英语语法名词性从句课件.ppt
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1、名词性从句Nominal Clauses,名词性从句是由if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句,在句子中起名词作用。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等,因此分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。,引导名词性从句的连接词,引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类: 连接词:that, whether, if (不充当从句的任何成分)连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.连接副词:when, where, how, why,中世纪,普遍相信地心说(
2、geocentric theory)。Geocentric theory was wildly believed in the Middle Ages.Geocentric theory: the earth is the center of our planetary systemThat the earth is the center of our planetary system was wildly believed in the Middle Ages.,主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。,一主语从句,It is 名
3、词 ( a pleasure, a pity, a pleasant thing, ones duty, an honor, a shame, no easy job, a fact, a good thing, a waste of time) 从句 It is 形容词 (clear, important, possible, necessary, strange, unnecessary etc.) 从句 It is natural that 很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是,1. It作形式主语的结构,(3) It 不及物动词 从句 It seems that 似乎
4、 It happened that 碰巧 It appears that 似乎 It had been found that 已经发现 It must be pointed out that 需要指出 It has been proved that 业已证明(4) It is 过去分词 (well-known, said, reported, recorded, noted, estimated, believed 等) 从句,2. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较,it 作形式主语为了平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词没有变化。it引导的强调句无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that。被强
5、调部分指人可用who It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. It is in the morning that the murder took place. It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not.It is John that broke the window.,3. 主语从句不可位于句首的几种情况:,(1)if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 If it is true remains a problem. Whether it is true remains a pro
6、blem. (2)It is said /reported结构中的主语从句不可提前。 It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.,(3)It happens/occurs结构中的主语从句不可提前。 It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. That he failed in the examination occurred
7、 to him. (4)It doesnt matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句不可提前。It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter.,4. what 与that引导主语从句的区别 a). what 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语宾语表语,而that 则只是一种“标识 ”,告知后面是一个从句。 1) What you said yesterday is right. It is right what you said yesterday.
8、 (what引导主语从句表示“的东西 ”时,一般 不用it做形式主语。) 2) That she is still alive is a consolation. It is a consolation that she is still alive.,b). What 可以解释为the thing(s) that, 即“的东西/事情 ”,而that没有实际的意思,只是一种语法作用,如: What he lost was his newly bought pen.=The thing that he lost was his newly bought pen.,宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名
9、词性从句,通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。宾语从句的语序仍然用陈述句语序。 I didnt expect your forgiveness. I didnt expect you forgiving me. I didnt expect that you could forgive me.,二宾语从句,1. 作动词的宾语 (1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略) I heard that he joined the army. (2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句 She did not know what had happened.
10、I wonder whether/if you can change this note for me.当句末为or not时,引导词只能用whether而不能用if. I dont know whether it is going to rain or not. (3) 动词间接宾语宾语从句。例如: She told me that she would accept my invitation.,2. 作介词的宾语 Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 以that引导的宾语从句很少用作介词的宾
11、语,只有在except, but, besides, in等介词后才可使用。 Your thesis is quite all right except that the organization is a bit too loose. I like the city, but I like the country better in that I have more friends in the country.,3. 作形容词的宾语 I am afraid (that) Ive made a mistake. 如anxious, aware, certain, confident, con
12、vinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等表示情感、心理活动或确信的意义时,后面的从句被看作是宾语从句。 也可以将此类词后的that 从句看作原因状语从句。,4. it 可以作为形式宾语 真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾,特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如: We heard it that she would get married next month. Im
13、 afraid that I have to make it clear that its totally up to you yourselves to decide whether you will go to the South Lake this weekend or not.,5. 否定的转移 若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等,其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义,一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定式。例如: I dont think this dress fits
14、you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。注意:若谓语动词为hope, 否定词不能转移。I hope you werent ill. 我想你没有生病吧。,陈述句变为引导的宾语从句,1. He said, “You are younger than I ”. 2. He says, “Tom is a good student ”.,He said that I was younger than him.,He says that Tom is a good student.,直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系,一般疑问句变为if (whether)引导的宾语从句,1. She said,
15、“ Do you often come here to read newspaper? ”2. “Will they go to visit the Great Wall?” he asked.,She asked if (whether) I often came here to read newspaper.,He asked if (whether) they would go to visit the Great Wall.,直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系,1. He asked, “Where do you live?”2. “How can we get to the post
16、-office?” he asked.,He asked where I lived.,He asked how they could get to the post-office.,特殊疑问句变为who, what, when等引导的宾语从句,直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系,Although Anna is happy with her success, she wonders _ will happen to her private life.A. that B. whatC. it D. this,在复合句中作表语的名词性从句,放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语连系动词表语从句”。引导
17、表语从句的that常可省略。另外,常用的还有the reason is that 和It is because/why 等结构。,三表语从句,The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time. whether不可以用if代替2) This is why we cant get the support of the people.3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4) The reason he is late
18、for school is that he missed the early bus.,同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句,对抽象名词做进一步解释。That一般不能省略。,四同位语从句,There is a danger.Oxford will not retain its world position.,There is a danger that Oxford will not retain its world position.,1. 同位语从句的功能 同位语从句对于名词进一步解释,说明名词的具体内容,一般由that引导 1) The kings decision tha
19、t the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. 2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.,2. 同位语在句子中的位置 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面,而是被别的词隔开。 He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.,3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别,定语从句中的that既代替先行词,同时也在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语)
20、,而同位语从句中的that是连词,只起连接主句与从句的作用,不充当句中任何成分。 The idea that one does the work without thinking is wrong. The idea that you put forward at the meeting is wrong.,(2) 定语从句是形容词性的,其功能是修饰先行词,对先行词加以限定,描述其性质或特征;同位语从句是名词性的,其功能是对名词进行补充说明。,The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.The news that
21、 Tom would go abroad is told by him.,if, whether引导的名词从句,. 选择性疑问从句选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whetheror或whetheror not构成,如:Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. I dont care whether you like the plan or not.,总结,. whether 与 if 均为 “是否” 的意思。但在下列情况下,whether 不能被 if 所取代:1.whether 引导主语从句在句首的位置,应当用whether,
22、不用if Whether it is true remains a problem. Whether he will come, I am not sure.2. 引导表语从句用whether,不用if The question is whether you should accept it.,3. whether可以引导从句作介词的宾语,而if 不能 Im not interested in whether theyll go or not. It depends on whether we have got enough money.4. whether可以直接跟动词不定式连用,而if 不
23、能 I didnt know whether to laugh or to cry. She hasnt decided whether to go or not.5.引导同位语从句用whether,不用if The question whether hell attend the meeting is essential.,That与what的区别a). that 可以引导名词性从句,也可以引导定语从句,而what则只能引导名词性从句,却不可以引导定语从句。The fact that shocked us is what Id like to tell him.,b). What引导的从句可
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