专八翻译辅导讲座ppt课件.ppt

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1、专八翻译辅导讲座,主讲人 王述文,一、八级考试大纲对翻译测试的要求和规定测试目的：考察学生英汉两种语言的互译能力题型：本题为主观试题。分两部分：第一部分汉译英， 由300字左右的汉语短文组成，其中有150字左右的文字或段落用横线标出或用黑体字打印，要求考生将此部分译成英语。第二部分英译汉。由300个单词左右的英语短文组成，其中150个左右单词文字或段落用横线标出或用黑体字打印，要求考生将此部分译成汉语。,测试要求：汉译英要求考生运用汉译英理论与技巧，以每小时译约250300汉字的速度将要求译出的部分译完，约150字左右。译文要求忠实原文，语言表达通顺流畅。英译汉要求考生运用英译汉理论与技巧，以

2、每小时译约250英语单词的速度将要求译出的部分译完，约150单词左右。译文要求忠实原文，语言表达通顺流畅。考试时间：60分钟，两部分的写作时间可互相调剂使用。,三、翻译原文的主要文体及话题 主要问题为散文、议论文和政论文。 汉语散文的特点是形散神不散。所以在翻译成英文时，要适当增加英语连词、副词等以使语句连贯，意义完整。议论文既有描述，又有议论，夹叙夹议。注意时态变化和习惯用法。政论文往往语句较长，且不时地用被动语态。所以在翻译时，语句结构要作调整，语态要作变化。话题涉及社会热点，人生感悟，生活哲理，教育批评，读书学习等。所以多读这方面的书籍，会有助于思想理解和语言表达。,四、应试技巧与策略

3、1. 战略藐视，战术重视策略 2. 时间分配策略 一般说来，阅卷老师会把注意力集中在前几句话，较少注意最后几句。因此在时间安排上要在开头几句多花些时间。如果翻译的是几段话，每段开头的几句话要多花些时间。这样做是因为：a. 开头句子一般都是主题句，很重要；b. 人的知觉印象往往着重于开头第一印象；3. 大规模的批卷任务，阅卷人对前几句可能比后面的句子看得更加仔细一些。,3. 清晰工整策略 卷面要整洁，书写要工整，字迹要清晰，字体要大小适宜，便于辨认批阅，切莫因字迹潦草，卷面脏乱影响批卷人的情绪。 4难点、易点处理策略难点就是计分点，要正确运用短语和句型，合理变通，适当替代。易点不必花过多时间雕饰

4、，准确忠实第一。总的原则：不求过于漂亮精当，但求正确顺当。 5直译、意译策略 英译汉，适当多一些直译，但要通顺。汉译英，适当多一些意译，但要正确。,6. 生词、熟词处理策略 生词要敢于猜，要根据上下文语境、词语搭配、逻辑关系、学科领域等进行推测猜想。熟词要善于想，要多一个心眼，出题人会不会就这样便宜地给你分数。 7. 避免低级错误 拼写错误，大小写错误，标点符号错误，基本词法、句法错误等。这些均是“硬伤”,一看便知，切不可粗心大意。这些硬伤切莫出现在文章开头、结尾及每段的开头这些“耀眼”的地方。,五、翻译中的关键问题 一）理解问题： 1. 词汇量问题：生词；熟词的多义性；粗心大意弄错词a. I

5、 grudge every marriage in that it means a fresh supply of orange blossom, the promise of so much golden fruit cut short. * 我 （妒忌）每场婚礼，因为它意味着要供应桔子花，这么多金色的水果的希望就砍断了。,b. It was tempting to say that Sept 11 changed all that, just as it is tempting to say that every hero needs a villain, and goodness nee

6、ds evil as its grinding stone. But try to look a widow in the eye and talking about all the good that has come of this. * 令人引诱的说出9.11事件改变了这一切，正如（ ）英雄需要恶棍来陪衬，善良需要邪恶来作为磨刀石。但是尽力看看窗户外面，再谈从中而来的好处。,生词解决办法：a. 扩充词汇量， 按大纲8级要掌握英语词汇1300015000。b. 大胆猜测不认识的生词-根据上下文, 构词法等At first I attributed this new habit to adv

7、ancing age-I had recently turned 40-and glumly concluded that I was becoming morbid. But why, then, was I finding my secret rite so uplifting?起初，我将这个习惯归咎于年岁渐增的缘故（当时我刚40岁），所以我悲哀地认为这是一种病态心理。可是究竟为什么我竟对这个秘密仪式如此兴味盎然呢？,2) 熟词多义性确定词义的办法：a. 根据不同搭配b. 根据上下文c. 根据逻辑意义 A winner can be spontaneous. He does not hav

