非法证据排除规则课件.ppt
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1、证 据 法 学 Evidence Law,2,第七章 诉讼证据及其属性,第一节 证据的概念第二节 证据的属性参考书目:宋英辉:证据法学研究述评,中国人民公安大学出版社2006版;张卫平:外国民事证据制度研究,清华大学出版社2003版。,3,第一节 证据的概念,一、代表性的传统观点1.“事实说”: 证据是司法人员在诉讼过程中可用以证明案件真实情况的各种事实。2.“根据说”: 证据是证明案件事实或者与法律事务有关之事实存在与否的根据无论是真是假、是否被法庭采纳,都是证据。3.“材料说”: 能够说服法官认定某个案件事实为真或者可能的任何材料。,4,二、新的视角1.广义和狭义的证据2.经历者和被说服者
2、视角(大陆法系),证据方法,证据资料,证据原因,人证(证人、鉴定人、当事人),物证(书证、勘验物),证人证言,鉴定人意见,当事人陈述,书证的内容,勘验的结果,证据资料,口头辩论全部旨意,证据调查,法官心证,证据排除,5,第二节 证据的属性,一、概说1、中国的视角-证据的属性最高法院民事证据规定第50条:质证时,当事人应当围绕证据的真实性、关联性、合法性,针对证据证明力有无以及证明力大小进行质疑、说明与辩驳。 (1)真实性:是指作为案件证据的客观物质痕迹和主观知觉痕迹,都是已经发生的案件事实的客观反映,不是主观想象、猜测和捏造的事物。(2)关联性:是指证据必须与案件事实有实质性联系,从而对案件事
3、实有证明作用。(3)合法性:是指作为定案根据的证据,在证据的形式、收集、出示和查证等方面都必须符合法律规定。,6,2、域外的视角-证据的属性大陆法系-(1)证据能力:是指某种材料在诉讼中能够被作为证据参加法庭调查并成为法官形成心证基础的资格。(2)证明力:是指证据事实对法官最终获得心证、判定事实状态时所起的作用与效果。 英美法系-(1)关联性(relevant)(2)可采性(admissible),7,小结1:“漏斗模型”,关联性,合法性,客观性,证明力,可采纳性(证据能力)admissible,可采信性(证明力)credibility,8,大陆法系对于证据能力,一般不作积极的规定。英美法系:
4、“证据法的本质,在于它调整何种证据可提交事实的裁判者,何种事实不能提交。法官作为看门人,决定哪些证据材料可以交给事实裁判者以作为认定事实的根据。”因此,英美证据法从积极意义上说,可谓证据的可采性规则;从消极意义上说,可谓证据的排除规则。,小结2:“证据能力和可采性”,9,二、证据的关联性 (relevancy),1、 最基本的属性2、 何谓“关联性”?FRE 401: Evidence is relevant if it has any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determ
5、ination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.FRE402:Relevant Evidence Generally Admissible; Irrelevant Evidence Inadmissible All relevant evidence is admissible, except as otherwise provided by the Constitution of the United States, by Act of Congress, b
6、y these rules, or by other rules prescribed by the Supreme Court pursuant to statutory authority. Evidence which is not relevant is not admissible.,10,三、证据的可采性(rules of admissible)-其他考量因素,1、排除证据:偏见、误导和混乱FRE403: Prejudice, Confusion, Waste of Time Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its pr
7、obative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.最佳证据规则;传闻排除规则;意见证据规则等。,11,2、排除证据:品格证据FRE404(a): Character evidence general
8、lyEvidence of a persons character or a trait of character is not admissible for the purpose of proving action in conformity therewith on a particular occasion。Character is the nature of a person, his disposition generally, or his disposition in respect to a particular trait such as peacefulness or t
9、ruthfulness.,FRE404(b): other crimes, wrongs, or acts.Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to shoe action in conformity therewith.It may be admissible for other purpose, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan
10、, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident, provided that upon request by the accused, the prosecution in a criminal case shall provide reasonable notice in advance, of the general nature or any such evidence it intends to introduce at trial.,12,思考:排除品格证据合理吗?,盖然性:以累犯为例美国司法统计局对10.9万释放犯人
11、的追踪调查,其中63%后来又被逮捕,他们重新犯罪的结果是:2300杀人罪,3900性暴力罪,1.7万抢劫罪,2.3万攻击罪。调查结果还显示,32%已经破案的杀人罪是由假释、缓刑或保释人员所犯。兰德公司在80年代的一项跟踪调查研究表明,1672名缓刑人员在四年内有51%的人被再次逮捕,并审判定罪。日本的统计结果与此相似,恐吓犯的再犯罪率大约为70%左右,伤害罪为60%-70%,强盗犯50%-60%,强奸犯为40-50%,杀人犯为30%-40%。,该规则的立法理由:Character evidence is of slight probative value and may be very pre
12、judicial. It tends to distract the trier of fact from the main question of what actually happened on the particular occation. It subtly permits the trier of fact to reward the good man and to punish the bad man because of their respective characters despite what evidence in the case shows actually h
13、appened.,例外1:被告人的品格允许被告人提供的证明其品格良好的证据;当被告人证明自己有良好品格时,允许公诉方提出证明该被告人不良品格的证据;例外2:被害人的品格当被告人提出关于被害人的品格的证据时,允许控方提出被告人相应的品格的证据。例外3:证人的品格FRE 608:证人的可信性得以意见或名声证据予以攻击或支持,但受以下限制:(1)证据只能针对倾向于真实性或不真实性的品性。(2)关于真实品性的证据只在证人的倾向于真实性的品性遭到意见或名声证据或其他方式的攻击之后,才可以采纳。,13,3、排除相关性证据:事后补救措施FRE407 : subsequent remedial measure
