英语词语翻译技巧课件.ppt
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1、英汉词语的翻译技巧,朱云汉2012-10,1. 判断词义,英语词义灵活多变,一词多义(Polysemy)现象十分普遍。 “词本无义,义随人生(Words do not have meanings; people have meanings for them.)”,“词义随上下文而变(Each word when used in a new context is a new word.)”。红楼梦的译者David Hawks把卜世仁英译成Hardly Human,他很巧妙地创造了一个英文姓,译出了声音,又暗含“不是人”的隐义,实在难得。AHuxley写过一篇文章,题为Two or Three G
2、races,说是有个叫Grace的女人,嫁了三次,三次改变其性格,某高手将其译为“二三其德”,也是妙笔。摘自 宋献春 词语的翻译,1.1通过查阅字典等工具书来确定词义,What you have always wanted until now has been a set, steady, constant purpose. I therefore exhort you to persevere in a thorough determination to do whatever you have to do as well as you can do it. I was not so old
3、 as you are now when I first had to win my food, and do this out of this determination, and I have never slackened in it since.,Wanted-根据英汉大词典Want 作及物动词的释义包括:1.要;想要;希望;2. 缺少,缺乏;3. (主英)需要;4. 想见,要求(某人)到来,想与(某人)谈话,想用(某人);5.缉拿,追捕;6. 感到缺少;7. (后接不定式)应该。参考译文直到当前为止,你所缺乏的一直是确定的,持续不变的目标。因此我极力劝告你,以坚定的决心去做你必须要做
4、以及你能够做的事情,并坚持到底。我初次必须自食其力(自谋生计)时,年岁还不及你大。我即借着此种决心,迄今从未松懈。,1.2通过分析句子、句群的语法结构来判断词义,词语在句子中受到前后词语的约束,其意义范围缩小了许多。句子的语法结构通常可以作为分析词义的一个依据,例如:He took charge of his failing father and after a time obtained permission for his sister to live with him. Her malady frequently returned, but always with due warning
5、, when brother and sister would be seen walking together to the asylum, both weeping bitterly.,参考译文此后,他即照顾风烛残年的父亲,且在一段时间之后,获准自精神病院中将他的姐姐接回与他同住。她的疾病经常复发,所幸皆有征兆,此时人们见到他们姐弟二人相偕走向精神病院,双双泣不成声。,Few expected to see so large a man: he is gigantic, a six feet four at least; few expected to see so old a perso
6、n; his hair appears to have kept silvery record over fifty years; and then there was a notion in the minds of many that there must be something dashing and “fast” in his appearance, whereas his costume was perfectly plain, the expression of his face grave and earnest, his address perfectly unaffecte
7、d and such as we might expect to meet with in a well-bred man somewhat advanced in years. 参考译文很少人预料见到如此高大的一个人:他身材魁梧,身高至少也有六呎四吋。很少人预料见到年纪如此大的一个人,他的头发看起来已花白了五十多年。此外,在很多人的心目中,他的外表必定有些时髦和“放荡”的样子,但是,相反的是他衣着十分朴素,面部的表情严肃而诚挚,他的演讲十分自然,他具有我们可能遇到的年高德劭者的特征。,1.3通过分析上下文逻辑关系、篇章的整体效果等来判断词义,语境使词汇获得比喻意义、临时意义,使单个词语意义单
8、一化、具体化,从而使词语的意义得以判断和确定。傲慢与偏见开篇班内特夫人对丈夫说:Why, my dear, you must know, Mrs. Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large fortune from the north of England; that he came down on Monday in a chaise and four to see the place, and was so much delighted with it that he agreed with Mr. Morris
