第三章 英汉语言对比(ppt课件).ppt

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1、第三章 英汉语言对比 Comparative Studies of English and Chinese Languages,3.3.1 英汉句子结构的互换 A. 英语简单句可转换成汉语复合句 B. 英语并列句、复合句可转换成汉语简单句3.3.2 英汉句子顺序的调整 A.调整时间顺序 B.调整空间顺序 C.调整逻辑顺序,3.1.1 英语重形合，汉语重意合3.1.6 英语的末端开放与汉语的首端开放 3.1.7 英语呈树状结构，汉语呈竹状结构3.1.8 汉语话题-评论型，英语主语-谓语型3.1.2 英语爱化零为整，汉语喜化整为零3.1.3 英语爱用静态词，汉语多用动态词3.1.4 英语语序变换多

2、，汉语结构较固定3.1.5 英语多用被动，汉语常用主动,3.4.1 英汉都有增补与省略3.4.2 英汉都有词类转换3.4.3 英汉都有巧妙重复3.4.4 英汉都受上下文制约选择词义,课堂互动1,课堂互动3,课堂互动4,综合练习 1综合练习 2综合练习 3,3. 1 英汉语言特征对比,3. 2 英汉词汇表达对比,3.2.1 英语词汇含义多3.2.2 英语词汇搭配多3.2.3 英语词汇在句中的位置多,3. 3 英汉句法结构对比,3. 4 英汉句意表达对比,第三章综合练习及参考译文,-end,第 三 章 重 点,第三章 英汉语言对比,课堂互动2,3,第三章英汉语言对比Comparative Stud

3、ies of English and Chinese Languages,4,不同语言间的差异不仅表现在语言、词汇和语法这些语言形式上，而且表现在语言文化特征上。语言文化特征不仅涉及到一种语言所代表民族的心理意识、风土人情、宗教信仰和历史传统等因素，而且涉及到历史文化、地域文化、习俗文化、宗教文化等方面。 汉语和英语是世界上的两大语言，代表着中西两种文化。由于中西文化的不同，在语言、文化、生活、工作、习惯、风俗、行为、爱好、兴趣等各个方面都存在着差异。,5,若“要认识汉语的特点，就要跟非汉语比较，要认识现代汉语的特点，就要跟古代汉语比较；要认识普通话特点，就要跟方言比较。无论语音、语汇、语法，

4、都可以通过对比来研究” 。,6,翻译是两种语际间的转换、是两种文化信息间的转换。语言不是静止不变的，是随着社会实践的不断发展而发展的。词的意义、语言表达也是如此。翻译也是这样。,7,在跨语言、跨文化的翻译交际过程中，难免会出现差异，探索语言、文化的差异性并分析其原因，有利于避免产生失误，提高翻译质量。,8,语言的表达方式不仅与文化有着密切的关系，而且与思维及逻辑方式有着密切的关系。这种思维及逻辑方式的差异在语言表达方式上的表现既存在于语篇的思路和结构上，也存在于句子水平上。,小节结束,9,3. 1英汉语言特征对比Comparisons between English and Chinese L

5、anguage Features,10,英语重形合是指英语语言符号之间有较强的逻辑关系；汉语重意合是指汉语句子主要通过字词的意义连结起来。,3. 1. 1 英语重形合，汉语重意合,11,1.英语重形合,汉语重意合.,英语重形合汉语重意合,12,英语重形合,汉语重意合.,跑得了和尚,跑不了庙.The monks may run away, but the temple cannot run away with him.一个英国人,不会说中国话,有一次在中国旅行.An Englishman who could not speak Chinese was once traveling in Chin

6、a.那太阳,整天躲在云层里,现在又光芒四射了.The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in full splendor.,13,英语重形合,汉语重意合.,他不去我去.Id like to go if he wouldnt.他不去我也去.Id go there even if he wouldnt to with me.他不去我才去.Id go there only if he wont.人穷志短When a man is poor his ambition is not far-reaching. (Poverty stifles amb

