《研究生英语精读教程》(第三版·上)课件.ppt

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1、研究生英语精读教程(第三版上),Unit One,You Are What You Think,1. Text,2. Exercises,3. Supplementary Reading,You Are What You Think,And if you change your mindfrom pessimism to optimismyou can change your lifeClaipe Safran,doughnut n.炸面圈 clich n. idea or expression that has been too much used and is now outdated;

2、stereotyped phrase; trite expression 陈腔滥调 scrutinize v.make a detailed examination of 细查，详审；审视, 1 Do you see the glass as half full rather than half empty? Do you keep your eye upon the doughnut, not upon the hole? Suddenly these clichs are scientific questions, as researchers scrutinize the power o

3、f positive thinking., 2 A fast-growing body of research104 studies so far, involving some 15 000 peopleis proving that optimism can help you to be happier, healthier and more successful. Pessimismleads, by contrast, to hopelessness, sickness and failure, and is linked to depression, loneliness and p

4、ainful shyness.,optimism n. belief that in the end good will triumph over evil; tendency to look upon the bright side of things; confidence in success乐观；乐观主义 pessimism n. tendency to believe that the worst thing is most likely to happen, that everything is essentially evil悲观；悲观主义 depression n. being

5、 sad; low spirit沮丧，抑郁,If we could teach people to think more positively, says psychologist Craig A. Anderson of Rice University in Houston，it would be like inoculating them against these mental ills.,sychologist n. 心理学家，研究心理学者, 3 Your abilities count, explains psychologist Michael F. Scheier of Carn

6、egie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, but the belief that you can succeed affects whether or not you will. In part , thats because optimists and pessimists deal with the same challenges and disappointments in very different ways.,in part: to some extent在某种程度上, 4 Take, for example, your job. In a maj

7、or study, psychologist Martin E. P. Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania and colleague Peter Schulman surveyed sales representatives at the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. They found that the positive-thinkers among longtime representatives sold 37-percent more insurance than did the negative-

8、thinkers. Of newly hired representatives, optimists sold 20-percent more.,metropolitan adj. of or in a capital city大城市的，大都会的，首府的, 5 Impressed, the company hired 100 people who had failed the standard industry test but had scored high on optimism. These people, who might never have been hired, sold 1

9、0 percent more insurance than did the average representative., 6 How did they do it? The secret to an optimists success, according to Seligman, is in his explanatory style. When things go wrong the pessimist tends to blame himself. Im no good at this, he says, I always fail. The optimist looks for l

10、oopholes. He blames the weather, the phone connection, even the other person.,loophole n. way of escape from control, esp. one provided by careless and inexact wording of a rule（因措词欠妥而造成的法规上的）漏洞connection n. joining or being joined; point where two things 连接；连接点；连接物,That customer was in a bad mood,

11、he thinks. When things go right, the optimist takes credit while the pessimist sees success as a fluke.,credit n. honour, approval, good name or reputation荣誉；赞许；好名声fluke n. something resulting from a fortunate accident; lucky stroke侥幸的结果；侥幸, 7 Craig Anderson had a group of students phone strangers a

12、nd ask them to donate blood to the Red Cross . When they failed on the first call or two, pessimists said, I cant do this. Optimists told themselves, I need to try a different approach. 8 Negative or positive, it was a self-fulfilling prophecy. If people feel hopeless, says Anderson, they dont bothe

13、r to acquire the skills they need to succeed.,donate v. give (eg money)to a charity, etc.; contribute捐赠；赠送prophecy n. power of telling what will happen in the future; statement that tells what will happen预言能力；预言,9 A sense of control, according to Anderson, is the litmus test for success. The optimis

14、t feels in control of his own life. If things are going badly, he acts quickly, looking for solutions, forming a new plan of action, and reaching out for advice. The pessimist feels like fates plaything and moves slowly. He doesnt seek advice, since he assumes nothing can be done.,litmus n. blue col

15、ouring-matter that is turned red by acid and then restored by alkali; material stained with litmus used as a test for acids and alkalis石蕊；试验酸和碱用的石蕊试纸plaything n. toy;(fig. ) somebody treated as a mere toy玩具；（喻）被玩弄取乐的人；玩物, 10 Optimists may think they are better than the facts would justifyand sometim

16、es thats what keeps them alive. Dr. Sandra Levy of the Pittsburgh Cancer Institute studied women with advanced breast cancer. For the women who were generally optimistic, there was a longer disease-free interval, the best predictor of survival. In a pilot study of women in the early stages of breast