9、 immediately; that he is to take possession before Michaelmas, and some of his servants are to be in the house by the end of next week.,参考译文1哦,亲爱的,你得知道,朗格太太说,租尼日斐花园的是个阔少爷,他是英格兰北部的人;听说他星期一那天,乘着一辆驷马大轿车来看房子,看得非常中意,当场就和莫理斯先生谈妥了;他要在米迦勒节以前搬进来,打算下个周末先叫几个佣人来住。 参考译文2嗨,亲爱的,你可要知道,朗太太说,租内瑟菲德庄园的是英格兰北边来的一个年轻人,有大笔
10、家当;说他星期一坐了一辆驷马轿车来看了房子,一看就十分中意,马上跟莫里斯先生租妥,说要在米迦勒节以前就搬进去,而且他的几个佣人下个周末就要先住进去了。,2 选择用词,一般说来,英语词义比较灵活,词的涵义范围比较宽,比较丰富多变,词义对上下文的依赖性比较大,独立性比较小。汉语词义比较严谨,词的涵义范围比较狭窄,比较精确、固定,词义的伸缩性和对上下文的依赖性较小,独立性比较大。英语一向被认为是一种适应性、可塑性比较强的语言,它的适应性和可塑性突出地表现在词义的灵活性上。- 刘宓庆文体与翻译选择用词的依据多种多样,首先可以依据语篇的主题选择用词,其次可依据语篇的感情色彩来选择用词,最后可以依据语篇的
11、文体特点来选择用词。,2.1要注意所选用词的感情色彩和语体色彩,It is my comfort and my sincere conviction that you are going to try the life for which you are best fitted. I think its freedom and wildness more suited to you than any experiment in a study or office would ever have been; and without that training, you could have fo
12、llowed no other suitable occupation.,参考译文1你将体验的生活是最适合你的,这是我的安慰,也是我诚挚的信念。我认为那种自由与放荡不羁的生活较比书房或办公室的工作更适合于你。缺少那种训练,你就不能从事其他适合你的职业。 参考译文2你将体验的生活是最适合你的,这是我的安慰,也是我诚挚的信念。我认为那种自由与无拘无束的生活较比书房或办公室的工作更适合你。缺少那种训练,你就不能从事其他适合你的职业。,2.2慎用文言词和方言,Francis Bacon Of Studies Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and fo
13、r ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition of business. For expert men can exe-cute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling
14、of affairs, come best, from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. 王佐良先生的译文 读书足以怡情,足以博彩,足以长才。其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时;其博彩也,最见于高谈阔论之中;其长才也,最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一
15、判别枝节,然纵观统筹、全局策划,则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰,文采藻饰太盛则矫,全凭条文断事乃学究故态。Note:原文用语典雅、庄重,古色古香,王佐良的译文通过使用一些文言用词,如“以”、“也”、“其”、“之”等等,赋予译文与原文相当的典雅味道,是巧用文言用词的经典之作。,对方言词语的选用也必须非常小心。一个地方的方言在另一个地区人们眼中常常也是外语。张谷若先生译哈代德伯家的苔丝使用许多山东地区的方言,这一点已经成为翻译批评家争论的焦点。You couldnt expect her to throw her arms roundee, an to kiss and to collee
16、at once 参考译文你总不能指望她一下子就抱着你又亲又啃吧?Note:哈代小说中的威塞克斯文化起到举足轻重的作用,要求译者在翻译中突出小说大量使用方言的特色。,3 变换用词,人们喜欢谈翻译中的“对等词”的重要,殊不知真正的对等词应该包括情感力量,背景烘托,新鲜还是陈腐,时髦还是古旧,声调是和谐还是故意不协律,引起的联想是雅还是俗等等方面的“对等”,而且在文学作品特别是诗的翻译中,还有比词对词、句对句的对等更重要的通篇的“神似”问题。 王佐良,3.1通过替换同义词、近义表达法来实现变化用词,The weather of summer is hot, while winter is cold
17、and dreary. Both of these seasons are not for us to study. In the time of autumn, cold winds which are not at all pleasant generally blow. But spring has none of these drawbacks; the flowers bloom, the woods and grasses grow luxuriantly. The weather is mild and the air is balmy. In fact, this season
