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1、科技英语翻译,Lecture 1introduction and characteristics of EST,2022/12/20,研究生英语教研室,1,词汇特征,科技词汇多源于希腊语和拉丁语,主要包括专业科技词汇通用科技词汇,2,专业科技词汇,纯科技词汇派生词汇,纯科技词汇,Diabetes 糖尿病hepatitis肝炎 appendicitis 阑尾炎 arthritis 关节炎 bronchitis 支气管炎 measles 麻疹,派生词(词根+词缀),semiconductor 半导体galvanometer 电流计(测量,计量)electromechanical 电机的semiab
2、solute volt 似绝对伏特semiautomated 半自动的teleammeter 遥控安培表(测、计量)telegoniometer 无线电测向仪(角)autobias circuit 自动偏压电路,派生词汇,antiphase 反相hydrodynamics 流体动力学minicell 微细胞radiophotography 无线电传真thermocouple 热电偶Photosynthesis光合作用,常见派生词缀,前缀:anti-、non-、hydro(含氢的,水)、hyper-(super-)、hypo-(under-)、和inter-(交互,在中间) 、in- 、 en-
3、 、 un- 、 ir- 、 ex-(从前的,超) 等等antiphase 反相; 同相in-phase ,same-phasenonconducting 不传导的表示学科的后缀:-logy、-ics 表示行为、性质、状态等的后缀-tion、-sion、-ance、-ence、- ment由动词或名词派生出来的形容词作描绘性词语,表示数量、大小、程度、性质、状态、形状等意义。常用的形容词后缀有:-ac/-iac、-al、-ar、-ary、-ato、-eal、-ed、-ic、-ible/-able、-ing、-ive、-oid、-ose、-ous、-y等。,通用科技词汇,这类词汇系指在专业英语中
4、使用的普通词汇,它除了本身的基本词义外,在不同的专业中又有不同的词义。如: operation 机械操作 军事作战 计 运算 医手术 carrier 机械托架、底盘 医带毒者 军事 航空母舰 通信 载波 半导体载流子 航天运载工具 、火箭 日常搬运工(车、船),试翻译以下句子,例1 The generator has been running for days.例2 The car is running at 80 miles an hour.例3 He ran the molten metal into a mould.例4 The motor runs up quickly to the
5、normal speed.例5 The battery has run down.,2022/12/20,研究生英语教研室,9,例1 The generator has been running for days.那台发电机已经运转了好几天。例2 The car is running at 80 miles an hour.汽车正以每小时80英里的速度行使。,例3 He ran the molten metal into a mould.他把融化的金属注入模具。例4 The motor runs up quickly to the normal speed.电动机很快达到正常速度。例5 The
6、 battery has run down.电池耗尽了。,广泛使用缩写词,AC alternating current 交流电DC direct current 直流电r.p.m. revolutions per minute 转/分HP high pressure 高压LP low pressure 低压microampl. microamplifier 微分放大器,词性的转换较多,在科技英语中多见各种词性的互相转换。几乎每个技术性名词都同时又可以做同义的形容词。如:variable 变量(名词),变量的(形容词)hybrid 混合物(名词)混合的(形容词)auxiliary 辅机,辅助设备
7、(名词)辅助的, 补助 的(形容词)Optimum 最适宜 (名词)最适宜的 (形容词)mix 使混和(动词)混合(名词),句法特征,1 被动语态:描述客观事物或自然现象的客观性,从而避免主观色彩。 2 非谓语动词:使句子结构严谨、逻辑性强。3 名词化结构:简洁、准确、严密、客观、信息量大等。4 多用长句和逻辑关联词:使行文逻辑关系清楚、层次条理分明 5 多用介词词组:简练地反映各事物、各句子成分之间的时空、所属、因果等逻辑关系,14,1.2.1 被动语态,2022/12/20,研究生英语教研室,15,被动语态,After the hot-worked surface has been cle
8、aned and oxides removed, the metal can be cold worked to give the final dimensions and properties.对经过热加工的金属表面进行清洁和除去氧化物后,可对金属进行冷加工得到最后的尺寸和性能。,Rapid progress in the exploration of outer space has been made possible by new methods and knowledge of welding metallurgy. 焊接冶金的新的方法和知识使得外层空间探测的迅速发展成为可能。,被动语
9、态句多,Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. Such a device is called a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy is termed capacitance.电能可以储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属板中。这样的装置称为电容器,它储存电能的能力就称为电容。Owing to the fact that electricity can be transmitted from
