英语词性分类及用法包含单词变化规则课件.ppt
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1、英语词性分类及用法包含单词变化规则,词性的分类,词类又叫词性,英语单词根据其在句子中的功用,可以分十个大类。前六类叫实词,后四类叫虚词。实词:表示实在意义的词;虚词:不表示实在意义而表示语法意义的词。,1 名词 noun n. student 学生 2 代词 pronoun pron. you 你3 形容词 adjective adj. happy 高兴的 4 副词 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地5 动词 verb v. cut 砍、割 6 数词 numeral num. three 三7 冠词 article art. a 一个 8 介词 preposition prep.
2、at 在.9 连词 conjunction conj. and 和 10 感叹词 interjection interj. oh 哦,名词(表示人或物名称的词),名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词。 专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing, China, the United States 等。 普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。(普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词)普通名词又可分为下面四类: 1)个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun(枪)2)集体名词:表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如: family (家庭) (以上两类
3、属于可数名词)3)物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如: air(空气)4)抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概 念,如:work (以上两类属于不可数名词),名词复数的规则变化,1) 以 y 结尾的专有名词,或元音字母 + y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加 s 变复数;如:two Marys, the Henrys, monkey-monkeys, holiday-holidays2) 以 o 结尾的名词,变复数时: a. 加-s,如: photo-photos, piano-pianos, radio-radios, zoo-zoos; b. 加-es,如:potato-potato
4、es, tomato-tomatoes.3) 以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词变复数时: a. 加-s,如: belief-beliefs, roof-roofs, safe-safes, gulf-gulfs; b. 去 f/fe 加-ves,如:half-halves, knife-knives, leaf-leaves, wolf-wolves, wife-wives, life-lives, thief-thieves.,其它名词复数的规则变化,名词复数的不规则变化,1)child-children,foot-feet,tooth-teeth, mouse-mice,man-men,wom
5、an-women2)单复同形,如:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese 3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。 如: people, police, cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说 a person,a policeman,a head of cattle, the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词。 如:maths,politics
6、,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数;news 是不可数名词。,代词(代替名词的词),代词可以分为下列九类:1. 人称代词:They are my school mates. 2. 物主代词:Our friends have great concern for each other. 3. 反身代词:Take good care of yourselves. 4. 相互代词:We should help each other. 5. 指示代词:Who are these people? 6. 疑问代词:What are you doing? 7. 关系代词:She married
7、Tony Harper, who is a student too. 8. 连接代词:Do you know who did it? 9. 不定代词:Do you know anything about it? 代词是非常活跃的词,特别是不定代词,比较复杂,我们要熟练掌握。,一、人称代词是表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“它”、“我们”、“你们”、“他们”的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化。,通常,主格作主语,宾格作宾语通常,当单数的主格作主语时,谓语动词用单数;复数的的主格作主语时,谓语动词用复数。Eg:He is my friend. Its me. They are from Chi
8、na. She lent me a book. I love it. Are you interested in them?,二、 物主代词表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种,其人物和数的变化见下表。,通常,形容词性物主代词相当形容词的用法,应该位于名词的前面;名词性物主代词相当于形容词性物主代词+名词,之后不接名词。Eg:I like his car. Our school is here and theirs is there. This is your picture. And that is mine.,三、 指示代词表示那个、这个、这
9、些、那些等指示概念的代词。,Eg:That is a good idea. I love those books. These people are my friends.,四、自身代词,也称为反身代词,表示我自己、你自己、他自己、我们自己、你们自己和他们自己等的代词。,反身代词的用法:1. 用作同位语(加强被修饰词的语气,紧放在被修饰名词后, 或句末),如: The box itself is not so heavy. You said it yourself.2. 用作宾语(动词或介词的宾语),如: Take good care of yourself.3. 用作表语,如: The po
10、or boy was myself.,Eg:We should love each other. Tom and Betty are friends, so they always help each other. Our students learn one another.,五、 表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词,有 each other 和one another两组,但在运用中,这两组词没什么区别。,Eg:I want something hot. Do you need some coffee? There is nothing good. All of you are students.
11、,六、 不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11,both,each,every等,以及含有some-,any-,every-,no-加上body,one,thing的合成代词,如anybody, something,no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。,七、 疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句),What are you?Who is his coat?Whose bag is this?Wh
12、ich do you prefer? The blue one or the white one?Could you tell me what is his name?Mother asked which one I wanted.,八、 关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as等,可用作引导定语从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等;另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(通称为先行词)。,He is the man whom you have been looking for. I hope I can find a job
13、that I can devote myself to.This is the book whose covering is old.That is the same food as you want.,形容词,用来表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词称为形容词。,注意:1. 有些形容词只能作表语,如:alone, afraid, asleep 等。 例如:The old man is alone. 2. 形容词用来修饰something, anything, nothing, everything 等不定代词,要放在这些词的后面。 例如:Youd better tell us somethin
14、g interesting.,形容词在句子中的位置,作定语时放在名词的前面,且音节少的词放在音节多的词前。 a big yellow wooden wheel .,作表语时放在连系动词之后。The price sounds reasonable.,作宾语补足语时放在宾语之后。 We must try our best to keep our environment clean.,后置的情况:修饰复合不定代词时放在代词之后。 Something serious has happened to him.与表示“长、宽、高、重、老、远离”的词连用时形容词后置。 Hes 1.8 metres tall
15、.,注意:,一. 以-ly结尾的形容词 1)friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词。daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily.二. 用形容词表示类别和整体 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hu
16、ngry 三. 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) -出处-材料性质,类别-名词 a small round table;a tall gray building;a dirty old brown shirt;a famous German medical school,副词,副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、 介词、连词等单词或短语,以说明动作性质或状态的特征的词,一、副词的位置 1.在许多情况下,副词都放在所修饰的动词后面或句末。 The girl dances very well. 2.有时也放在主语后面,谓语动词前面(对动作加以强调)。
17、He angrily closed the door. 3.句中的副词如碰上助动词,be动词,则通常放在助动词,be动词之后,实义动词之前 We have already read the book.,二.副词的分类,1、 时间和频度副词: now, then, often, always, usually, early, today, lately, next, last, already, generally, frequently, seldom, ever, never, yet, soon, too, immediately, hardly, finally, shortly, be
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- 英语 词性 分类 用法 包含 单词 变化 规则 课件
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