8、e to respond in predetermined, rigid ways. He can change his plans when the situation calls for it.* 一个成功者可以是自发的/ 天生的。 （能够顺势而发。）他不以事先设定的呆板的方式应对事情。他能根据形势需要改变计划。 I believe the eight dead journalists are policy.* 我相信那八个死去的记者是政策。（八个记者的死亡是有计划的谋杀。）,2. 语法问题：理不出主谓宾；弄不清词之间修饰关系和限定的关系 （见下例） 3. 复杂句子结构问题：找不出主干理不

9、出分支弄不清层次理不清关系（或逻辑） a. It is odd to watch with what feverish ardor the Americans pursue prosperity and how they are ever tormented by the shadowy suspicion that they may not have chosen the shortest route to get it.,* 很奇怪地看到美国人多么热情地追求财富，多么受到阴影怀疑的折磨，他们可能没有选择最短的道路获得财富。 主干：to watch is odd. 第一层分支：watch后的

10、宾语从句： what feverish ardor the Americans(感叹句) and how they are ever tormentedto get it. （感叹句）第二层分支：suspicion 后带定语从句 that they may not have chosen the shortest route to get it.,4文化知识问题：对词或词组望文生义，不知其所蕴涵的文化意义。 a. In certain remote corners of Old World you may sometimes stumble upon little places which s

11、eem to have been forgotten among the general tumult and which have stayed still while all around them moves. * 在古老的世界的某些遥远的角落，有时你会碰见一些看起来在普遍喧闹中被遗忘的小地方，周围都在运动，他们却静止着。,b. Martin Buber expresses this idea as he retells an old story of a rabbi who on his deathbed sees himself as loser. The rabbi laments

12、 that, in the world to come, he will not be asked why he wasnt Moses; he will be asked why he wasnt himself. * 马丁.布伯当他重述一个犹太大博士（兔子）在死的时候认为自己是一个失败者的故事表明了这个观点。这个大博士哀悼道，在要到来的世界里，他将不会被人们为什么他不是摩斯（莫尔斯），而会被问为什么他不是他自己。,二）表达问题 1. 用词不当，因词害义 2句式不符合译入语的表达习惯a. In certain remote corners of Old World you may somet

13、imes stumble upon little places which seem to have been forgotten among the general tumult and which have stayed still while all around them moves.* 在古老的世界的某些遥远的角落，有时你会碰见一些看起来在普遍喧闹中被遗忘的小地方，周围都在运动，他们却静止着。b. A winner is not afraid to do his thinking and to use his own knowledge.* 一个成功者不害怕独立思考和用他自己的知识。

14、,c. 这王冕天生聪明，年纪不满二十岁，就把那天文、地理、经史上的大学问无一不精通。* This Wang Mian was born with genius. He was less than 20 years old and no one he did not know to the great learning in astronomy, geography, the economy and history.Cf. Wang Mian had genius/ was born with genius. While still in his teens, he mastered the w

15、hole field of astronomy, geography, the classics and history.,六、翻译实例分析 一）英译汉英语长句的翻译要点：理解：捋出主干，梳理分支；分清层次，理清关系；把握篇章，弄清含义。表达：长句分译，转换调整；条件因果，先分后总；选词造句；注意逻辑；词句表达，习惯第一。A. 实例分析,2）The study, published in the current issue of the Journal of Experiment Education, found significant increases in ninth-grade mat

16、h test score among the students who had spent early grades in smaller classes, with the gains even more pronounced among minority students. (40words) 发表在最近一期实验教育杂志上的一项研究表明，那些在低年级以小班上课的学生在九年级数学测试的成绩有明显的提高，尤其是少数族裔的学生的提高更为明显。,2.被动句（结构）的处理和翻译1）Furthermore, the campaign itself was lavishly financed, with

17、 plenty of money for a top-flight staff, travel, and television commercials. 这次竞选本身得到了慷慨资助2）Lulled by the gentle motion and soothed by the rippling music of the waves the babies soon fell asleep.船儿轻轻摇荡，波声潺潺悦耳，小孩们很快就进入梦乡。,翻译方法：1.顺序法Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in

18、 doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.人类把自己和其它动物区别开来。与此同时，人类还具有观察和了解周围环境的能力。他们要么适应环境，要么控制环境，或根据自身的需要改造环境。人类就这样一代代生存下来。,2.逆序法And I take heart from the fact

