有创机械通气临床应用进展课件.ppt
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1、有创机械通气临床应用进展,2,乙胺碘呋酮致ARDS,2022/12/2,3,国内首例MDS继发PAP,4,胸腺瘤合并免疫缺陷疾病 Goods syndrome,5,丙基硫氧嘧啶相关血管炎继发肺泡出血综合征,6,细支气管肺泡癌(IV期),7,双侧肺动脉主干栓塞,2022/12/2,8,桥脑(呼吸调整中枢和长吸中枢),延髓(节律呼吸控制中枢),大脑皮层(随意呼吸控制中枢),脊髓(神经信息传导与反馈通道),呼吸系统,循环系统,通过气血屏障进行气体交换,排出二氧化碳,进行氧合,吸入氧,排出二氧化碳,Mortality rates of severe respiratory failure patien
2、ts during the past years,9,Ann Intern Med. 2004 ;140(5):338-345,正压机械通气的目的,正压机械通气能够解决肺的通气和部分换气功能能够有效改善和维持最适氧合和促进二氧化碳排出,维持生命支持的氧的需要,为疾病的恢复赢得时机在进行正压机械通气的同时,应采取有效的措施尽量减小机械通气相关副作用,10,11,机械通气为正压通气,与人体正常情况下的负压呼吸相违背,因而也可产生多种与机械通气的相关并发症,出血性肺损伤,Biotrauma,气胸,氧中毒,正压机械通气的并发症,12,呼吸机所致肺损伤(Ventilator induced lung i
3、njury, VILI),Concept of VILI 机械通气患者机械通气过程中出现肺泡的反复萎陷/复张和/或肺的过度膨胀而继发的肺实质损伤肺的基础疾病会增加发生VILI的几率,尤其是ARDS/ALI患者,Respir Care . 2005; 50(5):649,13,History of VILI,从基础到临床,Intensive Care Med. 2006; 32:2433,14,Risk factors of VILI,Baby lung:The “baby lung” concept originated as an offspring of computed tomograp
4、hy examinations which showed in most patients with ALI/ARDS that the normally aerated tissue has the dimensions of the lung of a 5- to 6-year-old child,B: baby lung,Br J Anaesth 2004;92:261-70,2022/12/2,15,Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2004; 20: 358365,16,Aggravating Lung Injury Factors,Decreased Lung V
5、olumes- effects on surfactant- recruitment/de-recruitment,17,Respir Care . 2005; 50(5):649,18,Biological markers of VILI,CHEST 2006; 130:19061914,PBEF: preB-cell colony enhancing factorsTNFR: soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor,2022/12/2,19,Low end expiratory pressure: Atelectrauma,3,Risk factors
6、 of VILI,Acute Respiratory Failure Classification,ALI/ARDSNon ALI/ARDS: AECOPD, Asthma, Acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary embolism,20,2022/12/2,21,Respir Care. 2001;46(2):130-148,Low tidal volume ventilation,Should Tidal Volume Be 6 mL/kg Predicted Body Weight inVirtua
7、lly All Patients With Acute Respiratory Failure?,2022/12/2,22,Crit Care Med.2008; 36:296327,Low tidal volume ventilation: ALI/ARDS,23,Low tidal volume ventilation: ALI/ARDS,24,ARDSNet. N Eng J Med 2000;342:1301-1308.,Low tidal volume ventilation: ALI/ARDS,2022/12/2,25,Mortality* - Low vs. Traditiona
8、l Tidal Volume,VT:6.20.8ml/kg,VT:11.80.8ml/kg,P=0.007,death before discharge home and breathing without assistance,ARDSNet. N Eng J Med 2000;342:1301-1308.,Low tidal volume ventilation: ALI/ARDS,2022/12/2,26,ARDSNet. N Eng J Med 2000;342:1301-1308.Eichacker PQ, et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002
9、 ; 166: 1510-1514.,Day 1,0,15,20,25,30,35,40,Traditional VT,Low VT,Day 3,Day 7,Plateau pressure(cmH2O),Pplat- Low vs. Traditional Tidal Volume,339,257,349,267,379,267,Low tidal volume ventilation: ALI/ARDS,2022/12/2,27,Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;172: 12411245Respir Care. 2007;52(5):556 564,Low
10、tidal volume ventilation: ALI/ARDS,ARR: absolute risk reduction.,Control:Pplat:16-26cmH2OLow VT:Pplat:10-20cmH2O,Control:Pplat:26-31cmH2OLow VT:Pplat:20-25cmH2O,2022/12/2,28,A,B,A: Patients of the more protected,B: Patients of the Less protected,Red: hyperinflated (between 901 and 1,000 HU)Blue: nor
