仁爱版八年级下英语语法ppt课件.pptx

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1、仁爱版八年级下英语语法课件,语 法 点 击,实 战 演 练,单元语法课件宾语从句,语 法 点 击,在初中阶段，宾语从句是重要的语法点，与宾语从句有关的考点有很多，常见的有，考点1：宾语从句的引导词宾语从句的引导词有三类，分别是,宾语从句,考点2：宾语从句必须用陈述句语序不论从句由什么引导词引导，也不论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，宾语从句一律用陈述句语序，即“引导词主语谓语其他”结构。 如：We dont know when will they arrive. ()We dont know when they will arrive. ()Could you tell me who is he wa

2、iting for? ()Could you tell me who he is waiting for? (),注意：特殊疑问词作主语时，如果语序本来就是“主语谓语”结构，则语序不再变化。如：Please tell me. Who will give us a talk this afternoon？(合并为一句)Please tell me _ us a talk this afternoon.,who will give,考点3：宾语从句在时态上应遵循时态呼应原则 在宾语从句中，谓语动词时态要受到主句谓语动词时态的制约，一般要遵循以下三条原则：1如果主句是祈使句或主句中的谓语动词是一般现

3、在时或一般将来时，则宾语从句可根据实际需要选用时态。如：Mary says she will come back soon.Will you tell us which places you visited during the vacation?,2如果主句中的谓语动词是一般过去时，则宾语从句需要使用表示过去的某种时态。如：He said that he played computer games last night. I knew she had cleaned the classroom already.3如果宾语从句所表达的是客观事实、真理、自然现象、名言、警句、谚语等，多用一般现在

4、时。如：He said time is money.Our teacher told us that light travels much faster than sound.,考点4：宾语从句的“否定转移” 当主句的谓语动词为think, believe等词，且主语为第一人称时，从句中的否定词not应转移到主句谓语动词。如：I think. She cant come.(合并为一句)I dont think she can come.,考点5：宾语从句的简化结构由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句通常可以简化成“特殊疑问词不定式”结构，此时主从复合句也就变成了简单句，但简化必须符合以下两种条件：1简单

5、句的疑问词为原宾语从句的引导词；2原从句的主语应与主句的主语或间接宾语一致。I dont know what I should do next.(改为简单句)I dont know _.,what to do next,考点6：含有宾语从句的复合句的反意疑问句1陈述部分是“I/We think (know, believe, suppose, consider)that从句”或者是“Im/Were sure that; Im/Were afraid that; I/We hope that; It seems that”时，附加疑问部分的主语应和从句一致，但需注意否定前移的情况。如：I don

6、t think he is right, _？Im sure that you know him well, _？,is he,dont you,宾语从句的引导词和语序,宾语从句是名词性从句的一种，在复合句中作主句的宾语。在本单元，我们将重点讲解宾语从句的引导词和语序。1宾语从句的引导词选择宾语从句的引导词是有规律可循的，一般来讲，可分为三个类型：(1)当宾语从句是由陈述句变化而来时，该从句通常由that引导。that无具体意义，在句中不作任何成分，在口语或非正式文体中常常被省略。如：We all say. Li Ming is a good boy.We all say (that) Li

7、Ming is a good boy.,(2)当宾语从句由一般疑问句变化而来时，需用连词if或whether引导，译为“是否”，不可省略。如：Could you tell us? Will he come here?Could you tell us if/whether he will come here?注意：if和whether在引导宾语从句时一般可以换用，但以下三种情况只可以用whether，不可以用if。当从句中含有or连接的选择成分时。如：We didnt know whether or not she was ready.我们不知道她是否已做好准备。,当从句作介词的宾语时。如：I

8、m interested in whether he has joined the army. 我对他是否已经入伍感兴趣。当宾语从句移至句首表示强调时。 如：Whether this is true or not, Im not sure.这是否真实，我不确定。 (3)当宾语从句由特殊疑问句变化而来时，则用连接代词who, whose, whom, what, which或连接副词when, where, why, how等引导。它们在句中均充当一定成分，一般不可省略。如：Could you tell me? Where is the nearest bank?Could you tell m

