园艺专业外语PPT课件.ppt

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1、园艺专业英语授课教师：李丹丹,Contents,Lesson 1 Early Development and Status of Plasticulture Lesson 2 Goals of Greenhouse Climate ControlLesson 4 Soil Properties of Horticultural Crop Cultivation Lesson 5 Soilless Cultivation Lesson 7 Quality and Harvest of Horticultural ProductsLesson 9 Biotechnology and Horticu

2、ltureLesson 12 Greenhouse TomatoesLesson 15 Low-temperrature effects PartB High-temperrature effectsLesson 16 PartA Irrigation(1) PartB Irrigation(2),Lesson 1 Early Development and Status of Plasticulture,A significant increase in agricutural productivity resulting from the introduction of high-yiel

3、d varieties of grains, the use of pesticides, and improved management techniques.,绿色革命,Glossory,The practice of using plastic materials in agricultural applications.,A polymerized ethylene resin, used especially for containers, kitchenware and tubing, or in form of films and sheets for packaging.,gr

4、eenhouse cover 温室覆盖物,4. row cover小拱棚覆盖 plastic low tunnel,7. ventilation通风，流通空气,8. year-round 整年的、连年的,9. controlled environment agriculture 控制环境农业,11. Growth chamber 生长室,12. phytotron 人工气候室,As the Green Revolution expanded the production of agronomic crops, plasticulture has provided yet another rev

5、olution. While more silent, plasticulture has enabled countries throughout the world to greatly extend their food prodiction capability.It is only in the last fifty years that synthetic materials have altered the methods and benefits of mulching.,Key sentence,Natural mulches such as leaves, straw, s

6、awdust, peat moss and compost have been used for centuries to control weeds and hold moisture in the soil. More over, plastic mulches also raise soil temperature and increase soil nutrient supplying. Today, as in 1959, Japan uses mostly polyvinylchloride (PVC) film for row covers. In other countries

7、, polyethylene predominates.,Since 1960, the greenhouse has evolved into more than a plant protector. It is now better understood as a system of controlled environment agriculture (CEA), with precise control over air and root temperature, water, humidity, plant nutrition, carbon dioxide and even lig

8、ht.从1960年温室已成为植物的保护伞，监控环境农业是对温室气体、根际温度、水分、湿度、植物营养、CO2浓度还有光照的精准控制 。,几个世纪以来，利用枯枝落叶、稻草、锯末、泥炭以及堆肥等的自然覆盖，主要是控制杂草和保持土壤湿度。塑料地膜覆盖除此作用之外，还能提高土壤温度和增加土壤供肥性。Natural mulches such as leaves, straw, sawdust, peat moss and compost have been used for centuries to control weeds and hold moisture in the soil. More ove

9、r, plastic mulches also raise soil temperature and increase soil nutrient supplying.,Exercises,塑料覆盖栽培也被称作第二次绿色革命，因为它已经使世界范围内几乎所有的国家都显著提高了其粮食产量。As the Green Revolution expanded the production of agronomic crops, Plasticulture has provided yet another revolution. While more silent, plasticulture has e

10、nabled countries throughout the world to greatly extend their food production capability.,塑料不仅可用于温室透明覆盖，也可以取代无土栽培种植床的水泥硬化地面，或做成塑料袋填装无土基质，进行无土栽培生产。 Plastics not only can be used as glazing cover of greenhouse, can also in place of the concrete in lining the growing beds , or be made to be plastic bag

11、 for packing growing media to soilless culture.,Covers,日光温室,Lesson 2 Goals of Greenhouse Climate Control,shade 遮荫，遮光物supplementary 辅助的 supplementary light 补光cost management 成本管理 surroundings 环境transpiration 蒸腾作用,Glossory,crop condition 作物的状况、作物特性 indeterminate crop 无限生长型作物crop planning 种植计划susceptib

12、ility 易感性、感病性disease resistance 抗病性deformation 变形、变态、畸变,dehydration 脱水 deficiency symptom 缺素症DIF temperature 昼夜逆温 different day and night temperature internodal length 节间长度compact plant 紧凑的株型 physiological 生理病害,The use of climate control can influence the most important above-ground growth factors.

