学术英语写作English Academic W课件.ppt

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1、1,English Academic Writing英语学术论文写作/学术英语写作,2,Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 2 Researching the TopicChapter 3 Data Collection and EvaluationChapter 4 Writing StyleChapter 5 Paper WritingChapter 6 AbstractChapter 7 International ConferenceChapter 8 Letters for Different Academic Purposes,3,Chapter 1 Int

2、roduction1.1 Definition of Academic Writing,- to summarize or synthesize information and ideas gathered from research- to explain, compare and contrast, evaluate, or analyze concepts, events, and phenomenon- to argue for or against a position in an ongoing debate,4,1.2 Characteristics of Good Academ

3、ic Writing,For all writings:- Unity: a harmonious whole- Coherence: well connected, logical relations- Emphasis: stress to important ideas- Development: elaboration and expansion- Clarity: precise, concise, lucid,5,For Academic Writing:,- It is based on extensive research of proved facts and authori

4、tative testimony. first-hand experiments field research library research- The authors voice tends to be objective and neutral. unemotional- The style tends to be formal. academic periodicals, accurate information,6,- Appropriate diction. colloquialisms and slang expressions be avoided, technical ter

5、ms, abbreviation- Syntactical level. long complex sentence, simple-present tense, passive voice, non-finite verbs (participles, infinitives, gerunds)- Neat appearance and format.,7,1.3 Differences between the papers published inside and outside China,1.3.1 Papers published in ChinaChinese and Englis

6、h titles,Chinese and English abstract,Chinese and English keywords,The body,References,Appendix,Information about the author,8,1.3.2 Papers published outside ChinaTitle,Abstract,Introduction,The body,Conclusions and recommendations,Acknowledgement,References,Appendix,9,1.4 Procedures of Academic Wri

7、ting,Step 1: Choice of Topic Choose a general topic Write a rough proposal Limit the topic to a plausible oneStep 2: Collection and Evaluation of Data Collect books, journals and research articles Evaluate data collected Photocopy data Prepare note and bibliography cards,10,Step 3: Development of Ou

8、tline Decide on organization of paper Arrange notes by subheadings Develop paper outlineStep 4: Writing Study and follow outline for first draft Make adjustments as neededStep 5: Revision, Editing and References Revise content and organization Adjust style and tone,11,Correct diction, spelling, gram

9、mar, punctuation as necessary Document all the sources quotedStep 6: Preparation of Abstract Observe abstract word limit Ensure accuracy, brevity and clarityStep 7: Preparation of Final Details Assemble all parts Make final revision Prepare References section Write acknowledgements,12,Chapter 2 Rese

10、arching the Topic,2.1 Principles of Title Selection- Value Principle- Scientific Principle- Innovative Principle- Feasibility Principle2.2 Methods for Choosing a Title- Consult your professor or an expert-Participate in academic conferences and academic lectures,13,- Select from puzzling problems- R

11、ead books and newspapers- Choose from your own interests- Literature review2.3 Ways to Narrow Down TitlesExample:LiteratureLiterary CriticismLiterary Criticism at CambridgeThe Tradition and Development of Literary Criticism at Cambridge,14,Exercise:Humanities,2.4 Formats for TitleExamples:1) OSCILLA

12、TIONS IN GRANULAR DYNAMICS2) Structural Analyses Based on a Point Charge Model3) Fast atom bombardment mass spectra of nebramycin within 15 words4) Coronary Artery Disease: Diet and patient Health,15,2.5 Tables and Figures,2.5.1 Tables- A table should be self-contained.- A table is usually placed in

13、 a position near its relevant description.- Provide each table with a number (eg: Table1, Table2, etc.) and a title.- The title should be clear, concise, complete and accurate.- Sometimes a note is added at the bottom of the table.,16,Example:,Table 2-6 Correlation between variables,*Note: .,17,2.5.

14、2 Figures,2.5.2.1 Graphs - can be used to compare two variables2.5.2.2 Drawings and Photographs- to illustrate organisms, experimental apparatus, models of structures, etc.2.5.2.3 Types of figuresLine chartsBar charts3) Pie charts,18,2.6 Cause and Effect,2.6.1 Cause-Effect ParagraphDevelopment Patte

15、rn: Effect 1Cause Effect 2 Effect 3 2.6.2 Effect-Cause Paragraph,19,Development Pattern: Cause 1Effect Cause 2 Cause 3,20,Exercise1: Analyze the structure of this paragraph and try to determine the effect and its causes. Then find the linking words in the paragraph.,The role of women in todays socie

16、ty is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the womens movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests serve as role models for oth

17、er women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.,21,Exercise 2: Combine the following two sentences expressing the cause-and-effect relationship.,He escaped from his orphanage. He was distressed by the brutal conditio

18、ns there.2) He had a rough life in Moscow. He had no family to turn to.3) He was not easily to be captured. He had learned not to trust adults.,22,Chapter 3 Data Collection and Evaluation,3.1 Principles of Data Collection and selection3.1.1 Centered around the theme3.1.2 True and verifiable（可证实的)3.1

