土木工程专业英语(第二版 段兵延)第2课ppt课件.ppt

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1、Lesson 2 Building and Architecture 建筑物和建筑学,New words and phrases:shelter encompass identical illumination parlance edifice dominant repetition nave aisle transept apse balustrade intermediate clue colonnade aspiration incarnation blank wall 无窗墙，挡墙cave dweller （史前的）穴居人Gothic cathedral 哥特式大教堂,1. shelt

2、er n. 隐蔽处，躲避处 from The umbrella is a shelter from rain. v. 躲避 +from The wall sheltered us from the wind. 7. dominant a. 占优势的，有统治权的 The dominant influence in her life was her father. 在她一生中对她影响最大的是她的父亲。 v. dominate 支配，占优势 17. aspiration n. 志气，抱负 He has no aspiration for fame or gain. 他不图名利。 She has as

3、pirations to become a great writer. 她有作名作家的抱负。,Words,The purpose of a building is to provide a shelter for the performance of human activities 一座建筑物的作用是为人类活动的进行提供一个躲避处。 From the time of the cave dwellers to the present，one of the first needs of man has been a shelter from the elements 从穴居时代到现在，人类最重要

4、的需求之一就是有一个躲避风雨的地方。 In a more general sense, the art of building encompasses all of mans efforts to control its environment and direct natural forces to his own needs 从更一般的意义上说，建筑的艺术包含了人类为了他自己的需要而控制环境和引导自然力的所有努力。 insense 在意义上说 in all senses 在任何意义上说 in the proper (strict, literal) sense 在本来（严格、字面）的意义上

5、说,Building,This art includes，in addition to buildings，all the civil engineering structures such as dams，canals，tunnels，aqueducts，and bridges 除了建筑物，这艺术还包括所有的土木工程结构物，比如大坝、运河、隧道、沟渠和桥梁。 The scientific basis for the design of buildings as shelters and for the design of civil engineering structures for ot

6、her purposes is identical 对于作为躲避处的建筑物和作其他用途的土木工程结构物，它们的设计科学依据是相同的。 It is only as a result of the specialized requirements of our modern society that these two fields have developed along separate paths 只是出于现代社会的特定需要，这两个领域才沿着不同的路径发展。,Building,In a similar manner，the master builder concerned with the

7、building as a shelter is no longer an individual；instead，his work is done by a team of several specialists：the planner，the architect，the engineer，and the builder 同样地，关注作为遮风避雨的建筑物的主要营造商也不再是一个单独的个体 ；相反，他的工作是由几个专家（规划者、建筑师、工程师和建筑工人）组成的一个小组来完成的。 The execution of a modern building depends on the collectiv

8、e talents of this team 一座现代化建筑的实现依赖这个小组集体的智慧。 The form of a building is an outgrowth of its function，its environment，and various socioeconomic factors 建筑物的结构形式是它的功能、环境和各种社会经济因素共同作用的产物。,Building,An apartment building，an office building，and a school differ in form because of the difference in the func

9、tions they fulfill 一幢公寓，一座办公楼和一所学校在结构形式上各有不同，因为它们要实现的功能是不一样的。 In an apartment building every habitable space，such as living rooms and bedrooms，must have natural light from windows while bathrooms and kitchens can have artificial light and therefore can be in the interior of the building 在公寓里面，每一处居住的

10、空间，比如起居室和卧室必须有从窗户进来的自然光，而浴室和厨房则可以用人工光线，因此可以布置在建筑的内部。 This set of requirements places a natural limit on the depth of an apartment building 这些要求就使得公寓楼的进深受到了正常的限制。,Building,Building,In office buildings，on the other hand，artificial light is accepted for more uniform illumination，and therefore the depth

11、 of such buildings is not limited by a need for natural light 另一方面，在办公楼里，采用人工光源能够获得更加均匀的照明，因此这类建筑的进深就不会受到自然光要求的约束。 Environment may affect both the shape and appearance of a building 环境可能影响到建筑物的形状和外观。 An urban school may create its own environment by using blank walls to seal out the city completely，