10、where it is generated to where it is needed by means of power lines and transformers, large power stations can be built in remote places far from industrial centers or large cities, as is cited the case with hydroelectric power stations that are inseparable from water sources. 由于电可以从发电的地方通过电线和变压器输送到
11、需要用电的地方,因此大型电站可以建在远离工业中心或大城市的地方,离不开水源的水力发电站就常常是这样建立的。,非谓语动词短语多,名词性结构使用,这样可以使句子结构简练,紧凑、不致滞重、累赘,而且还可以突出其主要内容。如:The testing of machines by this method will entail some loss of power.用这种方式来测试机器会损失一些能量。It is necessary to examine the accuracy of these results.检验这些结果是否精确是非常必要的,名词性结构使用,能有效地简化叙事的层次和结构,减少使用句子
12、和从句的频率,使文章更加直接、紧凑和简洁。如:the distribution of power 配电the performance of station电站运行the management of station电站管理the staff of operating 运行人员the staff of maintenance 维护人员,普遍采用以名词为中心构成的词组表达动词概念,make use of 利用take into account 考虑in contrast to 和对照in contact with 与接触give rise to 导致in excess of 超过make a cla
13、im to 要求;主张,名词连用形式使用较多,在英语中可以用名词来修饰名词,在科技英语词汇中这种用法非常多见。这样的名词两用可简化语言结构,使文章言简意赅。earth fault 接地故障phase fault 相间故障relay panel 断电器屏reactor winding 电抗线圈这种名词修饰名词的词组还可以进一步发展下去,如:generator power output 发动机的输出功率voltage output converter 电压输出转换器power distribution system 配电系统,长句使用较多,在科技英语中长句的广泛使用可以表达多重密切关系的概念, 使
14、推理严谨,叙述准确。因此在电力英语的句子中修饰成分、限制成分和各种词组等较多,从而构成长句。如:The reluctance motor operates synchronously at a speed which is determined by the supply frequency and the number of poles for which the stator is wound.磁阻电动机是以某一速率同步转动,该速率是由电源频率和锭子绕指的级数决定的。,18 A gas may be defined as a substance which remains homogene
15、ous, and the volume of which increases without limit, when the pressure on it continuously reduced, the temperature being maintained constant.【译文】气体是一种始终处于均匀状态的物质,当温度保持不变,而其所受的压力不断降低时,它的体积可以无限增大。,One of the most important things which the economic theories can contribute to the management science is
16、 building analytical models which help in recognising the structure of managerial problem, eliminating the minor details which might obstruct decision-making, and concentrating on the main issues.经济理论对于管理科学的最重要贡献之一,就是分析模型的建立,这种模型有助于认识管理问题的构成,排除可能妨碍决策的次要因素,从而有助于集中精力去解决主要的问题。,介词短语使用较多,由于大量使用名词,也就必然要多用
17、介词,从而构成较多的介词短语。就介词短语本身来说,用“介词行为名词”构成的短语来表示动作的状态,要比用相应的动词来表示动作要客观一些。如:under construction 在建设中in the bud 未成熟或尚在发展的状态,介词短语,20 A body in motion remains in motion unless acted on by an external force如果没有外力的作用,运动的物体仍然保持运动状态。21 The action of air on an airplane in flight at low altitude is greater than that
18、 at high altitude. 空气对于低空飞行飞机的作用力大于高空飞行的飞机。,30,使用各种短语作后置定语,在科技英语中,名词后常常有介词短语、形容词短语、分词和副词作后置定语。如:As the years passed, the flow and vibration calculation programs as well as the testing facilities available to the development engineers improved continually.随着岁月的流逝, 蒸汽流和震动的计算程序以及研制工程师能得到手的试验设备,都连续地得到改进
19、。The difference of load in the day and the night has been increasing.电网负荷的昼夜变化日益增加。The air outside pressed the side in.外面的空气将桶壁压得凹进去了。The boiler is equipped with 30 tilting burners fitted for either PC or oil firing.锅炉装有30个摆动式喷燃器,即可烧煤又可以燃油。,修辞特征,修辞特征包括: 1 时态2 语态3语气其它特征分隔结构非言词符号倒装省略,32,时态的运用,科技英语中多用一