17、 cancer, Dr. Levy found the disease recurred sooner among the pessimists.,breast n. either of the milk-producing parts of a woman; chest; upper front part of the human body乳房；胸膛；胸部recur v. come or happen again; be repeated再来；再发生；重复, 11 Optimism wont cure the incurable, but it may prevent illness. In

18、 a long term study, researchers examined the health histories of a group of Harvard graduates, all of whom were in the top half of their class and in fine physical condition. Yet some were positive thinkers, and some negative. Twenty years later, there were more middle-age diseaseshypertension, diab

19、etes, heart ailments among the pessimists than the optimists.,hypertension n. high blood pressure高血压diabetes n. disease of the pancreas in which sugar and starchy foods cannot be properly absorbed糖尿病ailment n. illness疾病, 12 Many studies suggest that the pessimists feeling of helplessness undermines

20、the bodys natural defenses, the immune system. Dr. Christopher Peterson of the University of Michigan has found that the pessimist doesnt take good care of himself.,undermine v. weaken at the base; weaken gradually使从基础损坏；逐渐削弱或损坏immune adj. exempt from or protected against something disagreeable or h

21、armful; not susceptible to some specified disease because of the presence of the specific antibodies免除的；安全的；免疫的,Feeling passive and unable to dodge lifes blows, he expects ill health and other misfortunes, no matter what he does. He munches on junk food，avoids exercise, ignores the doctor, has anoth

22、er drink.,dodge v. move quickly to one side, change position or direction, in order to escape or avoid something; avoid (duties, etc. ) by cunning or trickery躲闪，躲避，逃避misfortune n. bad luck; unfortunate accident or happening不幸；灾祸；不幸事故munch v. chew with much movement of the jaw用力咀嚼；大声咀嚼junk n. old, di

23、scarded things of little or no value 破烂物, 13 Most people are a mix of optimism and pessimism, but are inclined in one direction or the other. It is a pattern of thinking learned “at your mothers knee”，says Seligman. It grows out of thousands of cautions or encouragements, negative statements or posi

24、tive ones. Too many “donts” and warnings of danger can make a child feel incompetent, fearfuland pessimistic.,caution n. warning words; taking care; paying attention (to avoid danger or making mistakes) 警告；小心；谨慎, 14 As they grow, children experience small triumphs, such as learning to tie shoelaces.

25、 Parents can help turn these successes into a sense of control, and that breeds optimism.,triumph n. (joy or satisfaction at a) success or victory 成功；胜利；成功或胜利的喜悦shoelace n. cord for fastening the edges of a shoes uppers 鞋带, 15 Pessimism is a hard habit to breakbut it can be done. In a series of land

26、mark studies, Dr. Carol Dweck of the University of Illinois has been working with children in the early grades of school.,landmark n. object that marks the boundary of a piece of land; (fig. ) event, discovery, change, etc. that marks a stage or turning-point界标；(喻 )划时代的大事、发现等；里程碑work with (someone)

27、: spend time and effort trying to help (someone) in some way对 (某人 )做工作以帮助,As she helps floundering students to change the explanations for their failuresfrom I must be dumb to I didnt study hard enough“their academic performance improves.,flounder v. make violent and usually vain efforts (as when on

28、e is in deep water and unable to swim); (fig. ) hesitate, make mistakes, when trying to do something挣扎；(喻 )踌躇或胡乱地做事dumb adj. unable to speak;(US colloquial) stupid; dull哑的； (美口 )笨的；愚蠢的, 16 Pittsburghs Dr. Levy wondered if turning patients into optimists would lengthen their lives. In a pilot study,

29、two groups of colon-cancer patients were given the same medical treatment, but some were also given psychological help to encourage optimism. Results showed that this worked. Now a major study is planned to determine whether this psychological change can alter the course of the disease.,colon n. low

30、er and greater part of the large intestine结肠psychological adj. of the mind; mental心理的, 17 So, if youre a pessimist, theres reason for optimism. You can change. Heres how, says Steve Hollon, a psychologist at Vanderbilt University: 18 1. Pay careful attention to your thoughts when bad things happen.