18、 seems full of good things and better fitted to be the time for doing something.,参考译文1夏天天气炎热,而冬天天气寒冷沉闷。这两个季节都不适合读书。在秋天,冷风一点也不会让人愉快。但是春天没有这些缺点,花儿盛开,树木草地茂盛地生长,天气温和,空气温馨。事实上,这个季节似乎充满了美好事物,更适宜于做一些事情。 参考译文夏天的天气炎热,冬天的天气寒冷阴沉。这两个季节均不适合我们读书。在秋天的日子,通常寒风飒飒,一点也不令人喜悦。但是春天毫无这些缺憾,(百)花儿盛开,草木茂盛,气候温和,春风和煦。事实上,这一季节似乎充
19、满美好的事物,且是更宜于工作的时间。,3.2通过转译实现变化用词,She tries to calm her daughter with a faint smile and gentle caress of her hair. 参考译文她淡淡地微笑着,温柔地爱抚着女儿的头发,让她平静下来。,3.4 词语搭配,翻译,尤其是文学的翻译,是一种艺术,变化之妙存乎一心。以英文译中文为例,两种文字在形、音、文法、修辞、思考习惯、美感经验、文化背景上既如此相异,字、词、句之间就很少有现成的对译法可循。因此一切好的翻译,犹如衣服,都应是定做的,而不是现成的。要买现成的翻译,字典里有的是;可是字典是死的,而译
20、者是活的。用一部字典来对付a sweet smile, a sweet flower, candy is sweet中的sweet,显然不成问题,但是遇到sweet Swan of Avon, How sweet of you to say so! Sweets to the sweet, sweet smell of success这些例子,是任何字典都帮不了忙的。 余光中翻译和创作,4.1并列关系的词语搭配,The pictures that linger in his mind, called up in a moment by such sensations as the smell
21、of roses or of new-mown hay, are of a simpler nature. A little cottage nestling amidst the wayside trees, the blue smoke curling up against the green, and a bower of roses round the door; or perhaps a village street of which the name has been long forgotten, with its rambling old inn, and, a little
22、distance away, the hoary, grey church-tower in its township of tombstonethere are the pictures of old England that are carried away to other climes.,参考译文1小小的农舍偎依在路旁的树丛中,绿色的屏障上,炊烟袅袅,荫凉的蔷薇丛环绕着门庭;或许,一条不知名的小街上,有座设计不太规范的客店,不远处,灰色教堂的尖顶耸立在乡村墓地中这才是古老英国的真实写照,这才是英国留给游客的印象。 参考译文2小小的农舍偎依在路旁的树丛中,袅袅炊烟飘向绿色的屏障,荫凉的蔷
23、薇丛环绕着门庭;远处的小街可见一座设计不太规范的客店,灰色教堂的尖顶在不远处耸立于乡村墓地中这才是古老英国的真实图景,这才是英国留给游客的印象。,4.2偏正关系的词语搭配,The list of candidates being talked about in Washington and on Wall Street is half what it was before the Nov. 2 election, when prominent Democrats such as former Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin were considered hot
24、 prospects had Massachusetts Sen. John Kerry won the White House. 参考译文与11月2日总统大选之前相比,美国政府内部和华尔街所关注的美联储主席候选人人数减少了一半。当时假若民主党总统候选人约翰克里成功入主白宫的话,同是民主党人的前财政部长罗伯特鲁宾是新一任美联储主席的热门人选。,4.3动宾关系的词语搭配,Never take a mean advantage of any one in any transaction, and never be hard upon people who are in your power. Tr
25、y to do to others as you would have them do to you, and do not be discouraged if they fail sometimes. It is much better for you that they should fail in obeying the greatest rule laid down by our Savior than that you should.,参考译文1在交易中,决不要捉弄任何人,也决不要对待你的部属严苛。你要别人怎样对待你,你就要怎样对待别人。即使他人有时失败,你也不必气馁。宁可别人不遵守
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