7、ition.)人穷志不短.Though one is poor, he has high ambition.人有脸,树有皮.The face is as important to a man as the bark to a tree.,14,病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。,Sickness comes like an avalanche, but goes like reeling silk.,The position will not be given up so long as we are still living.,人在阵地在。,人无远虑，必有近忧。,他人老心不老。,Although he

8、 has aged physically, he remains young at heart.,If one has no long-term considerations, he will find trouble at his doorstep.,我来他已去。,He had left when I arrived.,(Condition 条件),(Contrast, Opposition 对照、转折),(Time Order 时间先后),(Concession 让步),15,Please translate the following:,你再说一个字，我马上走。If you should

9、 say one more word, I would go at once.你死了，我去当和尚。If you should die, I would go and be a monk.,16,Contrast Between English and Chinese,ChineseMeaning-focused with emphasis on implicit coherence (隐性连贯)Paratactic语义型语言(以意统形),EnglishForm-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion（显性联接）Hypotactic形态型语言(以形驭

10、意),17,汉英语言对比,Chinese: 表意文字，构词，词法，句法篇章，修辞都不同于英语；Liu Xie “积字成句，积句成章”（如“接到你的信，很高兴”）以神驭形，得“神”忘“形”（parataxis意合），是一种意境语言，重暗示，含蓄，可以说汉语是一种“ 联想语言” 、“ 意境语言” 、“ 艺术语言”和“ 文采语言”，朦胧中传达信息，疏放中透出美感，具有整体效应。English: Indo-European language family; intonation language（语调语言）以形摄神， (Hypotaxis形合)，语言形式重逻辑、分析、写实，重视讲究表达的逻辑性，一致性

11、(consistency),18,形合与意合,形合与意合是英汉在语言学上最重要的一个区别英语：形合Hypotaxis ，长句多，强调结构的完整性和形态的严谨性，结构严密紧凑，主次分明，依靠代词、介词、连词建立骨架并将句子串起。汉语：意合Parataxis （形散），强调内容和表意的完整性，常靠语意的逻辑将句子串起，连词介词都少于英语。 英译汉时，往往要先分析句子的结构，形式，才能确定句子的功能、意义；汉译英时，往往要先分析句子的功能、意义，才能确定句子的结构、形式。（基本方法）,19,例1：Accomplishment is often deceptive because we dont se

12、e the pain and perseverance that produced it. So we may credit the achiever with brains, brawn or lucky break and let ourselves off the hook because we fall short in all three.【译文】成就常常使人产生错觉，使人只看到功成名就，却看不到成就的来之不易，和为之所付出的艰辛困苦，总以为成功者之所以成功是因为人家身体棒、脑子灵、运气好，从而为自己找借口开脱，说自己没有获得成功是因为自己不具备上述这三条。,20,例2：And ye

13、t it almost provokes a smile at the vanity of human ambition, to see how they are crowded together and jostled in the dust; what parsimony is observed in doling out a scanty nook, a gloomy corner, a little portion of earth, to those, whom, when alive, kingdoms could not satisfy; and how many shapes,

14、 and forms, and artifices are devised to catch the casual notice of the passenger and save from forgetfulness, for a few short years, a name which once aspired to occupy ages of the worlds thought and admiration.,21,【译文】现在这些伟人只是横七竖八地挤在一起，埋在黄土中；他们在世之时，堂堂英国却不足以供他们驰骋，如今却遵照经济的原则，他们只分得那么小的一块土地，那么黑暗而又贫瘠的一

15、个角落；他们曾企图让声名占有世代人的思想，获得人人的敬羡。如今他们的坟墓却千方百计地雕出种种装饰，只是为了吸引游客偶然的一顾，免得在短短的几年中就把他们的名字匆匆忘怀。看了这些，想到人生的虚空，我又几乎忍不住要惨然一笑了。,小节结束,22,英语的形合法,英语造句常用各种形式手段连接词、语、分句或从句，注重显性接应（overt cohesion），注重句子形式，注重结构完整，注重以形显义。英语句中的连接手段和形式（cohesive ties）不仅数量大，种类多，而且用得十分频繁,23,汉语的意合法,汉语造句少用甚至不用形式连接手段，注重隐性连贯(covert coherence)，注重逻辑事理顺