9、e where the nearest bank is?,2宾语从句的语序宾语从句要用陈述语序。如：I wonder if/whether he will listen to me.我想知道他是否会听我的话。,2如果主语是其他人称，附加疑问部分的主语和主句一致。如：Your father believed you could succeed, _？Kate doesnt know if Jim is a good singer, _？,didnt he,does she,考点7：宾语从句中人称的变化注意宾语从句中人称代词的正确使用。一般遵循“一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新”的原则。,()1.潍

10、坊中考 The woman asked the policeman where _Athe post office is Bwas the post officeCis the post office Dthe post office was,D,()2.Do you know _ the man with glasses is?A reporter, I think.Awhat BthatCwho Dwhere,A,解析根据答语可知问的是职业，故选A。,实 战 演 练,()3.Could you tell me_？Awhat to do it Bwhat to doChow to do Dw

11、hen to do,B,解析特殊疑问代词what作do的宾语，故A项不正确；疑问副词how，when不能作宾语，C、D两项错误，故选B。,()4.They wonder _ robots will make humans lose their jobs or not. A. that B. ifC. whether D. so,C,解析句意为“他们想知道机器人是否会使人类失去工作”。表示“是否”可以用if或whether，但结合题干中的or not可知，whether符合题意。,()5.梅州中考 Could you tell me _ a meeting in Guangzhou next w

12、eek?A. if there was going to beB. if there is going to be C. whether is there going to beD. where there is going to have,B,解析句意为“你能告诉我下周是否会举行会议吗？” if, whether引导的宾语从句要用陈述语序，先排除C；再结合next week可知时态是将来时，排除A；D项中宾语从句的引导词是where，也可以排除。故答案为B。,()6.鄂州中考 Could you tell me _ in your hometown in winter？ Sure. A. w

13、hether does it often snowB. whether it often snowsC. if it often snowD. if does it snow,B,解析根据宾语从句要用陈述语序的规则可知答案为B。,宾语从句,She said that she liked singing very much.,I like singing very much.,（简单句）,主语,谓语,宾语,（复合句）,宾 语 从 句,连词,主 句,(句子做动词的宾语),一、宾语从句的概念,eg. We know（that） Mr Li teaches English. She asked if

14、these answers were right.,在复合句中，由一个句子放在动词或介词后充当宾语, 叫宾语从句。,主句 +引导词（连词）+ 宾语从句,二、句子结构,三、宾语从句的三要素,引导词,时态,语序,I know . He is a student. I know (that) he is a student.2. I want to know. Is he a student? I want to know if/whether he is a student.Can you tell me? How old is he? Can you tell me how old he is?

15、,(一)引导词（连词）,陈述句,一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,我听说Tom很会打篮球。I hear that Tom is good at basketball.,1. 当宾语从句是陈述句时,由that引导.,I am good at basketball.,2. 当宾语从句是一般疑问句时，由连词whether或if 引导。,She asked _ Kobe would visit China next week.,whether/if,Will Kobe come to visit China next week?,3. 当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时，由原句本身的连接词引导。,He asked _.,

16、Where do you live?,where I lived,陈述句,特殊疑问句变来的陈述句,一般疑问句变来的陈述句,that,if/whether,疑问代词或副词（what, who, where, why, when）,连接词问题,考点透析,1.主句是一般现在时态，宾语从句的时态可根据实际情况而定,（二）时态(看主句),1.Do you know who _? （他们在等谁?）2. Ask him what he _just now？ （他刚才在干什么）,they are waiting for,did,2.主句是过去时态，宾语从句一般是相应的过去时态。,I saw she _(讲话）

17、 her mother at eight yesterday. He asked whether his father _(回来） tomorrow.,was talking with,would come back,3.当从句是客观真理，定义，公理，定理时用一般现在时。,1.The teacher said (that) the earth _(travel) around the sun . （地球绕着太阳转）2.The little boy asked if the sun _in the east.（太阳是否在东方升起）,travels,rises,宾语从句的语序用陈述语序：连接词+主

18、语+谓语+其他成分,（三）语序,His brother asks when he will go to the library .I dont know what he wants to buy .We want to know whether he knows French .,1could / would是委婉语气，而不是过去式，因此宾语从句的时态根据实际情况用不同时态。,难点链接,1)Could you tell us which gate we _(have) to go to ?2)Would you like to know_(什么时候她会回来）,have,when he will

