英国历史简介英文版课件.ppt

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1、Chapter 8 History of Britain,1,The beginning of Britain The Early settlers (-55B.C.) Roman Britain (55B.C.-410A.D.) Anglo-Saxon Britain (410- 871) Viking Britain (871-1042) Norman Conquest (1066),2,The Early Settlers (-55 B.C.)8,000 years ago Great Britain became an islandNatives of Britain Iberians

2、 (3000BC-2000BC) The first settlers of Britain from the Mediterranean area,3,Stonehenge in Southwest England Built between 3000 BC and 1000 BC The most famous prehistoric monument and tourist attraction,4,The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC. tall and golden-haired from Central Europe farm

3、ers warlike people,5,Roman Britain (55 B.C.- 410),British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation.,6,Roman Invasion,7,Roman Civilization The month “July” is named after Julius Caesar himself

4、. Christianity to Britain Extraordinary achievement in building roads “All Roads Lead to Rome” Hadrians Wall Englands great wall 2000 years ago,8,9,Roman influence on Britain was limited. First, the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Second, never during the 4 cent

5、uries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. Third, the Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.,10,Anglo-Saxon Britain (410-871)Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-SaxonsThe Angle, Saxon, and Jute tribes invaded in 5th and 6th centuriesThe Anglo-Saxons left their hom

6、e in northern Germany and Denmark. The Heptarchy: seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria contended for hegemony,11,St. Augustin The first Archbishop of Canterbury in 601 He built the Canterbury Cathedral. He introduced Christianity to England. Th

7、e founder of the English church,12,King ArthurThe best-known English legendThe 5th century Story King Arthur united the BritishHis famous round table knightsDrove the Saxons back with his magical swordA hero of British, who leads the defense against the Anglo-Saxon invaders in the early 6th century,

8、13,14,Viking(871-1042) Invasion time In the late 8th century From Denmark Norsemen, “people from the North” From 1017 to 1041 England was ruled by Danish kings.,15,Alfred the Great The king of Wessex The father of British navy A capable military leaderand administrator,16,Westminster Abbey In 1042 B

9、y Edward, King of England, a faithful Christian One of the oldest buildings in London A living monument to British history Almost all English kings have been crowned there.,17,18,Influences of the Danish Invasion Many Danish words became a part of the British vocabulary. Such as: sky, they, their, t

10、hem, bank, gate, guess etc. British system of counting was adopted from the Danes. Like: dozen, penny, foot. Many names of English towns are borrowed from the Danes.,19,Norman Conquest The last foreign invasion in England The best-known event in English history Duke William of Normandy, from norther

11、n FranceWilliam is often referred to as William the Conqueror.,20,On October 14, 1066William and his army defeated the English army in the battle of Hastings.William was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey, known as William I of England.This invasion is called Norman Conquest.,21,Influences

12、 of Norman Conquest Language- French replaced English as the language of the ruling classes.-The period of Middle English began.,22, Architecture The Tower of London (The most famous castle) England became a land of castlesDoomsday Book- the base for future taxation- a useful source of information f

13、or the monarchs,23,Robin Hood Englands best-loved legend Heroic Saxonnoblemen oppressed by the Normans “Merry men” robbed from the rich to give to the poor.,24,British Invasion History,25,Part II The Feudal Britain (1066-1485)Key Points:1. Common Law2. The Magna Carta3. The beginning of Parliament4.

14、 The decline of feudalism,26,Feudal Britain Norman Conquest marked the establishment of feudalism in England1. After the Norman Conquest, feudalism was established in England.2. The nobility gradually gained power.3. State mechanism was gradually established such as the parliamentary system and the

15、common law.,27,The succession of monarchsKings: William I(1066-1154)-(grandson)-Henry II(1154-1189)-(son)-Richard I(1189-1199)-(brother)-King John(1199-1216)-(son)-Henry III(1216-1272)-Edward III-,28,Achievements:Norman conquest-the common law-crusades-the Magna Carta-the beginning of parliament- th

16、e establishment of parliamentary system.,29,The beginning of the parliament When?-1264, The nobles defeated the king Who?-Simon de Monfort VS Henry III,30,How?Simon de Monfort made changes in the formation of the Great Council- added some commoners into the council Significance?- laid the foundation

17、 for the development of the English parliament,31,The decline of FeudalismRoot:the foundation of the manor system was shakenSeveral events shook the foundation of the feudal society.The Hundred Years WarThe Black MouthTylers RebellionThe War of the Roses,32,The Hundred Years WarTime: 1337-1453 Event

18、 A series of wars between England and France,33, Unexpected benefits The ruling Normans began to regard England as their home. English was reestablished as the official language.,34,Joan of Arc A famous peasant girl Under Joan of Arc, French won a number of victories. Regarded as a national French h

