celestial navigation)金星木星的卫星GEOLOGY地质学南极的绿色冰川地壳与岩浆层地壳匀变说(uniformitarianism)、灾变说(catastrophis

3、m)和均衡说(isostasy)4、ANTHROPOLOGY人类学教育心理学及认知的发展(Jean Piaget的理论)左右手归因偏差(attribution bias)婴儿的模仿广告与儿童5、ART艺术希腊的雕刻艺术戏剧与化妆照相技术的发展陶器的发展古希腊的制陶业艺术的定义肖像画摄影和肖像艺术古希腊瓶画(vase painting)即兴喜剧舞台默片的发展中国书法艺术玉器与青铜器古代壁画音乐的复兴写实主义6、SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT社会发展芝加哥环亚历山大帝国亚历山大城的学术发展城市的形成伊利运河古希腊与古罗马罗马扩张罗马帝国的瓦解印第安人的文化美洲殖民开始太平洋的岛民中国的丝绸宋

4、朝的鼎盛印欧语系格陵兰岛玛雅文化的发展玛雅文明玛雅文化中的城市中国的中央集权美国西进运动中国的人口增长巴西的独立日本城市发展马六甲海峡楔形文字的产生和苏美尔人明治维新被子的发展清朝的灭亡荷兰的衰弱托福阅读：新题难题攻克技巧ETS在我们欢度五一小长期时，“肆无忌惮”的又放大招涨价(现价1761元)，除此之外，从今年一月份开始，考生各种反馈，听力和阅读在变难，TPO神马的已不能满足现在的备考需求，真的是这样吗?其实从新的TPO40-48来看，无论阅读*难度、长度和考试侧重点都发生很大变化。尤其是阅读方面，我归纳大致是以下三点：(1)*难度方面：TPO1-37的段落偏短，在100字左右，题目数量偏少

5、，现在的段落一般在300字左右，一个段落中出现的大概3-5道题目，所以对大家来说，寻找题目答案的难度是有所提升的。(2)*题型方面：题型有所创新，TPO1-37为传统的十大题型，TPO40-48是新增加创新型题型，难度方面更加往SAT去靠拢;如TPO44阅读Q11，出现LEAST。(3)答题技巧方面：TPO1-37都是规律性的解题技巧，TPO40-48需要在答题技巧以外需要更多的综合能力。那么针对以上三大变化，我们又改如何应对呢?我觉得可以从四大方面入手准备，各个击破!一、词汇，爱你没商量，永远是主旋律。说起词汇，大多学生反应是头疼，根本记不住，然而阅读词汇就只要大致认识或是能推出文中词汇的大

6、致方向就算过关，并且要以动词为主，因为动词决定句意和名词关系，而形容词和副词只是情感词，托福阅读一般来说又不考察作者的情感色彩，所以我们就要做到：1. 找一本适合的词汇书，同时因为你词汇量比较小，而且背单词比较枯燥，需要联想记忆，包括故事，语音和词根词缀。2. 同时也建议你在背单词书的同时，大量的精读托福阅读*。因为我们获得单词是从两个方面获得的，一方面是机械地获得这个词汇，另一方面是来自阅读的*中，在阅读中背单词是特别快，而且不容易忘记。所以建议两方面结合，个是背一本单词书;第二个是大量阅读新托福的*，包括老的托福的*也是特别有意义的*，同时把里面的单词全部都背下来是非常有利的。为什么这么强

7、调单词呢?就在于新托福的阅读中有1/4的题目全部在于词汇上。二、理清句子结构，获得句子主干。可以用下面句子自测：A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality，finally produced an inst

8、rument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound，from a liquid，singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance. (介词结构fromto作定语) 持续到19世纪的一系列机械上的改进，包括引入踏板以维持音调或使其柔和，改善金属框架，以及使用性能的钢丝，终产生了一种具备无数音调效果的乐器这些效果涵盖了从精致的和声到几乎全部的管弦乐音响，从明快流畅的吟唱音调到尖锐的

9、打击乐器的恢弘气氛。分句1：A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century分句2：including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it分句3：the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality分句4：finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effe

10、cts分句5：from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound分句6：from a liquid，singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance本句真正的主句结构其实是由分句1和分句4构成，即A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century finally produced an instrument capable of myriad to

11、nal effects，分句2和分句3并列修饰说明分句1中的A series of mechanical improvements，而分句5和分句6并列，修饰说明了 分句4中的an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects。三、必要的背景知识。很多同学读地质、天文类的*简直就是雾里看花，水中望月，因为我们对板块的形成运动，太阳系及宇宙黑洞，又或者是火山地震和冰川的了解太少了，而这类*的描述又特别细致，所以建议同学们看看Discovery或是学习自然科学，熟悉词汇，对常见的自然现象做深入了解。四、科学的做题方法和练习。当万事俱备时，就是我们刷题之时。刷

12、题并不意味着一味的做题，要掌握每种题型的做题方法，保证思考方向的正确性。其次就是计时练习，如果做题没有紧张感，一是造成阅读速度一直无法提高，二是考试的时候紧张有可能做不完题或是读*不走心，需要重复读，浪费时间，还容易出错，所以必须严格控制答题时间。托福阅读：句子简化练习题Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct themclay, glass, wood, fiber, and metalit was once common to think

13、of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the “applied arts.” Approaching crafts from the point of view of function, we can divide them into simple categories: containers, shelters, and supports. There is no way around the fact that containers, shelters, and supports must be

14、functional. The applied arts are thus bound by the laws of physics, which pertain to both the materials used in their making and the substances and things to be contained, supported, and sheltered. These laws are universal in their application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, or climate.

15、If a pot has no bottom or has large openings in its sides, it could hardly be considered a container in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms

16、 can vary only within certain limits. Buildings without roofs, for example, are unusual because they depart from the norm. However, not all functional objects are exactly alike; that is why we recognize a Shang Dynasty vase as being different from an Inca vase. What varies is not the basic form but

17、the incidental details that do not obstruct the objects primary function . . .The tested sentence is highlighted in the passage.Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out esse

18、ntial information.A. Functional applied-art objects cannot vary much from the basic patterns determined by the laws of physics.B. The function of applied-art objects is determined by basic patterns in the laws of physics.C. Since functional applied-art objects vary only within certain limits, arbitrary decisions cannot have determined their general form.D. The general form of applied-art objects is limited by some arbitrary decision that is not determined by the laws of physics.托福阅读常考话题类别梳理