14、s When, after an injury or harm allegedly caused by an event, measures are taken that, if taken previously, would have made the injury or harm less likely to occur, evidence of the subsequent measures is not admissible to prove negligence, culpable conduct, a defect in a product, a defect in a produ
15、cts design, or a need for a warning or instruction.,14,立法理由有三:(1)一方当事人在损害发生后实施的补救措施,并不一定说明他有过失或者损害行为;(2)即使事后补救措施有助于展示过失,还有一个强烈的社会政策性考虑:鼓励他人进行事后补救以提供他人生活的安全系数;(3)不管法律是否应考虑前述社会政策,当事人因为社会公益行为而遭受惩罚也是不公平、让人质疑的。,15,最高法院民事证据规定第67条:在诉讼中,当事人为达成调解协议或者和解的目的作出妥协所涉及的对案件事实的认可,不得在其后的诉讼中作为对其不利的证据。,4、排除相关性证据:和解与和解建议
16、FRE408: Compromise and Offers to Compromise Evidence of (1) furnishing or offering or promising to furnish, or (2) accepting or offering or promising to accept, a valuable consideration in compromising or attempting to compromise a claim which was disputed as to either validity or amount, is not adm
17、issible to prove liability for or invalidity of the claim or its amount. Evidence of conduct or statements made in compromise negotiations is likewise not admissible.,16,5、排除相关性证据:医药费或类似费用的支付FRE409: Payment of Medical and Similar ExpensesEvidence of furnishing or offering or promising to pay medical
18、, hospital, or similar expenses occasioned by an injury is not admissible to prove liability for the injury.南京彭宇案分析,17,四、证据的合法性 (legitimacy),何谓证据的合法性?(1)证据的形式合法。(2)证据的主体合法,如证人、鉴定人。(3)证据取得方法合法。(4)证据程序合法。,18,(一)美国的非法证据排除规则,非法证据,起初仅指违反美国联邦宪法第四修正案有关不得进行不合理的搜查和扣押的规定所取得的证据(通常是物证)。后来随着非法证据排除规则的发展,非法证据的范围不仅
19、包括非法取得的物证,还包括对非法取得的口供和其他陈述,即不仅包括违反宪法第四修正案,还包括违反宪法第五、第六修正案和其他成文法和案例法的情况下所取得的证据。(杨宇冠,2002),非法证据排除规则:通常指执法机关及其工作人员,使用非法行为取得的证据,不得在刑事审判中采纳的规则。这个规则于二十世纪初产生于美国,后来逐渐为其它国家和联合国机构采纳。,19,美国联邦宪法第四修正案(Fourth Amendment),Protection from unreasonable search and seizure. The right of the people to be secure in their
20、 persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.,人民的人身、住宅、文件和
21、财产不受无理搜查和扣押的权利不受侵犯。除非根据合理的理由,以宣誓或代誓宣言的形式作出保证,并详细说明搜查地点和扣押的人或物,否则不得签发搜查和扣押令状。,20,排除非法证据第一案:Weeks v. United States (1914),Police entered the home of Fremont Weeks and seized papers which were used to convict him of transporting lottery tickets through the mail. This was done without a search warrant.
22、Weeks took action against the police and petitioned for the return of his private possessions. This was the first application of what eventually became known as the exclusionary rule.,该案明确指出:该判例不适用于各州警察的不法搜查。各州所得的违法证据可为联邦法院所用。只要联邦公务员未参与搜查,各州可将违法搜查的证据“置于银盘之上,专供联邦法院采纳。”换言之,违法所得的证据,仍然可在各州法院成为定罪量刑的主要依据。
23、,21,排除非法证据第二案:Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. U.S.(1920),grand jury 追诉Silverthorne父子 ;留置期间,未依法取得令状而搜索;获得资料;返还令;资料摄影留存再申请令状;不从;藐视法庭罪。Holmes:法律之所以严禁采某种方法取得证据,其法规范的真髓,不但在于禁止以此种法所不许的方法所取得的证据不得提出于法院使用,而且更应禁止其一切使用(it shall not be used at all)。,original evidence,derivative evidence,22,排除非法证据第三案: Mirandav.Arizon
24、a(1966),后来,联邦最高法院将“毒树之果”理论进一步扩展,将以侵犯刑事被告律师权、隐私权、沉默权而产生的二次证据进行排除,非法证据排除规则延及言词证据1963年,亚利桑那法院判决米兰达绑架罪和强奸罪。上诉法院维持原判。 1966年联邦最高法院受理,5:4裁定证据排除。“执法人员在讯问犯罪嫌疑人之前必须明确告知对方有权保持沉默和咨询律师”。,23,排除非法证据:20世纪80年代以后美国的反思,20世纪80年代确立的三个例外:New York v. Quarles(1984):公共安全的例外Nix v. Williams(1984):独立的和必然发现的例外United States v.Le
25、on (1984):善意的例外,24,(二)中国的非法证据排除规则,1、中国刑事诉讼法1996年刑诉法43条:审判人员、检察人员、侦查人员必须依照法定程序,收集能够证实犯罪嫌疑人、被告人有罪或者无罪、犯罪情节轻重的各种证据。严禁刑讯逼供和以威胁、引诱、欺骗以及其他非法方法收集证据。,25,司法解释:,1998最高法院刑诉意见第61条:凡经查证确实属于采用刑讯逼供或者威胁、引诱、欺骗等非法方法收集的证人证言,被害人陈述,被告人供述,不能作为定案的根据。 1999最高检察院刑事诉讼规则第265条:以刑讯逼供或者威胁、引诱、欺骗等非法方法收集的犯罪嫌疑人供述、被害人陈述、证人证言,不能作为指控犯罪的
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