英语语法基础知识课件.ppt
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1、英语语法基础知识,第 一 讲 词 句子成分 句子,一.英语句子的构成:词(短语)句子成分(从句)句子段落语篇),二.英语词(短语)的分类A.根据词的形式、意义及其在句子中的功用将词分为若干类,叫做词类(parts of speech)。英语的词通常分为十大类:,1.名词(noun,缩写为n.)是人和事物的名称。2.代词(pronoun, 缩写为pron.)是用来代替名词 的词。3.形容词(adjective,缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词。4.动词(verb,缩写为 v.)表示动作和状态5.副词(adverb, 缩写为adv.)是修饰动词、形容 词和副词的词。,6.连词(conjunction,
2、 缩写为conj.)是连接词、 短语、从句和句子的词。7.介词(preposition, 缩写为prep.)表示 名词(或代词)与句子里其它词的关系。8.冠词(article, 缩写为 art.)说明名词所指的人 或物的词。9.数词(numeral, 缩写为num.)是表示“多少” 和“第几”的词。10.感叹词(interjection, 缩写为int.)表示感情。 如:oh,aha, well, etc.,B. 短语(phrase)具有一定意义,在句子里可以 单独作为一个句子成分。英语短语主要有:不定式短语(infinitive phrase) 如:He likes to read news
3、paper after supper.动名词短语(gerundial phrase)如:Staying indoors all day is unhealthy.分词短语(participial phrase)如:I saw many people walking along the lake.The bridge built last year is now being repaired.介词短语(prepositional phrase)如:He came here by bus.,1.名词(noun)定义:表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词,叫做名词。例如:baby time air
4、 Shanghai 名词的分类:英语名词可以分为 1)普通名词(common noun) 普通名词是某一类人、某一类事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名词。例如:student water pleasure machine health 2)专有名词(proper noun)专有名词是个别的人、团体、地方、机构或事物的名称。其中的实词的第一个字母必须大写。例如: Lei Feng China Guangzhou the Great Wall Peiying Middle School,普通名词可进一步分为:1)集体名词(collective noun):集体名词是某一些人或物的总称。例如:class
5、team family army2)物质名词(material noun)物质名词表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的实物。例如: water air hire steel grain 3)抽象名词(abstract noun)抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质或其他抽象概念。例如: happiness sadness work pleasure 名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun)和不可数名词(uncountable noun):可数名词: students computers tomatoes pianos 不可数名词: rain water pleasure advice注意
6、: glass glasses paper papers tea teas fruit fruits water waters,2.代词(pronoun)定义:代词是代替名词的词。 代词的分类:英语代词可以分为 1)人称代词 (personal pronoun),2.代词(pronoun)定义:代词是代替名词的词。 代词的分类:英语代词可以分为 1)人称代词 (personal pronoun),2)物主代词 表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词。物主代词可以分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词 形容词性物主代词,2)物主代词 表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词。物主代词可以分为形容词性物主代词和名词性
7、物主代词 形容词性物主代词,名词性物主代词,名词性物主代词,3)反身代词 表示反射(指一个动作回射到该动作执行者本身)或强调(即用来加强名词或代词的语气)的代词叫做反身代词。,3)反身代词 表示反射(指一个动作回射到该动作执行者本身)或强调(即用来加强名词或代词的语气)的代词叫做反身代词。,4)不定代词 不是指明代替任何特定名词(或形容词)的代词叫做不定代词。 some something somebody someoneany anything anybody anyoneno nothing nobody no oneevery everything everybody everyonea
8、ll both neither either none each other(s) another one much many few a few little a little另外,英语代词还有: 指示代词 疑问代词 关系代词 相互代词,3. 形容词 形容词(adjective) 是修饰名词表示名词属性的词,常放在它所修饰的名词之前 (形容词修饰不定代词something, anything, nothing等须后置)。例如: a lovely baby the beautiful picture modern history something important nothing wron
9、g形容词有比较级和最高级,不用比较等级的形容词称为原级。形容词的比较级形式是:“adj. er” 或“moreadj.”。它的最高级形式是:“adj.est” 或 most adj.” 例如:great greater greatest brave braver bravest happy happier happiest clever cleverer cleverest difficult more difficult most difficult,注意:1) 闭音节单音节词 末尾只有一个辅音字母,须先双写这个辅音字母,再加-er 和-est. big bigger biggest hot
10、 hotter hottest thin thinner thinnest2)不规则变化: good (well) better best bad worse worst many (much) more most little less least far farther, further farthest, furthest,4. 副词 副词(adverb) 修饰动词、形容词和其他副词等,说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。例如: often quickly firmly early happily how when where why however therefore otherwise
11、副词也有比较级和最高级,不用比较等级的副词称为原级。副词的比较级形式和最高级形式变化与形容词完全相同 adj.” 例如:hard harder hardest fast faster fastest early earlier earliest quickly more quickly most quickly badly worse worst,5. 数词 表示“多少” 和“第几”的词,叫做数词(numeral)。数次可分为基数词和序数词。 例如: one two three four five nine twelvefirst second third fourth fifth ninth
12、 twelfth分数和百分数:1/3 one-third 2/3 two-thirds90% ninety percent 35% thirty-five percent 编号用基数词:Unit 1 Exercise 5 Room 302 Class 7 Senior one有的也可以用序数词表示:the second floor年、月、日表示法:October 1, 1949 May 18, 1996,三.英语句子成分英语句子成分有主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、宾语(object)、表语(predicative)、定语(attribute)和状语(adverbial)、