13、These factors are light, CO2 concentration, temperature and air humidity.As a result of evaporation, photosynthesis and respiration, the crop influences the mass balance of CO2 and water vapor pressure of the air, as well as the energy balance.,Key sentence,Climate control cannot be seen as separate

14、 from the crop, for which one tries to create optimal conditions.Crop condition concerns a complex of properties which determinate the capacity of the crop to deliver good production over an extended period.One example of quality improvement through climate control is the recently developed concept

15、of DIF temperature.,气候控制不能看成是与作物相隔离的，因为温室气候控制就是要试图创造作物理想的生长条件。Climate control cannot be seen as separate from the crop, for which one tries to create optimal conditions.“作物状况”关系在较长一段时期内作物体内物质生产和同化产物运输能力的综合特性。Crop condition concerns a complex of properties which determinate the capacity of the crop t

16、o deliver good production over an extended period.,Exercises,通过气候控制提高作物质量的一个例子，就是最近发展起来的昼夜逆温概念。 One example of quality improvement through climate control is the recently developed concept of DIF temperature.设施园艺作物栽培中，生产者对于环境管理的重点是根据作物的特性和作物对环境的要求，尽可能创造出作物生育所需的最佳综合环境条件。 In greenhouse culture, the ke

17、y of environment management for productors is creating the optimum comprehensive environment base on crop properties and environmental demands as far as possible.,人工气候室,中科院新建人工气候室,运用最先进的技术“制造”阳光、轻风、薄雾，模拟20至38间的任一温度。,太阳能加热系统,通风系统,Lesson 4 Soil Properties of Horticultural Crop Cultivation,Glossary,cla

18、y fraction 黏粒 humus 腐殖质 cation 阳离子 cation exchange capacity 阳离子交换能力 equilibrium 平衡，平静 均衡 toxicity 毒性,buffer capacity 缓冲能力salinity 盐分、盐度osmotic potential 渗透势water stress 水分胁迫texture 质地、结构 water table 地下水位 amendment 改善、改正,soil amendment 土壤改良剂infiltration 渗透electrical conductivity 电导率density 稠密 密度bulk

19、density 容积密度ageing 腐熟、熟化soil porosity 土壤孔隙度,Key Sentences,Soil pH is another important chemical property, determining the availability of nutrients. The pH recommended for most greenhouse crops is 6.0-7.0; lower pH (more acid) causes aluminum （铝）and manganese （锰）toxicity, while higher pH (more alkal

20、ine) causes precipitation of phosphorus （磷）and problems with micronutrient uptake.,土壤pH值是另一个重要的化学性质，它决定营养物质供给的有效性。对于多数温室作物而言，最适宜的pH为67。过低的PH值（酸过度）导致铝和锰中毒；而过高则导致P沉淀以及一些其他关于微量营养吸收的问题。,Soil salinity affects plant growth by increasing the osmotic potential of the soil solution, causing plant water stres

21、s and decreasing water uptake.土壤盐浓度通过提高土壤溶液渗透势影响植物生长，使植物受水分胁迫并且阻碍水分吸收。,The soil is a three-phase system, that consists of solid particles (the soil matrix ) and voids (the soil pores ), that may either be filled with water or with air. Hence, distinction is made between a solid, a liquid and a gaseo

22、us phase, respectively.土壤是个三相系统，包括固体部分（土壤基质）、充满水或空气的空隙（土壤空隙）。所以，由明显的固、液、气三相组成。,The most important soil physical property is soil structure, this being the nature and stability of the bonds between soil particles, causing aggregation and large soil pores.最重要的土壤物理特性是土壤结构，关系到土壤颗粒之间黏合的自然性和稳定性，导致一些颗粒聚合和大

23、的土壤空隙。,Manure, compost has been the traditional soil amendment in horticulture. This can be explained by its role as a source of plant nutrients, as well as its positive effects on soil structure.农家肥、堆肥是园艺传统的土壤改良剂。这是由于它具有双重功效；它不仅是植物营养来源，同时对土壤结构有改良作用,Exercises:,多数土壤改良是增加土壤有机质，补充特定的营养元素，调节土壤的PH。Most o

24、f soil amendment is increasing organic matter of soil, adding specific nutrients and adjusting soil PH.,土壤是土地重要组成部分。肥沃的的土壤必须有比例合理的土壤颗粒（particle）构成，有平衡的养分（nutrient），其中含一些有机物质，并有适当的湿度（moisture）。 The most important component of land is soil. Fertile soil must consist of reasonable proportion soil parti

25、cle structure, balanced nutrients, some organic matters and proper moisture.,农家肥是园艺传统的土壤改良剂。这是由于它具有双重功效；它不仅是植物营养来源，同时对土壤结构有改良作用。Manure is traditional soil amendment in horticulture, this can be explained by its role as a source of plant nutrients, as well as its positive effects on soil structure.,粘

26、粒含量高的土壤很难耕作，这种土质持有过多的水分并且排水缓慢，因此不适于温室栽培。Soil with high clay content are more difficult to handle, tend to hold excess water and drain slowly, and are therefore less suitable for greenhouse culture.,土壤pH值是另一个重要的化学性质，它决定营养物质供给的有效性。对于多数温室作物而言，最适宜的pH为67。Soil pH is another important chemical property, de