19、 come back ?,2. 如果从句中含有or或or not时，只能用whether而不用if, 当在介词后，也只能用whether而不用if。,Could you tell me_ thats a fast train or not ?Im thinking of_ we should go fishing.,A：if B：whether,B,B,把下面的宾语从句改为否定句。1. I think its going to rain.I dont think its going to rain .2. We believe she will lend you the money.We do

20、nt believe she will lend you the money .,3.一般而言，宾语从句的否定式与一般句子的否定式是一样的。但若主句是I/ We think/ suppose/ guess/ believe等时，从句中的否定习惯上要转移到主句中。,巧记口诀,宾语从句三件事，时态语序连接词；主从时态要一致，陈述语序永不变；陈述请你选that, 疑问需用if/whether连;特殊问句作宾从, 原来问词不用换;三关过后莫得意, 人称标点要注意.,【2016北京中考】Can you tell me_? He lives in Shanghai.A. where Mark livesB

21、. where does Mark liveC. where Mark livedD. where did Mark live,【解析】试题分析：句意：你能告诉我马克住在哪里吗?他住在上海。此处作为动词tell的宾语从句，按照词序：疑问词+主语+谓语, 根据谓语lives 可知此处用一般现在时，故选A。考点：考查宾语从句的用法。,【2016福建福州中考】Mr. Black, could you tell me _?At 10：00 tomorrow morningA. where well go hikingB. when well have a meetingC. whether youll

22、 come to my birthday party,【解析】试题分析：句意：布兰克先生，你能告诉我我们什么时间开会吗?在明天上午十点钟。宾语从句在选择时注意三个方面的问题：语序，时态，引导词。ABC三个选项的语序以及时态都正确，根据回答可知提问的是时间，故选B。考点：考查宾语从句的用法。,【2016福建厦门中考】 Does anybody want to share _ on Fathers Day? I bought a tie for my father. He loves it. A. what you did B. where you wentC. when you shopped,

23、【解析】 试题分析：句意：任何人想要在父亲节这天分享你做的事吗?我给我父亲买了一个领带。他喜欢它。what you did你做的是；where you went 你去哪里；when you shopped你购物的时候。根据I bought a tie for my father可知此处询问我做的事，故选A. 考点：考查宾语从句的用法。,If引导的从句,由从属连词whether, if 引导的宾语从句,e.g. 1. I want to know _ . （他是否跟我们一起去公园）2. Ask him _ . （他是否能来）,if (whether) he will go to the park

24、 with us,whether (if) he can come,If 与whether 的区别,I dont know _ he will come or not.I dont care of _ he is handsome.He wondered _ to stay here the next week._ he will come is not decided.,与or not 连用只能用whether,介词后只能用whether,与to do 不定式连用只能用whether,作主语只能用whether,If引导的宾语从句练习题,1 I dont know _ they have p

25、assed the exam. what B. if C. when D. where2. The girls asked if they _ some food and drink with them. A. took B. take C. takes D. will take3 She asked Linda if_ go and get some. A. could she B. she could C. she can D. she may,B,A,B,II. 按要求转换句型。1. Does Mr. Brown enjoy living in China? Could you tell

26、 us?（改写句子） Could you tell us _ Mr. Brown _ living in China?2. Did Peter come here yesterday? Li Lei wants to know. (改为含宾语从句的复合句)Li Lei wants to know _ Peter _ here yesterday.,if/whether,enjoys,if/whether,came,A: What will you be if you grow up? B: I will be a teacher. A: Why?B: If I am a teacher, I

27、will teach some children.,If 引导条件状语从句,If 引导条件状语从句,If I have enough money, I will travel around the world. =I will travel around the world if I have enough money.,if 引导的条件状语从句,主将从现,祈使句,情态动词,I will sing a song if I am happy.,主句,从句,Dont cross the road if the light is red.,You must stop if the traffic l

28、ight is red.,巧记、速记,语法1：if（如果）引导的条件状语从句,主祈从现主将从现从主有逗主从无逗,Part1:If 的用法,1.I want to know if he will go to a park with us.,2. We will have a picnic if it doesnt rain.,3. Can you tell me if there will be a concert tomorrow?,4. If you feel tired, you must have a rest.,宾语从句,条件状语从句,条件状语从句,宾语从句,Part2:Unless的

