第40章内酰胺类抗生素课件.ppt
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1、Chapter 40 -内酰胺类抗生素 (-lactam Antibiotics),药理学教研室 (Department of Pharmacology) 黄仁彬 (Huang Renbin) 13807713926 5358272,Email:,Key concept 1,-Lactam antibiotics are frequently prescribed drugs that share a common structure and mechanism of action by inhibition of synthesis of the bacterial peptidoglyca
2、n in the cell wall of the microorganism -内酰胺类抗生素是一类具有相同化学结构的临床常用药物,它们的共同作用机制是抑制细菌细胞壁的肽聚糖合成,,Penicillins G and V are commonly used penicillins, which are highly active against susceptible gram-positive cocci. The penicillinase-resistant penicillins such as methicillin are effective against penicillin
3、ase-producing staphylococcus aureus; 青霉素G和V是常用的青霉素类抗生素,主要用于敏感的G+球菌。耐青霉素酶类如甲氧西林,主要用于产青霉素酶的金黄色葡萄球菌,Key concept 2,Ampicillin and amoxicillin are broad spectrum with activity against gram positive and negative bacteria. Ticarcillin and piperacillin are activity against pseudomonas aeruginosa. 氨苄西林和阿莫西林是
4、广谱抗生素,对G+菌和G-菌均有效。替卡西林和哌拉西林主要用于铜绿假单胞菌,Key concept 3,The cephalosporin antibiotics are classified by generation, with the first-generation agents having strong gram-positive and weak gram-negative activity with nephrotoxicity 头孢菌素类抗生素分为四代:第一代头孢菌素对G+菌有强抗菌活性,对G-菌弱,有肾毒性,Key concept 4,The second generati
5、on drugs showing somewhat better activity against gram-negative bacteria and anaerobes with less nephrotoxicity. 第二代头孢菌素与第一代头孢菌素相比对G-菌和厌氧菌有较强抗菌活性,肾毒性较第一代有所降低,Key concept 5,The third generation agents providing more resistance to degradation by -lactamases, less activity against gram-positive organis
6、ms and much more activity against gram negative bacteria, and little nephrotoxicity. 第三代头孢菌素对-内酰胺酶的稳定性增加,对G+的作用降低,对G-菌的作用增强,对肾基本无毒性,Key concept 6,The fourth generation drugs exhibiting a spectrum similar to the third, but with further increased stability to hydrolysis by -lactamases 第四代头孢菌素与第三代头孢菌素抗
7、菌谱基本相似,不易被-内酰胺酶水解,Key concept 7,-lactamase inhibitors such as sulbactam, clavulanate and tazobactam are used in combination with -lactam, in order to increase their activity and extend their antibacterial spectrum against -lactamase-producing organisms. -内酰胺酶抑制剂(如舒巴坦、克拉维酸、三唑巴坦)与-内酰胺类抗生素合用,可增强抗菌作用,扩大
8、对产-内酰胺酶细菌的抗菌谱。,Key concept 8,Bacterial resistance against the -lactam antibiotics continues to increase at a high rate. Mechanisms of resistance include not only production of -lactamases that inactivate the antibiotics but also alterations in penicillin-binding proteins and transport mechanisms tha
9、t function to decrease the concentration of antibiotic in the cell by active efflux. -内酰胺类抗生素的耐药性不断增加。耐药机制不仅包括产生灭活抗生素的-内酰胺酶,还包括青霉素结合蛋白的改变和通过药物外排增加而降低细菌细胞内的浓度的转运机制,Key concept 9,-内酰胺类抗生素,-内酰胺类抗生素分类(1)典型的-内酰胺类抗生素青霉素类头孢菌素类(2)非典型的-内酰胺类抗生素碳青霉烯类头霉素类氧头孢烯类单环-内酰胺类-内酰胺酶抑制剂,-内酰胺类抗生素共同特点(1)化学结构中均含有-内酰胺环(2)作用机制:
10、抑制细菌细胞壁的肽聚糖合成(3)对G+菌、 G菌、部分厌氧菌有作用(4)对G杆菌作用弱,因细胞壁粘肽少、外层有大量脂蛋白和胞浆渗透压低(5)抗菌活性强,是一种杀菌剂。对繁殖期的细胞作用强, 对静止期的细菌作用弱(6)毒性低(7)适应证广,临床疗效好,Chemical structure of - lactam,- lactams,PBPs (transpeptidases),Peptidoglycan synthesis,transpeptidation reaction,break down cell wall,high osmotic pressure,isotonic environme
11、nt,water,Mechanism of action(1),Inhibition of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis,bacteria,- lactam also enhance the activity of the lytic enzymes (autolysin), resulting in lysis of bacteria in an isotonic environment. -内酰胺类增加细菌胞壁自溶酶活性,使细菌裂解死亡,Mechanism of action(2),-内酰胺类抗生素耐药机制,1. 细菌生成-lact
12、amase(1) 金葡菌、嗜血杆菌和E. coli产生的-lactamase,只水解penicillins(2) 铜绿假单胞菌和部分E. coli产生的-lactamase,能水解青霉素和头孢菌素类(3) 碳青霉烯对penicillinase和头孢菌素酶稳定,但被含金属的-lactamase水解,2. 药物对的PBPs的亲和力降低(1)不同的菌株,PBPs的结构不同导致对药物的亲和力不同(2)耐药菌株是通过产生新的PBPs,改变对药物的亲和力 3. 药物不能在作用部位达到有效浓度(1)孔道蛋白数量减少和变小(2)药物主动流出加强,Gram-negative bacteria,Section 2
13、青霉素类抗生素 penicillins 【药物分类classification】 1. 天然青霉素 Natural penicillin: 青霉素G 2.半合成青霉素 semisynthetic penicillin,【半合成青霉素分类】口服(耐酸)不耐酶青霉素:青霉素V耐青霉素酶青霉素: 甲氧西林(methicillin),苯唑西林(oxacillin) 氯唑西林(cloxacillin),双氯西林(dicloxacillin) 氟氯西林(flucloxacillin)广谱青霉素:氨苄西林(ampicillin),羧苄西林(carbenicillin),磺苄西林(sulbenicillin)
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