27、termining the availability of nutrients. The pH recommended for most greenhouse crops is 6.07.0.,Lesson 5 Soilless Cultivation,Glossary:,Nutrient-film technique 营养液膜技术nutrient solution 营养液 re-circulate 再循环 plumbing system 管道设备、水暖设备系统 Submersible pump 潜水泵Intermittent 间歇的，断断续续的Aeration 通气性water stress

28、 水分胁迫,rock-wool 石棉岩棉Wood chip 木屑、木片retention 保持力Hydroponics 水栽培slit 切开，撕裂 spray stick 喷雾棒 ring dripper 圆形滴头 porosity多孔性 homogeneous 同类的，相似的 trickle 滴灌,Key Sentences:,The nutrient-film or flow technique (NFT) is the most commonly used liquid system in soilless culture. P43 无土栽培中水培养应用最普遍的是营养液膜技术。NFT：指

29、营养液以浅层流动的形式在种植槽中从高的一端流向较低一端的一种水培技术。,NFT channels are frequently designed for a single row of plants with a channel width of 15 to 20 cm.营养液膜技术中的水槽多数设计成独立的一排植株，每一个水槽宽度是15-20 cm。,Nutrient and water is given by means of trickle irrigation system, mostly one dripper per plant无土栽培中养分和水分的供应，通常是通过滴灌系统, 多数情

30、况下一个植株一个滴头。,The rock-wool slabs have a stable structure, are homogeneous, sterile and chemically inert. The use of rock-wool as a growth substrate has grown at a very fast rate during the last decade.岩棉块有稳定的结构,匀质性好，无毒，化学性稳定.岩棉作为无土栽培基质在过去的十年间发展很快.,Nutrient solution is supplied from a fertilizer propo

31、rtioner or large supply tank to the surface of the medium in sufficient quantity to wet the media.营养液由肥料定量器提供或者由基质表面的大水槽提供充足的水分以湿化基质。,Exercises:,岩棉块有稳定的结构（a stable structure）,匀质性好，无毒，化学性稳定（chemically inert）.岩棉作为无土栽培基质在过去的十年间发展很快。 The rock-wool slabs have a stable structure, are homogeneous, sterile

32、and chemically inert. The use of rock-wool as a growth substrate has grown at a very fast rate during the last decade.,容器培或袋培中使用的轻量基质（lightweight media）以及岩棉块，通常作为无土栽培中的固体栽培基质。 Lightweight medium in container or bags and rock-wool mats are the most commonly used media culture systems.无土栽培中养分和水分的供应，通常

33、是通过滴灌系统（trickle irrigation system）, 多数情况下一个植株一个滴头。 Nutrient and water is given by means of trickle irrigation system, mostly one dripper per plant.,Nutrient-film technique,Nutrient-film technique,Nutrient-film technique,大棚采用立体种植，一亩大棚相当于五亩地，可以种植10多种反季蔬菜。,荷兰温室,Lesson 7 Quality and Harvest of Horticult

34、ural Products,Glossary:,Pomegranate 石榴 pineapple 菠萝 coconut 椰子 kiwifruit 猕猴桃 mango 芒果 plum 李子 cherry 樱桃 Cucumber tomato eggplant pepper黄瓜 番茄 茄子 辣椒Chinese cabbage pea白菜 豌豆,Flavor 味道 odor 气味 off-odor 变味 bitterness 苦味sweetness 甜味 aroma 香味 sourness 酸味 astringency 涩味,Glossary:,Glossary:,firmness 硬度 crisp

35、ness 脆 mealiness 软度 gloss 光泽 maturity 成熟 ripening 完熟 ethylene 乙烯defect 缺陷 deterioration 恶化senescence 衰老 microorganism 微生物 disinfectant 杀菌剂processing 处理,Key Sentences:,The quality of fresh fruits and vegetables can be described in various ways such as market quality, edible quality, nutritional quali

36、ty, storage quality, shipping quality, visual quality, and internal quality. 新鲜水果和蔬菜的质量可以各种方式描述，例如市场质量、食用、营养、贮藏、货架、外观和内在质量。,Major quality factors of fresh horticultural crops include appearance, texture, flavor nutritive value, and safety.大多数新鲜园艺作物质量包括外表、质地、风味营养价值和安全性。,All fruits and mature fruit ve

37、getable, with a few exceptions such as pears, avocados, and bananas, can reach their best eating quality when they are allowed to ripen on the fruiting plant. Some fruits can be harvested mature and ripened off the plant, while others, grape, cherry, continuing their ripening process once they are r

38、emoved from the plant.除了梨、油梨和香蕉等少数水果之外，所有的水果和成熟的水果蔬菜都是在植株上成熟时口味更好。一些水果能够成熟并脱离植株，然而，像葡萄、草莓这样的水果一旦摘掉后还能够继续成熟。,Environmental factors affecting commodity deterioration include temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric composition, ethylene, and light.影响商品变质的气候因素包括温度、相对湿度、气体成分、乙烯和光照。,To eliminate mecha

