叙事学基础课件.pptx
《叙事学基础课件.pptx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《叙事学基础课件.pptx(61页珍藏版)》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、2022/12/24,1,叙事学基础Basic Narratology南方医科大学外国语学院唐伟胜,2022/12/24,2,讲座目的,了解叙事学基本概念了解叙事学理论前沿了解叙事学分析方法作用:从事叙事理论研究及翻译用叙事学分析工具进行文学文本、文化现象的阐释工作,2022/12/24,3,什么是叙事(narrative)?,The recounting (as product and process, object and act, structure and structuration) of one or more real or fictitious events communica
2、ted by one, two, or several (more or less overt) narrators to one, two, or several (more or less overt) narratees.Someone tells someone else that something happens on some occasion and for some purpose. (James Phelan)The reader reads someone telling someone else that something happens. (Marie- Laure
3、 Ryan)The minimal definition of Narrative (Zhao Yiheng in the 2nd collection of Chinese edition of Narrative),2022/12/24,4,叙事学理论背景,新批评 New Criticism俄国形式主义 Russian Formalism结构主义 structuralism索绪尔语言理论英美修辞学 Anglo-American Rhetorics,2022/12/24,5,叙事学的基石:故事/话语二分 story/discourse dichotomy,Story: the content
4、 plane of narrative as opposed to its expression plane or discourse; the “what” of a narrative as opposed to its “how”; the narrated as opposed to the narrating; the fiction as opposed to the narration; the existents and events represented in a narrativeDiscourse:,2022/12/24,6,叙事语法 narrative grammar
5、,A series of statements and formulas interrelated by an ordered set of rules and accounting for (structural aspects of) a particular set of narratives or the set of all and only possible narratives.Story grammar: the attempt to specify the basic constituents of the narrated and to describe their int
6、errelations, and they help to investigate the effects of structure and content variables on memory and the comprehension of texts. (see CANT, p.110-11)探究叙事、故事语法是早期叙事学的主要研究目的。,2022/12/24,7,叙事语法尝试之一:普罗普(V. Propp),The Morphology of Russian Folktales 俄罗斯民间故事形态学确定叙事的基本要素(narrative elements)及其功能(function)
7、。1)沙皇给英雄一只鹰。2)老人给苏森一匹马。3)王子给伊万一枚戒指。他发现,在俄罗斯民间故事中,有31个这样的功能单位,并以同样的序列(sequence)出现。,2022/12/24,8,叙事语法尝试之二:布雷蒙(Bremond),简化了普鲁普的31个功能,更抽象化。叙事的基本序列为:表示可能发生变化的功能;表示是否实施这种变化的功能;表示变化是否实现的功能。比如:某人受到某种伤害后,可能采取两种行动:(1)容忍;(2)报复;如果采取报复,则又存在:(1)报复成功;报复失败。,2022/12/24,9,叙事语法尝试之三:格雷马斯(Greimas),三对六种行动元(actant): 主体(su
8、bject)、客体(object);发送者(sender)、接受者(receiver);帮助者(helper)、阻挠者(opponent)。任何故事中都有这六种行动元,他们可能归入三种序列结构: 契约型(contractual)、完成型(performative)和离合型(disjunctive)。,2022/12/24,10,叙事结构尝试之四:托多洛夫(Todorov),叙事分为:最小叙事单元(unit)、序列(sequencing)和文本(text)最小单元是一些基本命题(proposition),五个命题构成一个序列:平衡(equilibrium)外力1失去平衡外力2新的平衡;而很多序列
9、则按照多种方式连接构成完整的文本(text)。,2022/12/24,11,Story time / narrative timeORDER; DURATION; FREQUENCYAnalepsis: an anachrony going back to the past with respect to the “present” moment; an evocation of one or more events that occurred before the “present” moment. FLASHBACKProlepsis: an anachrony going forward
10、 to the future with respect to the “present” moment; an evocation of one ore more events that will occur after the “present” moment. FLASHFORWARD,叙事话语:时间(time),2022/12/24,12,叙事话语:语态(voice),Narrator (who speaks?): The one who narrates, as inscribed in the text. There is at least one narrator per narr
11、ative, located at the same diegetic level as the narratee he or she is addressing.A narrator may be more or less overt, knowledgeable, ubiquitous, self-conscious, and reliable, and s/he may be situated at a greater or lesser (temporal, discursive, intellectual, moral) distance from the situations an
12、d events narrated, the characters, and/or the narratee.A narrator may be extradiegetic or intradiegetic; heterodiegetic or homodiegetic (functioning as protagonist, an important character or a minor one).Note: the narrator is not the author; she is not even the implied author.,2022/12/24,13,叙事话语:叙事层