13、补语(complement)等。,(一)主语:主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如:During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.We often speak English in class. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.,(名词),(代词),(不定式),
14、It is necessary to master a foreign language.Smoking does harm to the health. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.There is a super market around the street corner.With the bell ringing, in came our teacher.(二)谓语:谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。 The sun rises in the
15、east.He practices running every morning.You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. The delegation is to visit a few western countries.,(动名词),(主语从句),(三)表语:表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如 be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。Our teach
16、er of English is an American.The new expensive bicycle is mine. The weather has turned cold. The speech is exciting. Our teacher was satisfied with my work. Three times seven is twenty one? His job is to teach English. His hobby is playing football. The machine must be out of order. Time is up. The
17、class is over. The truth is that he has never been abroad.,(名词),(代词),(形容词),(现在分词),(过去分词短语),(数词),(不定式短语),(动名词短语),(介词短语),(副词),(表语从句),(四)宾语:宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者,一般位于 及物动词和介词后面。例如:They went to see an exhibition(展览)yesterday. The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. How many dictionaries do yo
18、u have? I have five. He pretended not to see me. The old woman didnt know what to do. I enjoy listening to popular music. He is used to working at night. I think(that)he is fit for his office.宾语种类:(1)双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语),有些及物动词可以带两个宾语,往往一个指人,一个指物,指人的叫间接宾语,指物的叫直接宾语。Lend me your dictionary, please.(2)复合宾语 T
19、hey elected him their monitor.,(名词),(代词),(数词),(不定式短语),(不定式短语),(动名词短语),(宾语从句),(动名词短语),(五)宾语补足语: 英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补助语,对宾语的动作、状态、身份、特征等内容进行补充说明,才能使句子的意义完整。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式(短语)、分词(短语)、介词短语和从句充当。例如:We elected him our monitor. They painted their boat white. Let the fresh air in. You mustnt for
20、ce him to lend his money to you.We saw her entering the room. When I came back to my hometown, I found it greatly changed. We found everything in the lab in good order. We will soon make our city what your city is now.,(名词),(形容词),(副词),(不定式短语),(现在分词短语),(过去分词短语),(介词短语),(宾语从句),(六)定语:修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语
21、。定语可由以下列词、短语、句子表示:Guilin is a beautiful city. China is a developing country; America is a developed country. There are thirty women teachers is our school. His rapid progress in English made us surprised. Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.The teaching plan for next term has been
22、 worked out.He is reading an article about how to learn English.Thank you for the help which you have given me.,(形容词),(现在/过去分词),(名词),(代词),(不定式短语),(动名词),(介词短语),定语从句,(七)状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。可由以下形式表示:Light travels most quickly. He has lived in the city for ten years. He is proud to h
23、ave passed the national college entrance examination. He is in the room making a model plane. Given more time, well do much better.Once you begin, you must continue. 状语种类:How about meeting again at six?(时间状语)Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.(原因状语)I shall go there if it
24、doesnt rain.(条件状语)Mr Smith lives on the third floor.(地点状语),(副词),(介词短语),(不定式短语),(现在分词短语),(过去分词短语),(状语从句),She put the eggs into the basket with great care.(方式状语)She came in with a dictionary in her hand.(伴随状语)In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.(目的状语)He was so tired that he fell a
25、sleep immediately.(结果状语)She works very hard though she is old.(让步状语)I am taller than he is.(比较状语),四.词类和句子成分的关系在句子里,一定的词类(短语)可以充当一定的句子成分;反过来说,一定的句子成分要由一定的词类(短语)来担任。,阅读并划分下列句子成分:1. The teachers decision made John happy.2. He did the work yesterday, but he did not finish it.3. The dishes taste deliciou
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