16、序，注重功能、意义，注重以神统形。,24,3.1.6 英语的末端开放与汉语的首端开放,Chinese: left-extendingEnglish: right-extending,25,Chinese: left-extending, heavy-headed like a lion,树 一棵树 一棵大树 一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 花园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 李家花园一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 同里镇李家花园一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 ,26,English: right-extendingheavy-tailed like a peacock,This is the cat. This is the cat th

17、at killed the rat.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt（麦芽）. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that was built by Jack.,27,对. 不对. 他不对. 我认为他不对. 我告诉过你我认为他不对. 我明明告诉过你我认为

18、他不对. 我开会时明明告诉过你我认为他不对.我昨天开会时明明告诉过你我认为他不对.,28,He is reading. He is reading a book.He is reading a book written by Mark Twain. He is reading a book written by Mark Twain in the reading-room. He is reading a book written by Mark Twain in the reading-room on the second floor of our library.He is reading

19、 a book written by Mark Twain in the reading-room on the second floor of our library which has just opened.,29,Contrast Between English and Chinese,ChineseChinese: left-extending, heavy-headed like a lion狮子型语言,EnglishEnglish: right-extendingheavy-tailed like a peacock孔雀型语言,30,英语重后饰;英语重前饰.,汉语句子的语序一般以

20、思维程序展开,而中国人的思维方式多是先考虑事物的环境和外围因素,再考虑具体事物和中心事件.反映到句式上,就是状语总放在谓语或句子主体的前边,定语无论长短,都要置于中心词之前.这样就使得单句的状语部分长,主谓部分短;主语部分长,谓语部分短;修饰成分长,中心词短.整体上形成头大尾小的狮子头形状.,31,英语重后饰;英语重前饰.,英语句式则相反.英语的定语成分除单词外,多数都要置于中心词之后.英语重视末端重量,凡较长的词语及累赘的成分均须后移至句末.有时必须使用形式主语来避免句子的头重脚轻.由此造成句子结构头小尾大,像一只开屏的孔雀.,32,英语重后饰;英语重前饰.,他去年为完成一个项目在实验室用计

21、算机努力地干了十个月.He worked hard with computers in the lab for ten months in order to complete a project last year.那可能是一个地势低洼,连绵数英里,人迹罕至,荒茫贫瘠的白色干沙漠.It may be a low-lying arid stretch with miles of white sandy beach, and no sign of people, very bleached and barren.那个饥饿的,疲倦的,瞌睡的卖火柴的小女孩.that little match girl

22、 who was so hungry, tired and spleepy.,33,3.1.7 英语呈树状结构，汉语呈竹状结构,34,35,36,Chinese: bamboo-like sentence structure （竹式结构）,从前这里有一个渔村，村里住着十户人家，这十户人家全靠打鱼、种地 为生，生活艰苦，但很安宁。开始家人是不让父亲抽烟的，得了绝症后，想开了，抽吧，拣好的买，想抽就抽。,The chunks of a sentence seem to be connected and yet separated, like sections of a bamboo linked

23、by the joints and yet relatively independent and self-contained.,37,English: tree-like sentence structure （树式结构）,As a nation of gifted people who comprise about one-fourth of the total population of the earth, China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead.

24、- Jimmy Carter,Branches and sub-branches : Adverbials and attributes,Trunk line: S + V + (O),38,Contrast Between English and Chinese,Chinese bamboo-like sentence structure （竹式结构） with different sections linked and yet separated,English tree-like sentence structure （树式结构）with different parts connecte

25、d like branches and sub-branches to the trunk line,39,6.英语多复合长句;汉语多简单句,英语重形合以及英语各种替代词与关系词的广泛运用,导致英语较多出现 “多枝共干”式长句,复合句.而汉语正好相反,多用短句,简单句.试比较:As we lived near the road, we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine, for which we had great reputation, and I confess, with th