29、用法,You will fail to arrive there in time unless you start earlier.,If you dont start earlier, you will fail to arrive there in time.,unless = if.not 除非,若不,除非在的时候,You will not succeed unless you work hard.=If you dont work hard, you will not succeed.,As soon as与what if用法,I will call you as soon as he

30、 arrives in Beijing.What if you do when he makes mistakes?,My dream,I want to bea millionaire like Bill Gates.,疑问词 + 动词不定式,Grammar,动词不定式,To do that sort of thing is foolish。,I want to see you this evening.,All you have to do is to finish it quickly.,We found a house to live in.,She came here to stud

31、y English.,I warned the patient not to eat cold water after the operation.,主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,宾补,To master a foreign language is really important nowadays.,To give up smoking is right.,1.当今掌握一门外语真的很重要。,2. 放弃吸烟是对的。,作主语,Fred didnt have any money, so he decided to look for a job.,He promised not to tell an

32、yone about it.,1. Fred 没有钱，所以他决定找一份工作。,2. 他答应不告诉任何人这事。,作宾语,My job is to teach English.,To see is to believe.,1. 我的工作是教英语。,2. 眼见为实。,作表语,Do you have anything to say?,1. 你有什么要说的吗?,2. Betty是第一个知道这真相的人。,Betty was the first to know the truth.,作定语,He spoke loudly (so as / in order) to be heard.They jumped

33、with joy to hear the news.Im too tired to walk any further tonight.,目的状语.,原因状语.,结果状语,作状语,She asked me to stay here.,1. 她叫我待在这儿。,2.请允许我介绍Mr. White给你们。,Please allow me to introduce Mr. White to you.,作宾补,适用于“疑问词+不定式动词”的动词包括：“know, see, decide, tell, ask, consider, discover, explain, forget, guess, hear

34、, imagine, inquire, learn, remember，think, wonder, understand”等。 有点值得特别注意的是：当这结构当宾语时，它的作用等于名词分句，例如： (1) I could not decide which dictionary to buy. / I could not decide which dictionary I should buy.,(2) Jack did not know where to find such a good teacher./ Jack did not know where he could find such

35、 a good teacher.有些动词，如“ask, show, tell, advise, inform, teach”等，可以先有个宾语，然后接着加上适当的“疑问词+不定式动词” 结构。例如： Have you told him where to get the application form?,注意,A.有些动词后面的不定式不带to，如feel（一感）hear, listen to（二听）make, have, let（三让） see, watch, notice, observe（四看）.,I heard them sing a pop song .The teacher made

36、 me answer the question.We watched them play football .,B. 动词不定式的否定式只须在to 前加 not.,My father decided not to take up the job.,The teacher told us not to be late again.,注意,C. 带疑问词的动词不定式在to 前加疑问词。,Mr. Lin will teach us how to use the computer.,Can you tell me where to get the book?,注意,D. 作简短回答或避免不必要的重复时

37、，动词不定式常常省去to 后面的动词，只保留to 。,A:Would you like to come to my party?,Mary wanted to use my bike, but I asked her not to ( use my bike).,B: Yes , Id love to ( come to your party).,Mary想用我的自行车，但我叫她别用。,注意,1. Im going on a field trip but I havent decided _. A. what to do B. to do what C. where to go D. to g

38、o where2. Excuse me. Would you please tell me _ buy a digital camera?A. what to B. where to C. what I can D. where can I,I. 单项选择。,Exercise,状语从句,一、状语从句概说,1、在句中作状语用的从句叫状语从句。2、状语从句可修饰谓语，非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。 3、引导状语从句的一般为连词，也可有词组。 4、状语从句可以在句首，也可在句中或句末。,5、状语从句按其用途可有时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、让步、方式、比较等九种。6、状语从句中的将来时，一般不用

39、将来时。（一般将来时用一般现在时、将来完成时用现在完成时、过去将来时用一般过去时、过去将来完成时用过去完成时表示。),二、重 点,1、时间状语从句 引导时间状语从句的连词有：when, before, after, as soon as, as, while, hardly hadwhen, scarcely had when, no sooner had than, till / until, since, the moment, by the time 等，例如：, 如果把no sooner, hardly, scarcely, barely置于句首，它所连带的这部分就要倒装，如： No

