综合写作1概述ppt课件.ppt

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1、托福基础写作5,今日内容：1）托福综合写作概述2）Note-taking skills3）技巧训练要求4 ）基础阶段总结：独立写作评估,Purpose of Exam,It measures the test takers ability to use writing to communicate in an academic environment. First, you will read a passage and listen to a lecture. Then, you answer a question based on what you have read and heard.

2、,Procedure,Read - You will read a short text of about 230 300 words on an academic topic for 3 minutes. You will take notes on the reading passage. Listen - After reading the text, you will listen to a lecture discussing the same topic from a different perspective for about 2 minutes. You may take n

3、otes on the lecture. Write - You will have 20 minutes to write a 150-225-word summary in response to the following kinds of questions:,Casting Doubt- Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on specific points made in the reading passage. - Summarize the po

4、ints made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge specific claims/arguments made in the reading passage. Problem-Solution - Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to specifically explain how they answer the problems raised in the reading passage.,独立写作评分标准,Effective add

5、resses the topic and task.Is well organized and well developed,using clearly appropriate explanations,exemplification,and/or details.Displays unity, progression, and coherence.Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomatic

6、ity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.,综合写作满分要求,总结听力中与阅读相矛盾/承接的要点原因和细节准确、连贯文章结构良好、可以有语法错误,Model Sample: Introduction,The lecture challenges the passages conclusion that offering employees four-day work week will benefit the companies profit, the economy and the individual emplo

7、yees life qualities. Instead, the lecture states all three parties will be negatively affected based on the following arguments.,Second Paragraph: Point One,First of all, the passage believes the option of 4-day work week will enhance the companys profit by encouraging higher work qualities from its

8、 workers. The lecture argues the exact opposite by listing possible cost increases as a result of this policy. To hire more workers, the company needs to spend on employee training, medical benefits (which remains the same whether the employee works 4 days or 5), office space and new computers. The

9、lecture asserts that the practice will cut into the companys profits as opposed to what the passage tried to establish on this aspect.,Third Paragraph: Point Two,Secondly, the lecture argues offering 4-day work week wont necessarily create more jobs as the passage optimistically believes. It reminds

10、 the audience of the reality that it is very expensive to hire new employees, so the company might go with other options, which include pushing people to work overtime, or simply expecting the 4-day employees to accomplish the same workload as in a 5-day week. The lecture points out sharply this pra

11、ctice will not only fail to create more jobs, but also make current work unpleasant for people, leading to the last argument about workers life quality.,Four Paragraph: Point Three,In this third argument, the lecture maintains its pessimistic tone when it comes to individuals life quality, which the

12、 passage strongly believes will be largely enhanced if 4-day work weeks are offered. The lecture, while admitting the new practice will grant people more free time, also clarifies that it will increase peoples risks and reduce their life quality by jeopardizing their job stability and career progres

13、s opportunities. Thats because 4 day employees will be the first to lose their jobs in an economic downturn, and they will be passed over for promotion because companies prefer to have 5-day employees in management positions for continuous coverage and supervision.,Fifth Paragraph: Conclusion,The le

14、cture dismisses the passages optimistic prediction of the policys impact on individual workers life qualities yet again.,总结,综合写作阅读,3分钟读什么：综合写作阅读3分钟怎么读：通读后记下重点内容3分钟读完后：归纳和推测,综合写作阅读,读段首句或段尾句读文章结构：分类、比较、因果、举例，OG19页读懂原因和例子读否定成分读生词发音读形容词比较级、最高级为什么重点读这些内容？,综合写作听力,2分半听什么：听力中重点读的部分2分半怎么听：听懂为前提、笔记为保障2分半听完后：3

15、点简要提纲,综合写作听力,用缩写表示名词概念、动词、部分形容词用符号替代逻辑关系结构：1、2、3因果：转折增加或减少大于或小于,综合写作写作,文章格式：定格换行式文章字数：200字以上文章结构：OG255页文章模板,INTEGRATED TASK,1. NOTE-TAKING: “双栏式” 笔记法： 2- column way,INTEGRATED TASK,先画好“双栏” 注意阅读信息笔记字数不超过15字 读阅读每一段的 Main point 和 detail/reason,Example,School uniform,SCHOOL UNIFORM,阅读笔记：,School uniform听

