土木工程概论论文25155222.docx
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1、2010级土木工程4班 胡德强 100759奏响“凝固的音乐”土木工程概论课程报告目录1摘要31.1The English Outline of Civil Engineering31.1.1What is Civil Engineering?31.1.2What is the history of Civil Engineering?31.1.3What about Civil Engineering nowadays?41.1.4Whats the future of Civil Engineering?41.1.5What qualities are the major courses
2、designed for students to cultivate?41.2土木工程中文摘要52关键字53土木工程含义64土木工程的历史64.1古代土木工程64.1.1房屋建筑64.1.2桥梁工程64.1.3水利工程74.1.4高塔工程74.1.5其他74.2近代土木工程74.2.1建造材料74.2.2建造理论74.2.3建造技术84.3现代土木工程84.3.1建造材料84.3.2结构理论84.3.3建造技术95土木工程的现状95.1房屋建筑95.2桥梁工程95.3长距离海底隧道95.4高速铁路建设95.5大高坝工程105.6大跨度空间结构105.7高塔工程106土木工程的未来发展106.1
3、设计思想的革新106.1.1以功能为基础的设计106.1.2系统的J靠度116.1.3结构投资的合理分配116.2发展可持续性的土木工程116.3计算机技术在土木工程中的应用117土木工程专门人才应具备的知识结构127.1人文、社会科学基础知识127.2自然科学基础知识127.3学科及专业基础知识127.4专业知识127.5相邻学科知识128土木工程专门人才应具备的能力结构138.1 获取知识的能力138.2运用知识的能力138.3创新能力138.4其它149对身边土木工程实例的认识149.1大礼堂149.2建筑与城规学院C楼1510学习本课程后的感受与认识1511附录1611.1听课纪录16
4、11.2参考文献和相关书籍161摘要1.1The English Outline of Civil EngineeringAfter the National College Entrance Examination, I chose Tongji University for further study, dreaming that I can devote myself to the enterprise of Civil Engineering in China. Now during the past four months study in Tongji University, a
5、series of lectures on Civil Engineering have widely broadened my horizons. I have made an outline of Civil Engineering as follows.1.1.1What is Civil Engineering?Civil Engineering is a professional discipline that deals with the design, construction and maintenance of the physical and naturally built
6、 environment, including works like bridges, roads, canals, dams and buildings.1.1.2What is the history of Civil Engineering?Engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of human existence. The earliest practices of Civil Engineering may have commenced between 4000 and 2000 B.C. in anc
7、ient Egypt and Mesopotamia (Ancient Iraq). Later on, the construction of pyramids in Egypt (circa 2700-2500 B.C.) might be considered the first instances of large structure constructions. In the 18th century, the term Civil Engineering was coined to incorporate all things civilian as opposed to mili
8、tary engineering. And the first self-proclaimed civil engineer was John Smeaton who constructed the Eddystone Lighthouse.1.1.3What about Civil Engineering nowadays?With the application of physical, mathematical and scientific methods, Civil Engineering, the ancient “Technical Science”, has developed
9、 into a wide ranging profession, including several separate specialized sub-disciplines such as Costal Engineering, Construction Engineering, Water Resources Engineering, Bridge Engineering, Underground Engineering, Tunnel Engineering, Transportation Enginneering.New materials like high-strength con
10、crete and modern steel have been widely put into use. The structure analysis have greatly progressed with the calculation of computers. Morever, the construction process can be monitored by computers automatically.Nowadays Civil Engineering is concerned with the development of global economy. Buildi
11、ngs tend to be higher, bridges tend to be longer, railroads tend to be swifter, subways tend to be deeper beneath the ground and structure tend to be spanned more widely. 1.1.4Whats the future of Civil Engineering?Engineers will face more complex problems with the development of modern society. The