19、 that the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way.由于收到顽强地抵抗，吹嘘能在几小时内就占领战略要地的敌人甚至还没能占领外围地带，这一事实使我增强了信心。,3. 分译法The president said at a press conference

20、 dominated by questions on yesterdays election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House.在关于昨天选举结果地新闻发布会上，总统说他解释不了为什么共和党如此大的惨败。 这种情况最终会使共和党失去在众议院中长期享有的优势。,4. 综

21、合法But without Adolf Hitler who was possessed of demonic personality, a granite will, uncanny instincts, a cold ruthlessness, a remarkable intellect, a soaring imagination anduntil toward the end, when drunk with power and success, he over reached himselfan amazing capacity to size up people and situ

22、ations there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich.然而，如果没有阿道夫.希特勒， 那就几乎可以肯定不会有第三帝国。 因为希特勒有着恶魔般的性格、花岗石般的意志、不可思议的本能，无情的冷酷、杰出的智力、深远的想像力以及对人和局势惊人的判断力。最后由于权力和胜利冲昏了头脑而自不量力，所以终遭惨败。,3. 篇章翻译首先快速通读整篇原文（包括没划线的部分）一遍，弄清文章的话题及要旨，以确定遣词造句的文体风格。然后精读需要翻译的划线部分，弄清每个句子意思和句与句之间的逻辑关系，翻译时适当增添必要的连接词语或省略不必译出的连

23、接词。最后，将译文默读一遍，看意义是否忠实原文，语句是否通顺流畅。SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESE Translate the following underlined part of the text into Chinese. Possession for its own sake or in competition with the rest of the neighborhood would have been Thoreaus idea of the low levels. The active discipline of heightening ones p

24、erception of what is enduring in nature would have been his idea of the high. What he saved from the low was time and effort he could spend on the high. Thoreau certainly disapproved of starvation, but he would put into feeding himself only as much effort as would keep him functioning for more impor

25、tant efforts.,Effort is the gist of it. There is no happiness except as we take on life-engaging difficulties. Short of the impossible, as Yeats put it, the satisfaction we get from a lifetime depends on how high we choose our difficulties. Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms

26、when he spoke of “the pleasure of taking pains”. The mortal flaw in the advertised version of happiness is in the fact that it purports to be effortless.We demand difficulty even in our games. We demand it because without difficulty there can be no game. A game is a way of making something hard for

27、the fun of it. The rules of the game are an arbitrary imposition of difficulty. When someone ruins the fun, he always does so by refusing to play by the rules. It is easier to win at chess if you are free, at your pleasure, to change the wholly arbitrary rules, but the fun is in winning within the r

28、ules. No difficulty, no fun.,努力乃其实质（殚精竭虑，全力以赴，便是精髓之所在）。除了征服需毕生为之努力的困难外（如果不努力迎战人生中的困难），（也就）没有任何幸福可言。正如叶芝所言，除了不可为的事情外，我们一生所获得的满足感有多强，则取决于我们所选择的困难有多大。罗怕特弗罗斯特在谈及“承受痛苦时的快乐”（“努力时的快乐”/ “辛苦时的甜蜜”）时，其意相近（此话与叶芝所言几乎如同一撤）。社会上宣扬那种幸福观的致命缺陷就在于声称幸福是无需努力即可获得的。 我们即使在玩游戏的时候也需要有困难，因为没有难度，就谈不上游戏。所谓游戏，就是为了从某事中取乐而使之变得很难（不那

29、么轻而易举）的一种方式（游戏就是要设置困难而从中获取乐趣的一种方式）。制定游戏规则是任意地施加难度（游戏规则就是施以强制性的困难）。若有人破坏（败坏）了游戏的乐趣，通常是因为他拒绝按规则进行（那一定是他在玩时不遵守游戏规则所致）。如果可以自由随意地（随心所欲地）改变规则，你会更容易（较轻易）地赢得棋赛（棋局），但是，乐趣源于在规则内取胜。没有了难度（困难），也就没有了乐趣。,If people mean anything at all by the expression untimely death”, they must believe that some deaths run on a b

30、etter schedule than others. Death in old age is rarely called untimely - a long life is thought to be a full one. But with the passing of a young person, one assumes that the best years lay ahead and the measures of that life was still to be taken. History denies this, of course. Among prominent sum