12、and a country school may develop as an integral part of the landscape，even though both schools fulfill the same function 一所城里的学校可以用围墙把它跟城市完全隔开以创造一个自己的环境，一所乡村学校则可以作为景观的主要部分来加以发展，即使两所学校要履行相同的功能。,Finally，the form of a building is affected by a variety of socioeconomic factors，including land costs，tenan

13、cy，building budget，and zoning restrictions 最后，建筑物的形式还要受到各种社会经济因素包括土地费用、租赁、工程预算和分区限制的影响。 High land costs in urban areas result in high buildings，while low land costs in the country result in low buildings 城市的高地价导致建筑昂贵（或高层建筑），而乡村的低地价使得建筑相对便宜（或多层建筑）。 A housing project for the rich will take a different

14、 form than a lowcost housing project 富人的住房建筑计划不同于廉住房的建筑计划。,Building,A prestige office building will be more generously budgeted form than other office buildings 一幢显赫的办公大楼所花的预算将比其他办公楼多得多。 The bulk of a building and its outline may be limited by zoning restrictions. 建筑物的大小和外形可能受到分区的限制。 In all these ex

15、amples，buildings with similar functions take on different forms 在所有的这些例子中，有着相似功能的建筑物往往采用的不同的结构形式。,Building,Architecture is the art of building 建筑学是建筑的艺术。 Virtually all architecture is concerned with the enclosure of space for human use. 实质上整个建筑学都与供人使用的围合空间有关。 The precise activities to be housed in a

16、ny specific building-ranging from an assembly line in a factory to a living room in a home-should dictate the size and shape of the several areas within 建筑物内部一些空间的大小和形状是由那些将要容纳在该建筑物（如从工厂的装配线到住宅中的起居室）里的确切活动所规定。 These spaces also must be arranged in some logical relation to each other 这些空间的排列还应有合理的关系。

17、,Architecture,Furthermore，the movement of human beings within the building-“circulation” in architectural parlance-requires halls，stairs，or elevators whose size is governed by the expected load of traffic 另外，人在建筑物中的走动（在建筑学的说法中叫“流通”）需要有走廊、楼梯或电梯，其尺寸受预期交通负荷的支配。 The plan of a structure，always the first

18、consideration of an architect，is the resolution of these different purposes into an organization of spaces that will fulfill the intent of the building 建筑物的结构平面图，总是建筑师的第一考虑， 它把对建筑物的各种要求安排成体现建筑意图的空间组合。,Architecture,Good planning guides the visitor to his destination in the structure and impresses him

19、，perhaps subconsciously，by visibly relating the several units of the edifice 好的设计方案可以引导来访者在建筑中到达其目的地并使其留下印象，这种印象也许是下意识地通过把大建筑体系中一些单元明显地关联起来而引起。 Conversely，a bad plan results in inconvenience，waste，and visual confusion 相反，坏的设计方案所产生的结果是不方便、浪费和视觉上的混乱。,Architecture,Furthermore，a structure must be well b

20、uilt；it should have such permanence as the purpose for which it is intended demands and as the materials chosen may allow 此外，一座建筑的结构必须建造良好；它必须具有永久性，这种永久性既是设计意图要求的，也是材料的选择所允许的。 The raw materials of architecturestone，brick，wood，steel，or glassin part govern the forms of the building and are expressed b

21、y them 建筑材料（石、砖、木材、钢材或玻璃）部分地决定着建筑物的形式，并被这些形式所表现。,Architecture,Stone can resist compression，the force that squeezes together，almost indefinitely 石头几乎可以无限地承受压力。 While it is possible to crush stone in a laboratory，for practical purposes its compressive strength is unlimited 在实验室中能把石头压碎，但在实际使用中它的耐压程度几乎是

22、无限的。 On the other hand，stone is weak in withstanding tension，the force that pulls apart 然而它的抗拉性却是十分脆弱的。 Any beam spanning a void tends to bend downward between the supports，putting the lower half of the beam under tension 任何横跨空间的梁都会在支点间出现下弯的趋势，从而使梁的下半部处于拉应力状态。,Stone,It follows from the tensile weakn