19、eroine.,35,The War of the Roses A series of civil wars between supporters of Lancaster and York. The badges a red rose Vs. a white one Reason In 1455 the Duke of York tried todisplace the Lancaster king, Henry VI. Result In 1485, Henry Tudor, as Henry VII,founded the Tudor Monarchy.,36,The Beginning

20、 of the Modern WorldFrom the 16th to the 20th century,37,Part III House of Tudor,38,Key points: The Enclosure Movement Geographical Discovery The Renaissance The Reformation Henry VIII Bloody Mary The Elizabethan Age,39,1.The Enclosure Movement,In the 16th century, the development oftextile industry

21、 pushed up the price of wool.Landlords began to turn large areas ofarable land into sheep grazing land.,40,2. Geographical Discovery Why?- A shortage of gold & silver caused by the increasein production & the expansion of trade in Europe. When? In the 15th century How?rush for gold -rush for spice-g

22、eographical discovery Who?- Portugal, Spanish, Britain,41,British expansion In 1497,John Cabot sailed to New-found land in North America Sir Francis Drake, the first Englishman who sailed round the world. Chartered Companies.- The East India Company,42,3. The Renaissance When? late 14th C the early

23、16th C Where? Italy-the rest of Europe What?The rebirth of interest in classic cultures of ancient Greece and Rome which were neglected by the Europeans in the Middle Ages.,43,Who?- many literary figuresWilliam ShakespeareThomas More,Edmund Spencer,Francis Bacon,Christopher Marlowe,44,What do they h

24、ave in common?- praised life and attacked feudal cruelty, ignorance and destruction of human rights- promoted education and reform- voiced enduring ideas,45,4. The Reformation When? 1517-1646 Who? Martin Luther Where? West Europe What?A great revolution in the Christian church,46, Results?- it ended

25、 the supreme power of the Pope of the Christian church- two religious camps were formed: Catholic and Protestant,47,The English Reformation Who? King Henry VIII Why? Henry VIIIs divorce Results? Married six times,48,- the King declared himself as thesupreme Head of the Church of England- the religio

26、us authority was transferred successfully from the Pope to the king.,49,Bloody Mary Who?- Mary Tudor,a sincere Catholic Why bloody?- she persecuted trueProtestants and executedmore than 300 people,50,Elizabeth I (1553-1603) The last Tudor monarch The Golden Age The English navydefeated the SpanishAr

27、mada in 1588 The flourishing of English drama,51,Part IV House of Stuart,52,Key points The Divine right of Kings Charles I The Civil War Cromwell Restoration The Glorious Revolution,53,Charles I (1625 - 1649)BeliefBelieved in the old theory “Divine right of Kings”The kings power came directly from G

28、od, not from the people.Dismissed parliament for 11 years,54,The Civil War (1642-1649) Event Charles I burst into the Houses of Parliament to arrest leading members of the Parliament. Between The Roundheads (supporters of Parliament) The Cavaliers (supporters of the King),55,Result of the Civil War

29、The execution of Charles I Oliver Cromwell formed republicanEngland, the Commonwealth of England. English monarchy was abolished.,56,Restoration Who? Charles II When? 1661,4,23. How?- politically, restore the old social order- religiously, reestablished a new system- economically, established Englis

30、hcolonies in America,57,The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830) The industrial Revolution refers to themechanisation of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late18th and early 19th centuries.,58,Consequences of the industrial Revolution1 Britain was

31、 by 1830 the “workshop of the world”;2 Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nations wealth.,59,3 Mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest in it . The working men worked and lived in a appallingconditions.4 The industrial revolution created the industrial workin

32、g class, the proletariat, and it later led to trade unionism.,60,The Glorious Revolution When? 1688 Why?-The parliament did not want a Catholic succession after the Kings death. What?- The parliament invited Mary and Williamto rule England together-in 1689, the Bill of Rights became law,61,Significa

33、nce?- a new system, the ConstitutionalMonarchy, was born- the political struggle between the king and the parliament came to an end- the end of the divine right of the king- the Act of Succession in 1701, noCatholic monarch,62,Queen Victoria The Grandmother of Europe” The longest reign (1837-1901) V

34、ictorias TimeBritain became the mostpowerful and richestcountry in the world.British Empire reached itshighest point and wascalled “the Empire on whichthe sun never sets”.,63,Britain in World War I Result- Victorious- A huge national debt- Lost her sea supremacy- Overtaken by the United States,64,Britain in World War IIBorrowed large amounts of debt from the United States and Canada.Over 1,000 million pounds of overseas investments were sold.Economy slid from the 2nd largest economy tothe 6th in the world.,65,