39、nical injuries, handle fresh commodities with care during harvesting and hauling to the market or produce stand.为避免机械伤害，在收获和运输到市场或者零售商店时要非常小心地处理新鲜商品。,Lesson 9Biotechnology and Horticulture,Glossary:,biotechnology horticulture recombinant生物技术 园艺学 重组体，重组细胞genome phytohormone ethylene基因组 植物激素 乙烯senesce

40、nce oxidase enzyme 衰老、老化 氧化酶 酶encode clone exogenous 编码 无性系、克隆，复制 外生的,igment intracelluar agamous 色素 细胞内的 无性的，无性生殖stamen homologous floriculture 雄蕊 同源的 花艺，栽培花卉saturated saturation virus 饱和的 饱和度 病毒tissue culture callus totipotency 组织培养 愈合组织 全能，全能性multicellular spore explant additive 多细胞的 孢子 外植体 添加剂,L

41、esson 12 Greenhouse Tomatoes,Glossary,transplant approved compost nematode Soil-borne root knot rootstock bio-pesticide sucker canopy catfacing well-fed heavy feeder,Key Sentences,Statistics for 1999 showed that the U. S. had about 800 acres in greenhouse vegetable production, with tomatoes accounti

42、ng for 750 of those acres.1999年的统计数据表明，美国有大约800英亩的温室蔬菜生产，其中，番茄就占有750英亩。,Greenhouse tomatoes bring the highest price from December through April, when it is too cool for local field-grown tomatoes.当12份到翌年四月份的气温太冷而不适合本地的田间栽培番茄时，温室番茄的价格最高。,Greenhouse tomatoes can be grown in soil or in soilless media.

43、In soil culture, crops are grown at ground level or in raised beds. The soil is usually amended with approved compost and other approved organic additives.温室番茄可以进行土壤和无土栽培。在土壤栽培中，可以生长在地面上和高位栽培床上。一般改良土壤用良好基肥和其他有机添加剂。,One key to a successful organic greenhouse operation is maintaining rigorous pest man

44、agement.成功进行有机温室经营的关键之一是保持严格地虫害管理。,Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a strategy that can be used in organic production as well as in conventional production systems.综合的虫害管理是一种既可用于有机生产体系也能用在传统生产体系的方法。,Good ventilation and proper temperature control are critical for reducing humidity and controlling

45、 airborne fungal diseases. 良好通风和适温控制是减少湿度和控制气传真菌病害的关键。,Using disease-resistant seeds and transplants whenever possible is one of the organic greenhouse producers best lines of defense. 尽可能的利用抗病性种子和幼苗是有机温室生产者最好的防御方法。,A wellfed plant is a healthy plant. Maintaining optimum nutrient, light, and moistur

46、e levels will result in healthier plants that are better able to fend off diseases and insect pests. 植株营养充足是健康的植株。健康的植株需要保持适当的营养，光照和湿度水平，并且能够很好的防御病虫害。,Today, tomatoes are pollinated in greenhouse either by bumblebees or by mechanical pollinators. 如今，温室栽培番茄既可通过蜜蜂授粉又可以通过机械授粉。,Mechanical pollination of

47、 tomatoes was predominant in U.S. and Canadian greenhouses until the mid-1990s, when the use of bumblebees was adopted from European growers. 20世纪90年代中叶，当欧洲还利用蜜蜂授粉时，美国和加拿大温室番茄主要是采用机械授粉。,Exercises:,降低温室空气湿度是一种有效的防病措施，可抑制病原菌的繁殖。An effective method of controlling diseases is reducing air humidity in gr

48、eenhouse, which can restrain propagation of pathogen.,番茄是喜肥作物，只有氮磷钾供应充足才能获得高产。Tomatoes are heavy feeders, it is can be high yield when N, P and K are supplied adequately.适宜的光照、温度、通气条件和营养、水分供应，可提高菜豆的抗病性，从而获得高产。Maintaining optimum light, temperature, ventilation, nutrient and water level will increase

49、 diseases resistance for kidney bean, and bring high yield.,Lesson 15 Part A Low-temperature effects,Glossary:,Stress 应激，逆境反应 chilling 冷的、低温的 discoloration 变色 defoliation 落叶intracelluar 细胞内的 overwinter 越冬 nucleus 核,Key Sentences:,Plants may exhibit differences in tolerance to chilling temperatures a

50、t different phases of their life cycles. 植物在它整个生活周期的不同阶段对低温的耐性可能不同。,Low-temperature stress that is a direct result of the freezing water in plant tissues is called freezing stress.由于植物组织中水分结冰直接导致的低温胁迫叫做冻害。,Another common disorder of trees is called frost cracking, the symptoms of which are seen when