23、ess of stone that beams of this material must be comparatively short and supported at frequent intervals 由于石承受拉力的能力很弱，这种材料的梁相对地比较短，并且支撑间距比较小。 Moreover，stone columns must be sturdy，rarely more than 10 times as high as they are wide 还有，石柱必须坚固，其高度很少超过宽度的10倍。 In stone buildings，windows，doors，and the spa

24、ces between columns are almost compelled to be taller than they are widethe vertical rectangle of the stone aesthetic 在石类建筑中，窗、门以及柱之间的空间，其高度均要求超过宽度，这源于垂直面矩形的石建筑美学。,Stone,Stone has been so dominant in the architecture of the Western world that forms appropriate to it have been preserved even in build

25、ings constructed of wood，as in the American Georgian period 石在西方世界建筑学中占有如此之高的统治地位，以致于即使在木结构建筑时期其适当的造型一直被妥善保护着，就像美国乔治王朝时期一样。 Stone，then，lends itself to the kind of construction in which walls support the floors and roof，to post and lintel construction with rather closely spaced columns，and to arch co

26、nstruction where the stresses are predominantly compressive 当时石适宜应用于支撑楼板和屋顶的墙、间隔很近的柱和过梁，以及主要承受压压力的拱型结构中 。 lend itself to 有助于,Stone,Wood，a fibrous material，withstands tension as readily as it does compression. 木材是一种纤维性材料，既可承受压应力，又可承受拉应力。 Wooden beams may be relatively longer than stone beams，and wood

27、en posts slender and widely spaced 木梁比起石梁可以相对长些；木柱比较细且间距宽。 A horizontal rectangle，wider than it is high，results from the natural properties of wood，as may be seen in Japanese architecture 由于木材的天然性能而形成宽度大于高度的扁而宽的矩形建筑，正如在日本建筑中所看到的那样。 Steel also has tensile strength that is equal to or greater than its

28、 compressive strength 钢也具有等于或大于其抗压强度的抗拉强度。,Wood and Steel,Anyone who has observed a steel building under construction must have noticed the gridiron of horizontal rectangles produced by the slender，widely spaced columns and the long beams of each floor 任何观察过正在施工中的钢结构建筑物的人，必定注意到由细长梁组成的横向长方形网格结构，每个楼层中

29、间隔很宽的柱子和长梁。 The nature of wood and of steel suggests frame constructiona skeleton to support floors and roofwith whatever surfacing material may be necessary 木材和钢材的性能适用于框架一种支撑楼面和楼顶的构架当然还需其他的铺面材料。 Wood and steel also permit cantilever construction in which beams project beyond the last point of suppo

30、rt 木材和钢材还可制成悬臂梁，其梁臂伸出最后支点以外。,Wood and Steel,Finally，architecture must do more than meet the physical requirements of strength and space；it must also，content the spirit of man 最后，建筑不仅要满足强度和空间的实际要求，它还必须满足人类的精神需要。 The building should form an aesthetic unity to which the several parts contribute 建筑物的几个构

31、成部分应当形成美的统一体。 Thus，the sides and rear of a structure should bear sufficient correspondence to the front to make them all related parts of a single whole 这样，一个结构的侧面和背面就应和正面具有充分的一致性，从而使它们在整体中成为互相关联的部分。,Architecture,The major internal divisions，too，require some expression in the external designThe nave

32、，aisles，transepts，apse，and radiating chapels of Gothic cathedrals，for example，are all visible on the exterior，so that the visitor is subconsciously prepared for what he will find inside 同样地，主要的内部分区也要求在外部设计上有所体现。例如，正厅，走廊，十字形耳堂、环型殿和哥特式大教堂辐射状的小礼拜堂都可从外部看出，于是，来访者对他在内部将要看到的一切会下意识地做好心理准备。 Architecture call