26、e veracity of an historian, that I never knew one of them to find fault with it.本句的主干为:we often had the traveler or stranger visit us;其余借助于as, to, for which, and, with, that等词与主干一起构成长句.其汉语意思为:我们就住在路边.过路人或外乡人常到我们家,尝尝我们家酿的酸果酒.这种酒很有名气.我敢说,尝过的人,从没有挑剔过.我这话像历史学家的话一样靠得住.,40,3.1.8 汉语话题-评论型，英语主语-谓语型,汉语话题-评论型

27、英语主语-谓语型,41,Rhythmic speech or writing is like waves of the sea, moving onward with alternating rise and fall, connected yet separated, like but different, suggestive of some law, too complex for analysis or statement, controlling the relations between wave and wave, waves and sea, phrase and phrase

28、, phrases and speech. H. W. Fowler (1858 1933),42,Look at the sentence structures of the two languages from another perspective:,我的小孙子他很调皮。 My little grandson is very naughty.那所房子你们早该修了。 You should have repaired the house.英语这门语言，学会它可不容易。 It is by no means easy to learn the English language.这里建大桥，我看行

29、不通。 I dont think it workable to build a bridge here.,43,Compare the sentence structures of the two languages :,我的小孙子他很调皮。那所房子你们早该修了。英语这门语言，学会它可不容易。这里建大桥，我看行不通。,My little grandson is very naughty.You should have repaired the house.It is by no means easy to learn the English language.I dont think it w

30、orkable to build a bridge here.,Chinese Structure:Topic-Comment 话题-评论,English Structure:Subject-Predicate 主语-谓语,44,Contrast Between English and Chinese,ChineseTopic-Comment Sentence Structure （话题-评论结构）,EnglishSubject-Predicate Sentence Structure （主语-谓语结构）,Topic-prominent Language话题突出型语言,Subject-prom

31、inent Language主语突出型语言,45,3. 1. 2 英语爱化零为整，汉语喜化整为零,“英国人写文章往往化零为整，而中国人则化整为零”（王力）。说明英汉两种语言写作在篇章结构方面和句子互译方面的差异。,46,例1：Meanwhile he took the mutton off the gridiron, and gravely handed it around. We all took some, but our appreciation of it was gone, and we merely made show of eating it. (Charles Dickens:

32、 David Copperfield)【译文】这时候，他从烤架上拿了些羊肉，庄重地送到我们面前，我们各自取了一些，可是我们早已没有了胃口，只不过做做样子，装吃罢了。,47,例2：Harvard Business School opened in the early 20th century, and pioneered the case-study method of teachingmaking use of real-world scenarios, instead of relying on academic theorya methodology that has remained t

33、he bases for many MBA programmes around the world today.【译文】哈佛商学院成立于20世纪初，它开了个案研究教学法之先河，即在教学中运用现实生活中的案例，而不是单纯依靠学术理论，这种方法业已成为当今世界MBA课程的基础。,小节结束,48,英语喜欢使用静态词汇，而汉语则多使用动态词汇，英译汉时常常把原文中表示动作意义的静态叙述转换成汉语的动态叙述。,3. 1. 3 英语爱用静态词，汉语常用动态词,49,表示人或事物的动作、行为、发展、变化的词叫做动词(verb)。英汉对动词的概括意义是一样的。动词是最复杂的一种词类，也是最活跃的一种词类。英语

34、的动词又比汉语的动词复杂。本节重点放在分析英汉动词的主要差别。由于篇幅所限，也只能提纲挈领地说明一下。,50,(一) 现代汉语以动词占优势，也就是说，在现代汉语中，一个句子不限于只用一个动词，可以连续使用几个动词，即所谓“动词连用”。动词连用是现代汉语句法显著特征之一。英语每个句子中只能使用一个定式动词(finite verb)，唯一例外型式是并列句动词谓语。所以汉语动词翻成英语时，有时只需要用一个动词，其他动词被转换成英语的名词、介词、非谓语动词或其他词类。,51,我忘了带钥匙。I forgot my key我倒了一杯茶给他喝。I offered him a cup of tea他拿着枪，绕