13、次(narrative levels),The level at which an existent, event, or act of recounting is situated with regard to a given diegesis. Metalepsis: the intrusion of one diegesis of a being from another diegesis; the mingling of two distinct diegetic levels. Should an extradiegetic narrator suddenly enter the w
14、orld of the situations and events recounted, for instance, a metalepsis obtains. (见马原的作品),2022/12/24,14,叙事话语:人物话语表达方式,Narrated discourse / indirect discourse / free indirect discourse / direct discourseFree indirect discourse: A type of discourse representing a characters utterances or thoughts. It
15、has the grammatical traits of “normal” indirect discourse, but it does not involve a tag clause (he said that) introducing and qualifying the represented utterances and thoughts. It should manifest some of the features of the characters ways of speaking. Eg.:(1) He became indignant. A man like him w
16、as a suspect now!(2) She smiled. Mary, bless her soul, would be coming to relieve her tomorrow. 阿近来虽然比较的受人尊敬,自己也更高傲些,但和那些打惯的闲人们见面还胆怯,独有这回却非常武勇了。这样满脸胡子的东西,也敢出言无状么?,2022/12/24,15,叙事话语:语式(mood),focalization (who sees?) 聚焦:the perspective in terms of which the narrated situations and events are presente
17、d; the perceptual or conceptual position in terms of which they are rendered. 不仅是视角问题,还是意识形态的问题,如女性视角和男性视角。(vision; point of view; perspective)Zero focalization: 零聚焦,多数全知叙事(omniscient narration),上帝之眼Internal focalization: 内聚焦,可细分fixed (only one perspective is adopted), variable (different perspectiv
18、es are adopted to present different situations), multiple (different perspectives are adopted to present the same situation)External focalization: 外聚焦(situated in the diegesis but outside any of the characters, 摄像机式,Hemingways “The Killer”))思考: 第三人称叙事一定是零聚焦叙事吗?,2022/12/24,16,叙事话语:视角越界(alteration),On
19、ce a perspective is adopted, the narrative is expected to follow what can be seen from that perspective. Any violation would be considered as alteration of perspective.Paralepsis: an alteration that consists in giving more information thatn should presumably be given in terms of the focalization cod
20、e governing a narrative. Should external focalization be adopted, for instance, and should the thoughts of a character suddenly be reported, a paralepsis is said to obtain. (e.g. David Copperfield) 多叙Paralipsis: an alteration that consists in giving less information than should presumably be given i
21、n terms of the focalization code governing a narrative. (e.g. Great Expectations) 少叙,2022/12/24,17,试分析下一段文字:谁看?谁说?人物话语表达方式?什么被隐藏了?什么效果?,They were doing the dishes, his wife washing while he dried. Hed washed the night before. Unlike most men he knew, he really pitched in on the housework. A few mont
22、hs earlier hed overheard a friend of his wifes congratulate her on having such a considerate husband, and he though, I try. Helping out with the dishes was a way he had of showing how considerate he was. -The first paragraph of “Say Yes”, Tobias Wolff,2022/12/24,18,复习:经典叙事学基本术语,Russian FormalismStru
23、cturalismStory/discourseNarrative grammarDeep structureProposition and sequenceBinary oppositionStory time and narrative timeAnalepsis, prolepsis, in medias resNarrative levels; embedded narrativeMetalepsisNarrative reliability,Narrative voiceNarrative focalizationZero/internal/external focalization
24、Transgression, paralipsis; paralepsisSpeech/thought representationNarrated/indirect/free indirect/direct speech,2022/12/24,19,修辞叙事理论Rhetorical Narrative Theory唐伟胜,2022/12/24,20,什么是修辞学?,修辞学语言学的一门科学.它研究如何依据题旨、情景运用各种语文材料各种表现手法来恰当地表达思想和感情 (辞海)一种能在任何一个问题上找出可能的说服方式的功能(修辞学,亚里士多德)人们使用语言推动其他人形成某种态度或采取某种行为.无论
25、形式如何,修辞学都根源于语言的特性,即作为象征行为推动其他人的合作(博克)演说术,包括立论和词语的修饰 (古希腊),2022/12/24,21,什么是修辞叙事学,或,修辞叙事理论?,简单地说,就是研究讲述者如何通过叙事来实现自己的修辞目的;以及叙事对读者产生了什么样的修辞效果(rhetorical effect)。James Phelan: Narrative is “someone telling someone else that something happens on some occasion for some purpose”. Chicago School: 芝加哥学派,2022
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 叙事 基础 课件

链接地址:https://www.31ppt.com/p-1892266.html