12、population is growing. The resources are limited. The environment pollution is aggravated. The energy consumption is sharpened. The urban land available is decreased. Whats more, the disasters occur frequently.To deal with those problems, the government sponsor researches into new materials especial
13、ly “Green Materials”, new theories and new techniques like CAM.Engineers have a dream, that in the future our cities will extend to the upper sky, the underground, the oceans and the outer space.1.1.5What qualities are the major courses designed for students to cultivate?Knowledge: As a wide ranging
14、 profession linked to knowledge of structures, materials science, geography, geology, soils, hydrology, environment, mechanics and other fields, the courses on Civil Engineering expects students to obtain a wealth of knowledge, including the common basic knowledge, the specialized basic knowledge an
15、d the specialized knowledge. Students are also motivated to learn about advanced science and technology. Practical Experience and Sense of Responsibility:Civil Engineering is a technical science which put more emphasis on techniques and practical experience. In order to do complex analysis, design w
16、ork, or management of complex design projects, students should learn to perform experiments, use computer software like CAD, take design courses, and participate in various kinds of competitions and activities, through which students are encouraged to develop a sense of responsibility.Cooperation:Ge
17、neral civil engineers work closely with surveyors and specialized civil engineers to fit and serve fixed projects. Not only engineers themselves need to work together, but they should develop consensus with local community and prepare construction plans with technicians. Furthermore, engineers from
18、different cultures sometimes need to work together for International projects. Thus, it is essential for us to take part in various social activities and study English as well as other foreign languages.In conclusion, I am so delighted to be a student in Tongji University for the study of Civil Engi
19、neering. And I will try my best to be a successful civil engineers for the enterprise of Civil Engineering in our motherland.1.2土木工程中文摘要土木工程是建造各类工程设施的科学技术的统称。它是既指工程建设的对象,即建造在地上、地下、水中的各种工程设施,也指所应用的材料、设备和所进行的勘测、设计、施工、管理、养护、维修等专门技术。土木工程(Civil Engineering),区别于军事工程,是18世纪末由英国的斯米顿首先提出的土木工程而得来的。其历史分为古代(公元前5
20、000到17世纪中叶)、近代(17世纪中叶至20世纪中叶)和现代(20世纪中叶至今)。建造材料从古代天然材料转向近代人造材料,在发展到现代高强、优质、经济的新型材料。建造理论从经验总结转向科学理论,再到现代的计算机分析计算理论。建造技术从手工工具发展到大规模使用施工机械。再到机电计算机的一体化。现代土木工程适应于经济发展。赋予基础建设的投资大量用于建造高层建筑、大跨度桥梁、长距离海底隧道、高速铁路、大高水电坝、大跨度穹顶空间结构和高塔工程。土木工程前景广阔。没来将大力开展“绿色建材”和高强、耐腐、耐火材料的研制。计算机仿真分析、虚拟演示和辅助制造(CAM)也将成为研究和应用的重点。此外,土木工
21、程将向高空、向地下、向海洋和向太空拓展。土木工程专业的知识结构分为三个阶段:公共基础知识、专业及住址是和专业知识。由于具有极强的实践性,土木工程专业抢点培养学生的各种实践技能。向课程外延伸的能力还包括自学、工程管理、科技开发、表达和公关等能力。因此,作为工程师必须掌握社会科学知识、自然科学知识、工程类知识、专业技术知识,另外还要培养计算机应用能力、实验能力、实习能力、设计能力等等。担负着建设与维护基础设施的重任,土木工程师需要具备法律意识、风险意识、环境意识、人文意识和可持续发展的观念。2关键字历史、现状、未来发展、知识结构、对应课程、实例分析、感受与认识3土木工程含义土木工程的英文是Civi
22、l Engineering ,直译是民用工程,它是建造各种工程的统称。它既指建设的对象,即建造在地上,地下,水中的工程设施,也指应用的材料设备和进行的勘测,设计施工,保养,维修等专业技术。土木工程随着人类社会的进步而发展,至今已经演变成为大型综合性的学科,它已经出许多分支,如:建筑工程,铁路工程,道路工程,桥梁工程,特种工程结构,给水排水工程,港口工程,水利工程,环境工程等学科。土木工程共有五个专业:建筑学,城市规划,土木工程,建筑环境与设备工程和给水排水工程。土木工程作为一个重要的基础学科,有其重要的属性:综合性,社会性,实践性,统一性。土木工程为国民经济的发展和人民生活的改善提供了重要的物
23、质技术基础,对众多产业的振兴发挥了促进作用,工程建设是形成固定资产的基本生产过程,因此,建筑业和房地产成为许多国家和地区的经济支柱之一。4土木工程的历史4.1古代土木工程在古代土木工程中,一些文明故国如中国、古希腊、古罗马、埃及、印度、都有不少传世杰作,有些还流传和屹立至今。4.1.1房屋建筑约在公元前15世纪我国商代前期,已经出现能减小梁、柱受力的柱、额、梁、坊、斗拱组成的结构体系。这之后,经过历朝历代的积累、丰富、发展,逐渐形成我国特有的建筑风格。始建于公元1406年,建成于1420年的北京故宫,是世界上现存最大、最完整的古代木结构宫殿建筑群,占地72万,有房屋8700余间,总建筑面积达1
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