35、着屋子巡走。He walked around the house with a gun他跳起来，连忙跑到浴室的镜子前，拿掉了毛巾，细看他面颊上的伤口。He jumped up and hastened to the mirror in the bathroom，taking away the towel to examine the cut upon his cheek.,52,大量的动词涌现在汉语句中，会不会引起动词臃肿和混乱呢?,答案是不会。因为汉语动词没有曲折的形态变化，形态十分稳定，使用时不受形态上的限制，比较方便。此外，每个动词都代表着一个动作。在一个具体情况下，都有动作发生的所在时

36、间，因此几个动作的发生，必定有先有后，或同时。,53,试看药中的一段。 华大妈在枕头底掏了半天，掏出一包洋钱，交给老栓，老栓接了抖抖的装入衣袋，又在外面按了两下，便点上灯笼，吹熄灯盏，走向屋里去了。,54,The doctors extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery.医生迅速到达，并非常仔细地检查了病人，因此病人很快就康复了。医生的迅速到达和非常仔细的检查使他很快就恢复了健康。,55,One after an

37、other, speakers called for the downfall of imperialism, abolition of exploitation of man by man, liberation of the oppressed of the world.发言人一个接一个地发表意见，要打倒帝国主义，消灭人剥削人的制度，解放世界上一切被压迫人民。,56,静态与动态,He is a good eater and a good sleeper.他能吃又能睡。The computer is a far more careful and industrious inspector t

38、han human beings.计算机比人检查得更细心、更勤快。,57,有静态与动态,A用介词来充当他迫使对方处于守势。 He drove his opponent into a defensive position. 我发现他在伏案工作。 I found him at his desk 他们组织工人加入了工会。 They have organized the workers into trade unions.,58,B由形容词来充当 他证明自己值得信赖。 He proved himself worthy of confidence 我们必须使教室保持整洁。 We must keep th

39、e classroom clean and tidy 什么事使你这样激动? What made you so excited?,59,C由副词来充当 让他进来。 Let him in 一位男士驾车送我们回家。 A gentleman drove us home,60,D由分词来充当 他忽然听见有人轻轻扣窗子。 Suddenly he heard someone knocking lightly on the window. 对不起，让你久等了。 Im sorry to have kept you waiting,61,E由名词来充当 他们任命这位姑娘为公司的副董事。 They nominate

40、d the girl vice-director 0f the company 他们推他为领袖。 They made him their leader,62,F其他： 我知道他很诚实。 I know him to be honest 老师教育我成人。 The teacher has made me what I am today,63,(六)从上面几节中所述，我们知道，汉语倾向于多用动词，英语倾向于多用名词和介词。认识英汉不同词类优势或用词倾向，这对于提高译文质量很有益处。可以使译文更加通顺，确切。,64,1可将某些英语名词转化成汉语的动词,He pays close attention to

41、 nuance and shading，and his rhetoric rarely varies 他聚精会神于斟词酌句，言谈如出一辙。I dont claim to be a soothsayer but I think the worst of the problem is behind us我不是在这里算命；我认为我们这么干后果是很不妙的。There was a mumbled conversationon in the backgroundThen a mans voice came on the phone 电话里有人在叽哩咕噜地交谈过了一会儿，一个男人给了我回话。,65,2可将英

42、语介词译成汉语动词,He wears six patches on his pants，each one a different colour 他裤子上打了六个补钉,一个补钉一个颜色。 Up the street they went，past stores，across a broad square and then entered a huge building 他们朝大街走去，经过许多商店，穿过一个大广场，然后进了一座大厦。 On camera he could be anyone；off，he was a nobody 他照在相片上真像个人物；其实呢，不过是个无名之辈,66,3.英语:静