11、mally aerated (between 501 and 900 HU)Yellow: poorly aerated (between 101 and 500 HU)Green: nonaerated (between 100 and 100 HU),Am J Respir Crit Care Med.2007;175:160166,VT: 6.0ml/kgPEEP: 9-12cmH2O,Low tidal volume ventilation: ALI/ARDS,29,Am J Respir Crit Care Med.2007;175:160166,Low tidal volume v
12、entilation: ALI/ARDS,2022/12/2,30,Am J Respir Crit Care Med.2007;175:160166,Low tidal volume ventilation: ALI/ARDS,2022/12/2,31,Am J Respir Crit Care Med.2007;175:160166,Low tidal volume ventilation: ALI/ARDS,2022/12/2,32,Am J Respir Crit Care Med.2007;175:160166,小潮气通气的情况下仍有大量肺泡处于萎陷状态和继发VILI的危险性Ppla
13、t应限制在28 cm H2O以达到肺保护的目的,Low tidal volume ventilation: ALI/ARDS,2022/12/2,33,Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 ; 166(11): 1510-1514,Optimal VT,Low tidal volume ventilation: ALI/ARDS,2022/12/2,34,Crit Care Med . 2004; 32:18171824,Low tidal volume ventilation: Non-ALI/ARDS,VILI in patients without ALI at
14、 the onset of mechanical ventilation,35,Air Trapping,Inspiration,Expiration,Volume (ml),Flow (L/min),Does not returnto baseline,NormalAbnormal,Low tidal volume ventilation: AECOPD & Asthma,潮气量(VT)或气道压力(Paw)目标潮气量达到6-8ml/kg即可,或使平台压不超过30cmH2O和/或气道峰压不超过35-40cmH2O,以避免DPH的进一步加重和气压伤的发生同时要配合一定的通气频率以保证基本的分钟通
15、气量,使PaCO2值逐渐恢复到缓解期水平,以避免PaCO2下降过快而导致的碱中毒的发生通气频率(f)需与潮气量配合以保证基本的分钟通气量,同时注意过高频率可能导致DPH加重,一般10-15次/分即可吸气流速(flow) 一般选择较高的峰流速(40-60L/min),使吸呼比(I:E)1:2,以延长呼气时间同时满足AECOPD患者较强的通气需求,降低呼吸功耗,并改善气体交换,36,Low tidal volume ventilation: AECOPD,中华急诊医学杂志 2007; 16(4): 350-357,37,Low tidal volume ventilation: Asthma,In
16、tensive Care Med .2006; 32:501510,*:适当的镇静与肌松是必要的,急性心源性肺水肿(ACPE)主要表现为肺间质水肿和氧弥散障碍,致氧合受阻有创正压机械通气应采取小潮气通气策略(VT:6-8ml/kg),使Pplat 30cmH2O维持胸腔内压保持较为稳定的水平对ACPE有创机械通气患者至关重要,因此治疗初期适当应用镇静药物以保持人机同步是必要的,38,2022/12/2,Low tidal volume ventilation: -Acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema,Lancet. 2006;367:1155-1163 Thora
17、x. 2002; 57:192-211,2022/12/2,39,Low tidal volume ventilation,39,Respir Care 2007;52(5):556 564.,40,对于肺气体交换功能衰竭的患者来说,为限制气道平台压,不得不将潮气量降低,允许PaCO2高于正常,即所谓的允许性高碳酸血症,允许性高碳酸血症是肺保护性通气策略的结果,并非治疗目标急性二氧化碳升高导致酸血症可产生一系列病理生理学改变,包括脑及外周血管扩张、心率加快、血压升高和心输出量增加等。但研究证实,实施肺保护性通气策略时一定程度的高碳酸血症是安全的需要注意的是,颅内压增高疾病是应用允许性高碳酸血症
18、的禁忌证,对于有颅脑外伤等颅压增高的呼吸衰竭患者应采取适当过度通气的策略,如通气频率加快,必要时采取气管内吹气等方法使得PaCO2正常或低于正常,Low tidal volume ventilation,2022/12/2,41,PEEP是维持呼气末肺泡复张、促进氧合的最为有效手段被认为是20世纪末临床医学十大进展之一,Respir Care . 2005; 50(5):649,Positive End Expiratory Pressure: PEEP,42,PEEP利弊比较,肺泡复张 肺泡过度扩张(气压伤)改善PaO2 心输出量减少(氧输送减少)保护肺免受通气机损伤 吸气肌用力减少减少吸气
19、功 脑血流灌注减少改善肺顺应性 支撑稳定胸壁驱动远端气道分泌物,利,弊,Positive End Expiratory Pressure: PEEP,常用的PEEP调节方法:FiO2-PEEP递增法(PaO2经验法):首先设定机械通气的氧合目标,一般为PaO2 5580mmHg,或SaO2 8895%,然后交替提高PEEP和FiO2的水平,以达到氧合目标的PEEP水平为适当的PEEP低位转折点法:该方法首先以低流速法描记压力-容积曲线,以目测法或双向直线回归法测定低位转折点压力(Pinf),以作为设置PEEP的依据(Pinf2cmH2O)平台压(Pplat)法:依据动态观察Pplat的变化选择
20、最佳PEEP,原则上Pplat增加值PEEP调节增加值即可进一步调节PEEP直至Pplat增加值PEEP调节增加值,然后降低1-2cmH2O即可,43,Positive End Expiratory Pressure: PEEP,44,ARDSNet. N Eng J Med 2004;351:327-336.,Positive End Expiratory Pressure: PEEP,ARDS广泛肺泡塌陷不但可导致顽固的低氧血症,而且部分可复张的肺泡周期性塌陷开放而产生剪切力,会导致或加重呼吸机相关肺损伤充分复张塌陷肺泡后应用适当水平PEEP防止呼气末肺泡塌陷,改善低氧血症,并避免剪切力,
21、防治呼吸机相关肺损伤因此,ARDS应采用能防止肺泡塌陷的最低PEEP,45,PEEP: ALI/ARDS,2022/12/2,46,Mortality - Low PEEP vs. High PEEP,PEEP:8.33.2cmH2O,PEEP:13.23.5cmH2O,P=0.48,ARDSNet. N Eng J Med 2004;351:327-336.,PEEP: ALI/ARDS,2022/12/2,47,Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:6,ARDSexp,ARDSp,PEEP: ALI/ARDS,48,2022/12/2,Alveolar R
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