31、mer deaths, one recalls those of Marilyn Monroe and James Deans, whose lives seemed equally brief and complete. Writers cannot bear the fact that poet John Keats died at 26, and only half playfully judge their own lives as failures when they pass that year. The idea that the life cut short is unfulf

32、illed is illogical because lives are measured by the impressions they leave on the world and by their intensity and virtue.,如果人们在使用“死不逢时”这一表达时确有所指的话，那他们一定是认为有些人去世的日子比另外一些人更为适宜。人们几乎从不把老年人的去世称作是“死不逢时”，原因是人们一般认为长寿意味着生命圆满。但是当一个年轻人不幸谢世人们就会假想其一生中最美好的岁月还在后头，对其一生的评价仍有待作出。 历史当然不认同这种想法。提起早逝的杰出人物，人们会想起玛丽莲梦露和詹姆

33、土 迪恩。他们的生命虽然短暂，却同样完满。作家们无法承受约翰.济慈二十六岁就英年早逝的事实，当他们过了那个年龄时只是半开玩笑地评判自己碌碌无为。倘若我们认为一个人因为半途夭折就是事业未竟，是十分荒谬的，因为衡量生命的标准是其留给世界的影响以及它的强度和美德。（对以上译文你也可以提出自己的译法）,二）汉译英 1. 句子翻译 A. 外位语结构的翻译 在汉语中，独立于句外，同时又和句中的某个成分指同一事物的成分叫做外位语。对应法，即套用汉语含有外位语结构的句子的框架。把马克思主义的普遍真理同我国的具体实际结合起来，走自己的道路，建设有中国特色的社会主义,这是我们总结长期历史经验得出的基本结论。To

34、integrate the universal truth of Marxism with concrete realities of China, blaze a path of our own and build socialism with Chinese characteristics- this is the basic conclusion we have reached in summing up the long historical experience.,2) 拆句法， 即将外位语结构变成一个独立的句子或并列分句。 健全自己的身体，保持合理的规律生活，这是自我修养的物资基础

35、。 Keep fit, lead a reasonable and regular life. This is the material basis for training. 3) 还原法，即把外位结构改变成句中一个成分。 能不能尽快地把科学技术搞上去， 这是关系到社会主义建设全局，关系到我们国家命运与前途的大问题。,Whether science and technology can be pushed forward as quickly as possible is a question of vital importance for socialist construction as

36、 a whole and for the destiny and future of our country. 4）转化法， 即将外位语结构转化为名词从句或不定式短语， 置于作逻辑主语，而用it作形式主语。 敌人的武力是不能征服我们的，这点已经得到证明了。 It has been proved that the enemy cannot conquer us by force of arms.,B. 无主句的翻译 在汉语中，只有谓语部分而没有主语部分的句子叫无主句。这是汉语中特有的一种句型。译成英语被动结构a.书的封面上印着一个猎人的像。The figure of a hunter was p

37、rinted on the cover of the book.b. 发现错误，一定得改正。 Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.,2）采用 There + be, It +be +to 等结构a. 没有顺利，无所谓困难；没有困难，也无所谓顺利。 Without facility, there would be no difficulty; without difficulty, there would be also no facility.b. 究竟能不能巩固呢? Is it possible to consolidate the

38、m? 3) 采用倒装语序在游廊得最左端，靠近一道门，却坐着一位将近三十岁的男子。Close by the door at the extreme left of the veranda sat a man of about thirty.,4) 选用适当的名词或代词补出主语a. 弄得不好，就会前功尽弃。If things are not properly handled, our labour will be totally lost.b. 不承认这一条真理，就不是唯物主义者。 Anyone who does not recognize this truth is no materialist

39、.C. 提出一个绝对的标准当然很困难。 To offer a specified standard is difficult.It is difficult to offer a specified standard.,C. “把”字句的翻译 汉语“把”字句在结构上用特殊介词“把”字将宾语引出，放在谓语动词之前而构成的一种汉语特有的句型。在意义和作用上，“把”字句是主动句，主要表达主语怎么“处置”的意思，另外还表达“致使”、“对待”等含意。 1） 含“处置”意思的“把”字句：利用英语“动词宾语补语”结构来翻译。 我的一位朋友最近把他的房子油漆过了。 A friend of mine has h