19、.3 Typical3.1.4 Novel,23,3.2 Developing an Outline,3.2.1 Two Main Components for Effective Outlines3.2.1.1 ParallelismExample:Choose Desired CollegesPrepare ApplicationCompile Resume 3.2.1.2 Subordination,24,Example:Describe an influential person in your life A. Favorite high school teacher B. Grand

20、parent,25,3.3 Types of Outlines,3.3.1 Alphanumeric（由字母数字组成的） Outlines- Roman Numerals - Capitalized Letters - Arabic Numerals - Small Letters - Arabic Numerals within Brackets - Small Letters within Brackets,26,Example:,The College Application ProcessI. Choose Desired Colleges A. Visit and evaluate

21、college campuses B. Visit and evaluate college websites 1. look for interesting classes 2. Note important statistics a. Student/faculty ratio b. Retention rateII. Prepare Application A. Write Personal Statement 1. Choose interesting topic,27,a. Describe an influential person in your life (1) Favorit

22、e high school teacher (2) Grandparent 2. Include important personal details a. Volunteer work b. Participation in varsity sports B. Revise personal statementIII. Compile resume A. List relevant coursework B. List work experience C. list volunteer experience 1. tutor at foreign language summer camp 2

23、. counselor for suicide prevention hotline,28,3.3.2 Full Sentence Outlines,Example:I. Man-made pollution is the primary cause of global warming. A. Greenhouse gas emissions are widely identified as harmful by the scientific community. 1. The burning of coal and fossil fuels are the primary releasers

24、 of hazardous greenhouse gases.,29,3.3.3 Decimal （十进位的；小数的）Outlines,Example:Choose Desired College 1.1 Visit and evaluate college campuses 1.2 Visit and evaluate college websites 1.2.1 Look for interesting classes 1.2.2 Note important statistics,30,Exercise:,Suppose you have chosen a topic and found

25、 enough data to write your paper, now write an outline for your paper.,31,3.4 Comparison and Contrast,Two Ways for Organizing Comparison and Contrast- Subject-by-subject- Point-by-point,32,Example:,Subjects Points of C&C1. Prof. Simmons a. classroom instruction b. homework c. exam d. grading2. Prof.

26、 Wu a. classroom instruction b. homework c. exam d. grading,33,Points of C&C Subjectsa. classroom instruction 1. Prof. Simmons 2. Prof. Wub. homework 1. Prof. Simmons 2. Prof. Wuc. exam 1. Prof. Simmons 2. Prof. Wud. grading 1. Prof. Simmons 2. Prof. Wu,34,Exercise:,- Pros and cons of globalization-

27、 Positive and negative aspects of living in a large city,35,Chapter 4 Writing Style,4.1 Citation4.1.1 In-Text Citation4.1.1.1 One authorEnzymes are inhibited by cyanide (Grubb, 1977). Because enzymes are inhibited by cyanide (Grubb 1977), I expect to find(2) Grubb (1977) found that cyanide inhibits

28、enzymes. Because Grubb (1977) found that cyanide inhibits enzymes,36,(3) As early as 1977, Grubb observed the inhibitory effect of cyanide on enzyme action.4.1.1.2 More than one study (1) Cyanide has been found to inhibit enzyme action (Grubb, 1977; Smith, 1980; Taylor, 1983)4.1.1.3 More than three

29、authors (1) Cyanide has been found to inhibit enzyme action ( Grubb et al., 1985).4.4.1.4 Some journals just cite the sequence of the references in the text in order to save space.,37,(1) Vibration is used to prepare uniform granular mixtures or to segregate granular composites 3,7,12,16,19. Alongsi

30、de mixing and segregation of granular materials4.2 References4.2.1 APA (American Psychological Association) style: social sciences Print Sources:- Book by one author: #Sheril, R.D.(1956). The terrifying future: contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.,38,- Book by two authors or more: #R

31、ubin, J., & Thompson, I. (1994). How to be a more successful language teacher. 2nd ed. Boston: Heinle & Heinle.- Article in a journal: #Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: Gods long-awaited gift to colorful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34-37.Electronic sources:- Article in an online journal:

32、#Blofeld, E.S. (1994, March1). Expressing oneself through Persian cats and modern architecture. Felines & Felons, 4, Article 0046g. Retrieved October 3, 1999, from http:/journals.f+f.org/spectre/vblofeld-0046g.html- Book on CD: #Nix, G.(2002). Lirael, Daughter of the Clayr 【CD】. New York: Random Hou

33、se/Listening library.,39,- Movie: #Gilby, A. (Producer), & Schlesinger, J. (Director). (1995). Cold comfort farm 【Motion picture】. Universal city, CA: MCA Universal Home Video.4.2.2 MLA (Modern Language Association) style: liberal arts and humanitiesPrint Sources:- Book by one author:#Bambrough, Ren

34、ford. The Philosophy of Aristotle. New York: The New American Library, 1963.,40,- Book by two or three authors:#Atwan, Robert, donald Mcquade, and John Wright. Edsels, Luckies, and Frifidaires: Advertising the American Way. New York: Dell, 1979. - Book by four or more authors:#Belenky, Mary Field, e

