创伤管理新概念(简化版)课件.ppt
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1、严重创伤管理新概念,首都医科大学北京朝阳医院SICU李文雄,创伤的流行病学,在美国每年大约有150,000创伤病人死亡每14个创伤病人中有一个病人死亡创伤是全美第三大致死因素,与创伤相关的死亡率(62/100,000)仅低于心脏病和癌症创伤是年龄小于45岁群体中的首要杀手在5-34岁年龄阶段导致患者死亡的原因中,创伤超过了其它致死原因的总和,创伤的流行病学,2003年我国交通事故伤为494174人,死亡104372人近5年我国交通事故死亡人数每年增加10%WHO预测:到2020年,创伤将成为全球第3大疾病,创伤Prehospital EMS systems,BLS(basic life sup
2、port)ALS+EMTsALS: advanced life supportEMTs:emergency medical techniciansDoc-ALS(ALS+physicians),Prehospital EMS systems in different countries,BLS ALS Doc-ALSAustria +Greece +Germany +Iran: +Mexico +New Zealand + Netherland +The United States +The United Kingdom + +Canada + +,没有证据显示某种 EMS system的优越
3、性,创伤Prehospital care,现场处理(on-site)边治边走(treat and go)开放静脉通道:2-14mins液体治疗(ALS vs BLS)补充了较多的液体需要更多的输血病死率没有差别气管插管,Prehospital time(golden Hour),病死率,创伤院前救治时间,严重创伤死亡三联征,低温酸中毒凝血功能障碍血液稀释低温酸中毒低灌注凝血因子的消耗,创伤救治的现状,过去20年来,创伤救治有了很大的改善创伤救治系统的建立创伤的评估Glasgow Coma Scale Revised Trauma ScoreAbbreviated Injury ScoreInj
4、ury Severity Score 伤员拣别分类复苏技术和急诊救治的改善,the right care at the right time and in the right place,严重创伤救治程序,PreparationPrimary survey and resuscitation MonitoringUrinary and nasogastric tube insertionRadiographySecondary survey( special investigations) CT scanning angiographyOngoing reevaluationDefinitiv
5、e care,The initial assessment of a patient with major trauma are by the American College of Surgeons (ACS) in their Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS),Polytrauma Primary survey(ATLS) Assessment of vital functions and resuscitation “FAST”/AP chest and pelvic X-rays Stable Unstable Secondary survey D
6、amage control Head-to-toe assessment Life-saving surgery Multislice polytrauma CT scan Unstable Reassessment(ATLS) Stable Delayed primary surgery Intensive care Surgical management of non- Restoration of the physio- Immediately life-threatening injuries logical “endpoints of Soft- tissue debridement
7、 resuscitation” External flxation of fractures,Proposed algorithm for the initial assessment and management of polytrauma patients,FAST:Focused abdominal sonography for trauma,Primary survey,Its basis is the ABCDE system. The primary survey aims to identify and immediately treat life-threatening inj
8、uriesAirway with control of the cervical spineInspection of upper airways,recognition of upper airway obstructionBreathing and ventilationClinical recognition of tension pneumothorax,massive hemothroax,rib fracture,flail chest,subcutaneous emphysema Circulation and hemorrhage control Recognize clini
9、cal signs of shockRecognize external and internal hemorrhageDisability:brief neurologic evaluation GCS score ( 8,intubation)and pupil evaluationExposure with environmental controlCompletely undress the patients and “log-roll” for posterior injuries,Primary survey,监测患者的心率、血压、呼吸和尿量严重创伤患者必须留置尿管骨盆骨折者有尿道
10、损伤的可能,必要时行膀胱造瘘气管插管者必须留置胃管怀疑有脑外伤者可以经口留置胃管,Primary survey,在急诊复苏室患者一般仅接受侧位颈椎片、前后位胸片和骨盆片检查患者计划接受头部CT 扫描或临床难以评价患者的颈髓损伤状况时,最好整个颈髓都接受 CT扫描 胸片评价各种管道的位置威胁生命的疾病状况休克的原因 (气胸、血胸等)纵隔增宽肺实质损伤和胸腔损伤 高能量性骨盆骨折很可能导致休克,有早期固定或制动的必要性,Secondary survey,详细的病史彻底的体检特殊检查(FAST, angiography, DPL, CT)实验室检查 检查应该有组织地进行,以便进行确切性外科治疗许多机
11、构将FAST列为第一次调查,Secondary survey,病史可以用AMPLE 表示 A = history of patients allergies M = patients medication history P = Past medical, surgical and social history L = Time of last meal E = Full description of events leading to injury, scene findings, notable interventions, and recordings en route to the h
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