31、Write down the first thing that comes to mind, unedited and uncensored.,censor v. examine books, periodicals, films, etc. to cut out anything regarded as immoral or in other ways undesirable检查并删剪 (书刊、电影等 )被认为不当的部分, 19 2. Now try an experiment. Do something thats contrary to any negative reactions. L

32、ets say something has gone wrong at work. Do you think, I hate my job, but I could never get a better one? Act as if that werent so. Send out resums. Go to interviews. Look into training and check job leads., 20 3. Keep track of what happens. Were your first thoughts right or wrong? If your thoughts

33、 are holding you back, change them, says Hollon. Its trial and error, no guarantees, but give yourself a chance., 21 Positive thinking leads to positive action, and reaction. What you expect from the world, the evidence suggests, is what youre likely to get.,Exercises,. Comprehension,. Vocabulary,.

34、Cloze,. Translation (English to Chinese),. Translation (Chinese to English),. Writing,. Comprehension,Answer the following questions or complete the following statements by choosing the best alternative A, B, C or D under each. You are allowed 2 minutes 30 seconds for this part.,1.Those people who k

35、eep their eye upon the doughnut rather than on the hole _.are considered positive-thinkers by the author are likely to see their glass as half empty view their successes and failures more objectively have suddenly become the object of scientific research on clichs,. Comprehension,2. An optimist _. i

36、s always in control of his own life often overestimates his abilities might live longer than a pessimist when suffering from certain illness such as cancer encounters different challenges and disappointments from a pessimist 3. The pessimist _. A. seldom succeeds in what he does B. attributes his su

37、ccess to luck C. tries different approaches when his first attempt fails D. knows how to take good care of himself,4. The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company hired 100 new employees because _. they failed the standard industry test their high scores on optimism impressed the company they were not li

38、kely to be hired by other companies the company was impressed by the result of a study done by some psychologists,. Comprehension,5. The 100 new employees _. sold 37% more insurance than the average representatives sold 20% more insurance than the negative thinkers sold 10% more insurance than longt

39、ime representatives proved that they could do better at selling insurance than the companys average sales representative,. Comprehension,6. According to Seligman, the secret to an optimists success can be found in “his explanatory style”, by which he means that the optimist _. is able to explain mor

40、e clearly to the customers sounds more pleasant in his explanationtries to find faults with other factors other than in himself for his failure has more confidence in himself than in others,. Comprehension,7. It can be inferred from the article that the author thinks that _. people will be able to p

41、revent depression and painful shyness if they learn to think more positively business companies might make better judgment if they test the attitudes of the applicants instead of giving them the standard industry test before hiring them one is more likely to succeed the next time if one is able to l

42、ay blames on others when one has failed ones belief that one can succeed will guarantee his success,. Comprehension,8. Whether positive or negative, a persons attitude towards life is a thinking habit _. inherited from either of his parents formed when he is very young acquired after he has gained c

43、onsiderable experience never to be got rid of,. Comprehension,9. Which of the following is true according to the passage? Most people cannot be conveniently put under the category of optimist or pessimist. There are more positive thinkers among optimists than among pessimists. It is not sure yet whe

44、ther psychological treatment will help cancer patients. By looking into training opportunities and checking job leads, a pessimist will become an optimist.,. Comprehension,10. Which of the following is not one of the steps mentioned by the author in forming a more positive attitude towards life? A.

45、Document your gloomy thoughts. B. Do something against your negative inclination. C. Record what happens. D. Find the causes for your failure more objectively.,. Comprehension,. Vocabulary,A. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase

46、.,1. Those who believed their religious leaders prophecy that the end of the world would come soon went into a panic. announcementB. forecast C. prediction D. declaration 2. It became obvious when the boy floundered through the recitation in class today that he had not taken the trouble to do his ho

47、mework. meditated B. faltered C. contemplated D. staggered,. Vocabulary,A. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.,3. The teacher told the students that they should avoid using clichs in their composition. A. popular proverbs B. w

48、ell-known stories C. famous quotations D. trite expressions 4. After listening to the same old moral lesson all these years, the villagers became almost immune to it. A. insensitive to B. fed up with C. familiar with D. accustomed to,. Vocabulary,A. Identify one of the four choices A, B, C, or D whi

49、ch would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.,5. I cant claim credit for her English proficiency; after all, she only came to my class this semester.ask for moneyB. expect paymentC. say that I deserve praise D. declare that I am grateful,. Vocabulary,A. Identify one of the four choices

50、 A, B, C, or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.,6. Believe it or not, this popular novel now you see on every shelf was censored only a few years ago.officially examined and bannedB. despised by the general publicC. sold out soon after its publicationD. condemned by the