35、t al. Womens Ways of Knowing: the Development of Self, Voice, and Mind. New York: Basic, 1986.- Article in a journal:#Maguire, James H. “The Canon and the Diminished Thing.” American Literature 60 (1988): 645-52.,41,Electronic sources:- Article in an online journal:#Rogers, Michael. “The Practical F

36、uturist: The Secret of Online Romance.” Newsweek Newsweek Web Exclusive (October, 2002). 28 Dec., 2002http:/nl. Newsbank. Com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_action=list&p_topdoc=11-CD-ROM:#”Communion.” The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1992.,42,4.2.3 ACS (American Chemical S

37、ociety) style; CBE (Council of Biology Editors) style, etc: natural sciencesACS style:- Book:#Anastas, P.T.; Warner, J.C. Green Chemistry: Theory and practice; Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1998.- Online Journal:#Borman, S. Sucrose Synthesis Sets A Record. Chem. Eng. News 【Online】1990, 78,52.,43,

38、However, not all journals are in strict compliance with the style guides. Eg: Nature, Science,#British journal Nature:1.Nagy, L. & Schwabe, J.W. Mechanism of the nuclear receptor molecular switch. Trends Biochem. Sci. 29, 317324(2004).2.Sonoda, J., Pei, L. & Evans, R.M. Nuclear receptors: decoding m

39、etabolic disease. FEBS lett. 582, 29 (2008).3.Raghuram, S. et al. Identification of heme as the ligand for the orphan nuclear receptors REV-ERBa and REV-ERBb. Nature Struct. Mol. Biol. 14, 1207 1213(2007).4.Yin, L. et al. Rev-erba, a heme sensor that coordinates metabolic and circadian pathways. Sci

40、ence 318, 1786 1789(2007).,44,4.2.4 中文参考文献格式（也可参考中文权威学术期刊格式要求）：,-专著、编著、译著等：#杜维明.东亚价值与多元现代性【M】. 北京: 中国社会科学出版社,2001#申丹.文学文体学与小说翻译【M】. 北京:北京大学出版社,1995-期刊文章:#程爱民.原型批评的整体性文化批评倾向【J】.外国文学,2000(5): 67-74-报纸文章:#冯宪光.借鉴与重构:西方马克思主义文学批评在中国【N】.文艺报,1999/11/23(3),45,Exercise: Document the following sources in the A

41、PA style using the information below.,1.In 1982 an article called “Hearers and Speech Acts” was written for volume 58 of the journal named language. It was on pages 332-373 and the authors were Herbert H. Clark and Thomas H. Carlson.2.Rachel Carson wrote a book called Silent Spring in 1962. it was p

42、ublished in Boston by Houghton Mifflin.,46,4.3 Language Style:,Features:-Formal-Objective-Concise-Varied4.3.1 Formality-Avoid slang and too casual language: eg. “Cool”, “pretty awful”.-Use full forms of words rather than abbreviations, eg. “does not, should have, it is” rather than “doesnt, shouldve

43、, its”.,47,-Use single verbs rather than phrasal verbs, eg. “investigate” rather than “look into”.-Use powerful reporting words: eg. Support, claim, suggest, recommend, etc.-Use complex rather than simple sentences, and long rather than short paragraphs.,48,Exercise: Rewrite the following sentences

44、in more formal academic English:,1.You can understand something better if it is repeated.2.Crime was increasing rapidly and the police were becoming concerned.3.Did you know that spoken and written language are very different?,49,4.3.2 Objectivity,-Use impersonal expressions and the passive voice, e

45、g: It can be concluded that, It has been claimed that-Use third person pronouns, avoid the first person “I, we” or second person “you”.-Avoid words that have emotional or attitudinal connotations.,50,Exercise: Rewrite the following sentences in more objective, academic English.,1.I think that all gu

46、ns should be banned.2.I observed 43 students of a third-grade class at Barksdale School for two weeks.3.The doctor prepared his necessary surgical equipment.,51,4.3.3 Conciseness,-Be precise and specific.-Reduce unnecessary words.,52,4.3.4 Variety-Use a variety of words and sentence structures.,Exer

47、cise: Correct the following sentences to make them more academic.1.The university is asking for more money.2.Is it really true that the Great Wall of China is visible from space?3.Some commentators say that students lack creativity. They also lack imagination.4.According to Wong(2003, p.41), he says

48、 that the information is inaccurate.,53,Exercise: Change the following spoken text into a written text.,Spoken text Nowadays companies are finding that they have to change the way they do things and theyre finding that human resources planning is really helpful when they have to do this. One reason

49、why its helpful is because it can help the companies work out what the issues are and then, when youve done that, it can help you make up your mind what youre going to do about it. Basically, human resource planning is what you do when youre going through,54,Written text,As companies experience the

50、need for change, they often apply human resource planning to define the relevant issues and develop responses to them. Broadly defined, human resource planning is the process of analyzing an organizations human resources needs under changing conditions and developing the activities necessary to sati