43、态语言;汉语:动态语言,英语有少用(谓语)动词,或使用其他手段表示动作意义的自然倾向;而汉语则有动辄使用动词的固有习惯.英语静态特征的表现主要有句法方式或词汇方式两种.前者如使用非谓语或非限定动词,省略动词以及将动词名词化等;后者如使用动词的同源名词,同源形容词,介词及副词等.相对而言,汉语的动词由于无英语动词那样的形态变化,若要表达动作意义,往往别无他法,只能起用动词本身.,67,英语:静态语言;汉语:动态语言,我疯狂地爱上了她,她也疯狂地爱上了我.I fell madly in love with her, and she with me.(英语可省略后半句的动词,汉语却不可.)他来回晃着

44、脑袋,欲望在膨胀,意志在萎缩.Back and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning.(英语用独立结构,汉语则用动词.)我担心你误解了我.I am afraid of you misunderstanding me.(英语用动名词复合结构),68,英语:静态语言;汉语:动态语言,这将证实其使用是十分普遍的.That would be the confirmation that it was in general use. (confirm同根名词)除上述同源词外,还有众多的词可用来表示动作意义.如:glance, g

45、limpse, look, mention, close等;形容词able, afraid, angry, anxious, aware, capable, good等.在特定的语言环境中,这些词都宜译作相应的动词.如:一看见他,我就紧张.The very sight of him makes me nervous.对此我深信不疑.Im sure of it.,69,例1：Inspiration is the number one cause of greatness. If information is power, then inspiration must be the power of

46、 our potential. The power that moves us from the systematic to the spontaneous. From ideas to results. 【译文】灵感伟大成就之源。如果说信息为力量的 话，那么灵感便是一种使我们从按部就班到挥洒自如、从构思意念到取得成果的潜能。,70,例2：In order to resolve these problems, the Chinese and American experts agreed that youth organizations should call on the whole of

47、society to create favorable conditions for the healthy growth of young people, as well as to encourage them to meet the urgent needs of society and to challenge the assumption that young people are apathetic and uncaring.【译文】为了解决这些问题，中美两国专家一致认为，各青年团体应该动员全社会，既鼓励青年急社会之所急，又要向那种认为年轻人冷漠无情、对社会漠不关心的思想进行挑战，

48、为他们的健康成长创造有利条件。,小节结束,71,英语为了获得句子形式上的平衡或修辞上的强调效果，经常将句中的某些成分的位置进行调整，如主谓倒装、宾语后置、或与其它成分的位置调换等，以产生修辞上的生动效果。这种句子成分的位置调换在汉语中比较少见。,3. 1. 4 英语语序变换多，汉语语序较固定,72,Chinese Order of Linguistic Elements汉语语序（1）Relatively fixed （相对固定）,Order of time （时间先后顺序）Words: 古今、先后、早晚、始终、老少、生死Idioms: 冬去春来、一呼百应、风平浪静Phrases: 进城卖菜、离

49、家出走、去教室看书Sentences: 我们在美国读书的时候，结识了一位木匠。有一天，木匠开车接我们去他家，路上所谈，尽是木匠的事，深得其乐,73,Chinese Order of Linguistic Elements汉语语序（2）,Order of space （空间大小顺序）Words: 大小、宽窄、粗细、长短、厚薄、胖瘦Idioms: 大同小异、长话短说、厚古薄今Addresses: 中国上海康桥路1500号Sentences: 一到上海，我们首先想到浦东这片改革、开放的热土。于是我们驾车来到陆家嘴金融开发区，那节次鳞比、神态各异的摩天大楼令人眼花缭乱。我们决定先登上东方明珠广播电视塔

50、,74,Chinese Order of Linguistic Elements汉语语序（3）,Order of importance （重轻顺序）Words: 天地、日月、国家、君臣、优劣、强弱Idioms: 国破家亡、天久地长、优胜劣汰、恃强凌弱、一人得道，鸡犬升天Phrases: 红色的圆木桌、圆形的红木桌、木制的红圆桌Sentences: 我用这把刀切肉。 这把刀我用来切肉。 切肉我用这把刀。,75,Chinese Order of Linguistic Elements汉语语序（4）,Order of logic （逻辑顺序：因果，条件-结果）志同道合，友谊才会持久。名不正则言不顺，