33、s for good proportionsa pleasing relationship of voids to solids，of height to width，of length to breadth 建筑要求有恰当的比例，即令人愉快的虚与实、高与宽、长与宽的关系。,Architecture,Gothic cathedrals,Many attempts have been made to explain good proportions by mathematical formulas，such as the golden section 人们已经做过许多尝试通过数学公式阐明好的比例

34、关系，如黄金分割。 These efforts have not found general acceptance，however，although good results have been achieved through the repetition of some dimension (for example，a module that is half the diameter of a column) throughout the designSuch repetitions help to produce the visible order that the human mind

35、 seems to crave 然而，这些努力尚未被普遍认可，尽管在整个设计中通过某种尺寸的重复（如以一个柱子半径为模数）能够获得良好的效果。这种重复有助于人类心理似乎渴望产生的明显秩序 。,Architecture,A building also should have what architects call scale；that is，it should visually convey its true size 建筑物还须具有建筑师们所说的“尺度”，也就是说它必须在视觉上传达其正确的尺寸。 Such elements as benches，steps，or balustrades，th

36、ough slightly variable in size，are，by their very purpose，related to the normal dimensions of human beings 诸如长凳、台阶、栏杆等构件，尽管它们的尺寸可能稍有变化，但按实际用途还是与人类的正常尺度相关的。 They therefore become，almost imperceptibly，units of measurement for gauging the size of the whole edifice 因而它们就不知不觉地成为测定整个大厦尺寸大小的计量单位。,Architectu

37、re,Because these units are so small in comparison to the whole building，other elements of intermediate size are needed 由于这些部分比起整个建筑物小得多，因此就需要中间尺寸的其他元素。 Stairs and a balustrade may give a clue to the size of a doorway；that，in turn，to the height of a colonnade；and finally，the colonnade to the whole st

38、ructure 楼梯和栏杆提示着门道的大小；依次是门道对柱廊的高度的提示；最后是柱廊大小对整个建筑物的提示。 The Petit Trianon at Versailles is perfect in scaleThe absence of small elements in StPeters in Rome makes it difficult to perceive its vastness 凡尔赛的Petit Trianon宫殿就在比例方面非常完美。罗马的圣彼得大教堂由于没有小构件元素，因而它的宏大很难被人们意识到。,Architecture,Petit Trianon at Versa

39、illes,StPeters in Rome,Although all decoration is rejected in some modern architecture，it was employed in the past either for its inherent beauty or to emphasize some point of importance in the building. 装饰虽然在某些现代建筑中被拒绝采纳，但在过去由于其内在美或是为了强调建筑物的某一重点而常被使用。 Decoration or ornament may be used to contribut

40、e the character，the visible expression of the purpose of the building. 装饰品或者装饰物可用来表达建筑物的性质，即成为其用途的视觉表现。 Thus a bank should look like a bank，and a church should be immediately identifiable as such. 因此，银行看起来就应当像银行，而教堂则应该立刻被认出是教堂。,Decoration,Ideally，too，any building should seem to belong on its site，wi

41、th some relationship to its architectural neighbors and the local geography 理想的状况是任何建筑物应和相邻建筑物及其当地地理情况相协调而显得这些建筑物各得其所。 Through the related architectural forms shaped by their purpose，governed by the materials， proportioned and given scale and character by the designer，buildings become expressions of

42、 the ideals and aspirations of the generations that built themThe successive styles of historic architecture are incarnations of the spirit of their times 经由建筑目的所成形，受材料、比例和设计者给出的尺寸及特征所支配的相关建筑形式，建筑物成了建造它们的那代人的理想和抱负的展示。历史性建筑的连续性风格就是那个时代的精神化身。,Decoration,This text mainly introduced the relationship between the form of building and the environment, the aspect of architeture, and the relationship between building and architeture. It also introduced some building materials, such as wood, steel, stone. 这篇文章主要介绍了建筑物的形式和环境的关系，建筑学的有关概念，建筑物和建筑学的关系。这篇文章还介绍了一些建筑材料，比如木材、钢材和石料。 要求：掌握短句的翻译技巧。,Brief Summary,