20、般现在时,主要是由于常常需要对科学定义、定理、方程或公式或图表进行解说,还有一般结论时需要用一般现在时态,能够较好地表现文章内容的无时间性。 。如:The steam heats feedwater in heat exchanger. 这些蒸汽在热交换器中加热供水。科技英语中常有叙述过去进行的研究的情况,其中如与现在情况不发生联系时,常用一般过去时。如:In that experiment, sudden temperature changes, called thermal shocks, caused sudden uniform expansions of a momentary du
21、ration. 在那个试验中,突然的温度变化,称为热颤,引起突然瞬间不均匀的膨胀。,1.3.2 虚拟语气的使用,为了避免武断使口吻变得委婉 28要是她来做这项实验,她可能用另外一种方法去做。If she were to do this test, she might do it in some other way. 29如果使一磅沙子分裂并转变成原子能,那么这种能量将足以供整个欧洲使用好几年。 If a pound of sand were broken up and turned into atomic energy, there would be enough power to suppl
22、y the whole of Europe for a few years. 30假定把太阳缩小到小球那么大,那地球就会像沙粒一样小。Reduce the sun to the size of a ball. The earth would then be the size of a grain of sand.,35,1.3.3 祈使句的使用,常见于使用说明书、操作规程、作业指导、程序建议和注意事项等资料Take ten percent off the nonproductive expenses.削减非生产性开支10%。Convert heat into mechanical work.
23、把热能转换成机械能。Let A be equal to B. 设A等于B。,36,祈使句的使用,表示某种设想、假定或条件Consider a high pressure chamber.假如有一高压室。 Open the key, and an induced current in the opposite direction will be obtained. 如果把电键断开,就会得到反向感应电流,1.3.4 其它特征,省略:节省篇幅,使表述更为简洁和紧凑倒装:醒目、突出、生动割裂:结构更为匀称和平衡38Thus, it would be correct to say that the di
24、stance to the sun, from where we are on the earth, is about 1 million walking days.(割裂)因此,从地球步行到太阳约需一百万天。39在构成人体的各种物质中,最重要的是蛋白质。(倒装)40 In medical research a relation has been found between measles and such things as behavior problems, personality changes, and dulling of mental ability. (割裂)医学研究已经发现,
25、麻疹与举止反常、性格变态和智力低下等有关。,38,省略句较多,常见省略句型,As already discussed 如前面讨论过的 As noted later 如后面所说明的 If any (anything) 如果有的话,即使 需要也 If convenient 如果方便的话 If necessary必要时,如果必要的话 If possible 如有可能,If required 如果需要(的话)If not 即使不If so 如果是这样,果真如此When in use 在使用时;当工作时When necessary 必要时When needed 需要时,如果需要Where possibl
26、e 在可能的情况下, 如有可能,It to V 或 It that句型,科技英语中It to V 或 It that ( 主语从句)句型较多,用来表示看法、建议、结果发现等。在It that 句型中,that 引导的是主从句。两个句型中it 都是形式主语。It is possible to distinguish between three strategies for machine maintenance. 机器维修可以分为三种方针。It is necessary to pay special attention to certain aspects of testing procedur
27、e. 有必要特别注意试验程序的某些方面。It has been proved that induced voltage causes a current to flow in opposition to the force producing it. 已经证明,感应电压使电流的方向与产生电流的磁场力方向相反。,课程的目的及任务,1、扩大词汇量2、巩固语法知识3、提高翻译水平及翻译速度,1.2翻译的标准.,信、达、雅,准确、简练、流畅,准确,I couldnt get home fast enough. 我恨不得马上回到家里。No man can have too many friends. 朋
28、友愈多愈好。The importance of protection from nuclear radiation cannot happen to be overemphasized.保护人们免受核辐射的首要性怎样强调都不过度,Note*,句中“cannottoo”意为“无论怎样也不过度”或“越越好”。该句型中的not可以换成hardly,never或scarcely;too可以换成over或enough等,意义不变。,简练,流畅,The assumption of a uniform distribution of stress is frequently made in design.