16、力笔记,The first try,Topic: Environment (fish farming)Reading Listening Writing,Words and phrases for reading,Breed In captivity Penned-in Inlet Confine Suited Proximity Unnoticed Attain Process Adverse,Fishing farming is the breeding and rearing of fish in captivity to produce food for human consumpti

17、on. It is often done in large, penned-in areas on the shores of lakes, rivers, and bays and in inlets connected to the ocean. The fish are raised from eggs and ,when large enough, sold to the public. Although this seems to be a good idea at first, fish farming has a number of safety issues, both to

18、the fish and consumers, which make it a dangerous activity. This fish are kept closely confined in pens, an environment for which they are not naturally suited. This makes the instance of disease higher in captivity than it is in the wild. Due to the proximity between the fish, diseases also spread

19、more rapidly than in natural settings. The chances of some disease going unnoticed and being passed on to the public when the fish are consumed are high. Fish farmers add various chemicals to the water to prevent the spread of potential disease. These chemical additives are also put in the fishs foo

20、d in order to help the fish attain sizes larger than they would have reached in the wild. These chemicals, once absorbed into the bodies of the fish, can be dangerous to the people who are dining on them. The fish feed mostly on other fish, which are killed and processed before being fed to the fish

21、 on the farms. However, the fish used as food are caught in the oceans and represent a large amount of food taken out of the wild. Since they are a potential source of protein for other sea creatures, the loss of this food source may have an adverse effect on ecosystems throughout the worlds oceans.

22、,Words and phrases for reading,Critic Oppose Harvest Run rampant School Identical Red flag Absorb Enhance Consume,Fishing farming is one of the most important sources of fish protein for many people nowadays. There are, sadly, many critics of fishing farming who oppose its use. However, its quite ne

23、cessary because many fish raised on fish farms can no longer be harvested in the wild, and, fortunately, fish farming can provide fish that are safe to eat. Many critics of fish farming point out the possibility of disease running rampant throughout the farm due to the nearness of the fish. However,

24、 let me point out that fish live very close together in the wild. Youve seen pictures of big schools of fish, havent you? Hows this different from a fish farm? Anyway, in the wild there is no rapid spread of disease despite fish living close together. And studies have shown the incidence of disease

25、in the wild and on farms is identical. Chemical usage on fish farms has raised some, hmm, red flags as to the safety of the fish, but even ocean fish absorb large amounts of chemicals from pollution. In fact, farmed fish may be even safer than ocean-caught fish. Besides, virtually every meat we cons

26、ume - including beef and pork - has been chemically enhanced to help the animals grow bigger. Yes, its true. Fish is much healthier than these meats, having less fat and healthier oils, like omega-3s. While some fish species are killed to produce the feed needed for fish on the farms, most of these

27、fish are not even consumed by humans or many sea creatures. One such fish is the menhaden. Humans find its taste to be bad, so its caught in large quantities to produce animal feed. Therefore, by using the menhaden and others to feed fish on farms, we can increase the number of fish raised for human

28、 consumption.,Summary,Although the author of the reading passage writes against fish farms, the professor feels they provide an important service for people around the world. According to the reading, because fish in captivity live so close to each other, there is a higher likelihood they will get d

29、iseases that they may pass on to humans. The professor, however, opposes this theory by saying fish in the wild also live close together and that fish on farms and in the wild get diseases at the same rate. In response to the accusation that fish farms use chemical additives that could harm people,

30、the professor cites the fact that even ocean fish absorb chemicals into their bodies. He also says that all meat people eat has been injected with chemicals, yet people re still safe. The reading passages author then expresses concern that too many fish in the wild are being caught and processed int

31、o food for the fish on farms to eat. The author thinks this takes food sources out of the wild. However, the professor says that many of these food fish, like the menhaden, are often not eaten by people or sea creature as well. He believes it is a good thing to use these food fish to increase the number of edible fish for humans. In conclusion, while the reading passage opposes the existence of fish farms, the professor thinks they are beneficial to humans.,