40、sooner had she heard the news than she fainted. (She had no sooner heard the news than she fainted.),2、地点状语从句 引导地点状语从句的连词有where, wherever (no matter where) 等，例如： Where I live there are plenty of trees. 我住的地方树很多。 Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你。,Bamboo grows well where it is war

41、m and wet.You may go wherever you like.有时，- where构成的复合词也可以引导地点状语从句，如：Everywhere they went, they were kindly received / warmly welcomed.Well go anywhere the Party directs us.,3、原因状语从句(1) 引导原因状语从句的连词有 because, since, as , now that(2)because, since, as, for 用法比较：一）. because: 语气最强，回答why时用because，所表示的是直接

42、理由，因果关系不能同so连用。 Why are you late? Because there is a traffic jam.,二）. since: “既然.” 表对方已知的事实或理由，常放在句首。 Since you have got enough money with you now, you can come and buy it next time.三）. as: “由于.” 语气较弱，较口语化，表明显的原因或已知的事实，常放在句首。 As he had been ready for the worst, he was not disappointed at the result.

43、,四）. for是一个等立连词，连接的是两个并列的分句，其他三个引导的是状语从句；for不能放在句首。 It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.,4、条件状语从句 引导条件状语从句的连词有：if, unless, (if not) , on condition that , as long as。 注意：有时可以把祈使句作为条件从句，祈使句后面要搭配and，如： Come tomorrow, and I will tell you. Persevere and you will succeed. Give him an inc

44、h and hell take a mile. (= If you give him an inch, hell take a mile. ),但：当表示否定的条件时，可用连词or 或otherwise， 如：Make up your mind, or youll miss the chance.Start at once, or / otherwise youll miss the train. (= If you dont start at once, ) (= Unless you start at once, youll miss the train.),5、目的、结果状语从句 （1）

45、引导目的状语从句的连词有so that, in order that; 引导结果状语从句的连词有so.that, such.that（2）.so that., in order that.引导目的状语从句时，从句中常有can, could, may, might, would,（3）so + 形容词/副词/分词 + that引导结果状语从句 such + (形容词) + 名词 + that引导结果状语从句 He worked so hard that he made great progress. The book is so interesting that I have read it t

46、wice.,（4）such + a/an +形容词+单数可数名词+ that引导结果状语从句 so +形容词+ a/ an +单数可数名词+ that引导结果状语从句 注意：只有单数可数名词才有这两种表达方式。 Its such a fine day that we all want to go outing. = Its so fine a day that we all want to go outing.,（5）如果修饰名词的形容词为many, few, much, little时，前面则用so，例如： so many +名词+ that ； so few +名词+ that so mu

47、ch +名词+ that ； so little +名词+ that 比较： so many / few flowers such nice flowers,so much / little money such rapid progressso many people such a lot of peopleThere were so many people in the bus that I could hardly move.She put so much butter and sugar in the cake that I didnt dare to eat too much.,6、

48、让步状语从句 （1）引导让步状语从句的连词有：though/although, even if/ even though, no matter who/ what/ when / where/ which / how ( whoever, whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever, however),（2）whoever, whatever, whichever还可引导名词从句。而no matter who/ what/ which 只能引导让步状语从句 He didnt want to be disturbed, no matter who wanted

49、 to see him. = He didnt want to be disturbed, whoever wanted to see him. Ill give the books to whoever needs them.,由as, that, though引导的特殊让步状语从句结构：在正式文体或文学作品中，为了强调让步的含义，可用as引导让步从句。但as一般不置于句首，而将从句中的表语或状语置于句首。（though, that与as一样，也可以用于这种结构），如下面几种情况：, 表语的倒装： Tired as he was, he still went on with his work

50、. Tall as / though he was, he couldnt reach the top shelf., 状语的倒装：（这时不可在状语之前加very, much等修饰语） Much as I admire him as a writer, I do not like him as a man. Much as he likes the bike, he doesnt want to buy it., 谓语动词的倒装： Try as he might, he didnt pass the exam. Hate him as we may, we must admit his gre