29、在设计中,常常采用应力均布的假定。,应该注意避免死译和乱译,死译-the Milky Way (牛奶路) 银河-black tea (黑茶) 红茶- bulls eye (公牛眼睛) 靶心-talk horse (谈马 ) 吹牛,应该注意避免死译和乱译,死译贵阳-expensive sun 出口-export - exitGood good study, day day up.,应该注意避免死译和乱译,死译-Problems encountered in the test indicate the need for following additional design refinements
30、.死译:试验中碰到的问题指明了下述另外的设计改进的必要。正确:试验中出现的问题表明: 还需要对原设计进行下述改进。-There is not room in this chapter to do any more than mention some of the research which has been carried out.死译:在本章中,没有地方来做比提及某些已经进行的研究更多的事情。正确:限于篇幅,本章只提及某些业已进行的研究工作。,应该注意避免死译和乱译,乱译 -But there can be no serious doubt that Rhodesian copper is
31、 going somewhere and in very substantial quantities.乱译:然而毫无疑问,罗德西亚的铜在向某些国家大量出口。正译:但是不可能真有什么疑问,罗德西亚的铜是在外运,而且数量还很不小。-To do this aircraft will fly at 2000 to 4000 m.p.h.乱译:制成这样的飞机,飞机每小时要飞行2000到4000英里。正译:要做到这一点,飞机每小时要飞行2000到4000英里。,13 翻译的过程,1、正确理解原文 (1)确切理解有关单词的意义(2)确切理解有关习语的意义 (3) 弄清句子结构,13 翻译的过程,2、用汉语
32、妥帖表达意译cash crops 经济作物technical know-how 技术知识silly ass 蠢猪a land of honey and milk 鱼米之乡to talk shop all the time 三句话不离本行-It is no use gathering a lot of facts and data without making a thorough study and scientific analysis of them. 搜集大量事实和数据而不进行仔细研究和科学分析,这是毫无用处的。,翻译方法:直译和意译,- New alloys have been mad
33、e to satisfy new demands, and in the meantime new uses have been found for old metals.新的合金被冶炼出来,以满足新的需要,而与此同时老的金属有了新的用途。 (前半句直译,后半句意译)- It means killing two birds with one stone.直译:这意味着一石二鸟。意译:这意味着一举两得。,翻译方法:直译和意译,13 翻译的过程,3、细心校核译文1内容理解上是否有误;2重要词语或句子与段落是否漏译;3词语或句子是否存在错译或措辞不当和生硬晦涩之处;4是否出现陈词滥调、冷僻词汇或错别字;5人名、地名、日期、方位、数字、专有名词等方面是否有错漏之处;6译文的格式以及标点符号和其他专有符号是否合乎规范。,14搞好翻译应具备的素质,一、英语水平二、专业知识三、汉语水平四、翻译技巧,
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