水声学的历史国内外现状及其未来发展课件.ppt
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1、水声学的历史、国内外现状及其发展方向,水声学Underwater Acoustics,水声学是声学的一个分支学科。主要研究声波在水下的产生、传播和接收过程,用以解决与水下目标探测和信息传输过程有关的声学问题。,水声的重要性,声波是已知的唯一能够在水中远距离传播的波动,在这方面远比电磁波(如无线电波、光波等)好。水声学随着海洋的开发和利用发展起来,并得到了广泛的应用。,水声声速测量,The first being the measurement of the speed of sound in seawater, ca. 1816, by Francois Beudant, in the Fre
2、nch Mediterranean, involving an underwater bell and a swimmer waving a flag.,水声声速测量,A more precise determination, with improved lightsound synchronization (Figure 1.2), was made in 1826 by Colladon and Sturm, in Lake Geneva.,The Titanic and the Fessenden oscillator,The tragic collision and subsequen
3、t sinking of RMS Titanic on the night of April 14/15, 1912 resulted in a flurry of activity and ideas directed at providing advance warning of nearby icebergs.,Reginald Fessenden patented an electromagnetic transducer in 1913 and demonstrated its use by detecting the presence of an iceberg on April
4、27, 1914 at a distance of nearly two miles (i.e., approximately 34 km). This device became known as the Fessenden oscillator,WW1: a sense of urgency,It took an even greater tragedy, the loss of life inflicted by U-boats during WW1, to provide the focus of intellect and resources that would lead to t
5、he development of a working underwater detection system.,WW1: a sense of urgency,French and British efforts began in 1915, with Paul Langevin working in Paris with Russian engineer Constantin Chilowski, while A. B.Wood worked with Harold Gerrard in Manchester. The focus of the French research was on
6、 echolocation (active sonar in modern terminology), while the British team concentrated initially on listening devices known as hydrophones (passive sonar).,Langevin continued with his own work in Toulon, and by February 1918 had obtained echoes from a submarine using the high-frequency (40kHz) quar
7、tz transducers. Boyle followed suit a month later with a submarine echo from a distance of 500 yd (about 460 m).The term sonar was coined during WW2.,WW1: a sense of urgency,Origins of passive sonar,An experimental device comprising two towed eels and two ship-mounted M-V tubes was fitted to an Amer
8、ican destroyer in April 1918.,Sonar in its infancy (19181939),Fathometers and fish findersNational research laboratoriesTemperature and the afternoon effect,Sonar comes of age (1939),WW2水声换能器的革新,关于温度梯度影响声传播路径的机理、声吸收系数随频率变化等水声学研究的成就,使声呐得以不断改进,并在第二次世界大战期间反德国潜艇的大西洋战役中起了重要作用。,温度梯度对声传播路径的影响,温度梯度对声传播路径的影响
9、,典型声速结构,温度梯度对声传播路径的影响,温度梯度对声传播路径的影响,海水声吸收系数,随声波频率变化,第二次世界大战以后,为提高探测远距离目标(如潜艇)的能力,水声学研究的重点转向低频、大功率、深海和信号处理等方面。水声学应用的领域也越加广泛,出现了许多新装置,例如:水声制导鱼雷,音响水雷,主、被动扫描声呐,水声通信仪,声浮标,声航速仪,回声探测仪,鱼群探测仪,声导航信标,地貌仪,深、浅诲底地层剖面仪,水声释放器以及水声遥测、控制器等。,水声制导鱼雷三大类:机载、舰载和艇载,音响水雷能够感应一定距离内舰船发动机和螺旋桨发出的噪声,从而引爆水雷。,扫描声呐,水声通信仪,声浮标,声航速仪多普勒计
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