40、ad his house painted recently.,2) 含有“致使”意思的“把”字句：宾语之后接“忙”、“累”、“急”、“气”、“吓”等加上补语。 你怎么来得这么晚？真把人急死啦！ Why are you so late? We were worried to death about you. 3) 表示“把甲当乙”的“把”字句：利用英语“动词宾语as/ for 宾语”结构来翻译。村里人不把我当外人。People in the village didnt treat me as a stranger.,4) 带有双宾语的“把”字句：英译时，双宾都置于动词之后。可用“动词间宾直宾”或

41、“动词直宾to +间宾”结构来翻译。a. 我们把水泵借给他们了。We lent them the pumps.b. 他们把消息告诉了他们遇到的每一个人。They told the news to everybody they met.,D 汉语长句的翻译 汉语长句与英语长句在结构上不同。英语长句是由主干分支，即主语谓语扩展而来的。英语重形合，句子再长，只含一个主语和谓语（主句的），统领全句，其它成分往往通过各种连接手段（如使用介词、连词、关系代词和关系副词等）同主谓成分挂钩建句。而汉语重意合，其句子结构松散，如行云流水，句子主谓较难辨认，尤其长句如此。句子之间常常缺乏应有的连接词将其相连，所以

42、句子及语篇要靠逻辑意义和逻辑顺序来维系。在时间上重视时间的先后顺序，在逻辑上重视前后因果关系。 汉语长句翻译可采取如下三种方法：,1) 原序翻译上海针织公司由3个企业组成， 生产规模大，且拥有众多的名牌产品， 如“菊花牌”、“鹅牌”和“三枪牌, 公司每年销售额达13亿人民币。 Shanghai Knitting Corporation is made up of 37 enterprises and enjoys a broad production scale, and with several well-known local bands such as “Chrysanthemem”,

43、“Swan” and “Three Guns”, it has annual sales volume of about 1.3billion yuan RMB.,2) 分译 （拆译或断句） a. 含疑问、感叹或反诘句盛夏炎日，一走进浙江莫干山的林间小道就汗止心凉， 加上清风拂煦，浑身有说不出的舒坦，忍不住要赞叹一声：莫干山，好一个清凉世界！No matter how hot it is “outside”, once you step onto the trial through the forest on Mogan Mountain in Zhejiang Province, the s

44、weat withdraws from your body. In addition, the breeze refreshes you with a gentle caress. How cool it is!,b.含比方句以农民为例，他们更乐于使用科学种田法， 由于种植杂交水稻面积的增加，单位面积的产量也增加了。Take the peasants for example. They are now more eager to use scientific methods for farming. The amount of land devoted to hybrid rice has r

45、isen so that the per-mu yield has gone up considerably. c. 含概括句灾难深重的中华民族，一百年来，其优秀人物奋斗牺牲，前仆后继，摸索救国救民的真理，是可歌可泣的。,For a hundred years, the finest sons and daughter of the disaster-ridden Chinese nation fought and sacrificed their lives, one stepping into breach as another fell, in quest of the truth th

46、at would save the country and the people. This moves us to songs and tears. d. 含对立句 与会者对这个问题的观点差别太大，以致发生了争吵，一时会场的气氛紧张起来。 The opinions of the attendants were far from unanimous about this issue so that some of them began to quarrel with each other. The atmosphere at the meeting became tense at the mo

47、ment.,e. 含有多层意义 漫步山间时，听得四处竹林间的潺潺泉声，众多的细泉汇成一条狭长而深邃的小溪，顺山势而下，及至悬崖处，猛然跌落二、三丈，形成一瀑布，水珠飞溅，凉透肌肤。 Strolling along the path you can hear spring singing everywhere in the bamboo forest. Several little springs assemble into a narrow but deep little river, running along the mountainside. Meeting a small cliff,

48、 it falls down twenty or thirty feet with drops splashing, forming a thin water curtain which gently covers your skin.,3) 变序翻译凡外商投资企业有能力也愿意与天津市工业企业通过技术转让、引进人才、技术帮助、经济支持等途径共同开发国家统一经营以外的制成品， 特别是开发机电产品和精细化工产品， 并通过外方的销售渠道直接为外国公司提供制成品， 可以向市外经贸委申请扩大联合开发的业务。Where an enterprise is willing and able to develo

49、p the finished products that are not subject to the unified operation by the State through joint efforts with the industrial enterprises in Tianjin, particularly in respect of machinery and electronic products and refined chemical products, by means of technology transfer, introduction of technical

50、personnel, technical assistance and economic support, and to provide for foreign companies the finished products through the sales channel of the foreign parties, they may apply to the Municipal Commission of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade for the expansion of the business of joint development