新GRE写作教程课件.ppt

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1、GRE Analytical Writing,关于新GRE写作的几个重要概念,核心测试点：（OG P11）,Issue题目：,针对一般性话题提出观点，包含如何就话题进行回应提出明确的写作要求。任务：评估话题考虑复杂性推理和实例展开论证并支持自己的观点,Argument题目：,依据具体题目要求对已有的论证进行评估。任务：论证是否符合逻辑,考试模式：,在所有GRE考试内容的第一项出现Issue 30分钟Argument 30分钟所有AW的考题均出自于官方题库 www.ets.org/gre/revised/awtopics每项满分6分，2012年开始启动e-rater计划,课时分配,Issue:

2、6节课Language: 2节课Argument: 2节课,几个学生经常问到的问题,GRE写作需要准备多长时间,GRE写作用模板会怎样,会死,GRE写作需要背范文么,不,GRE分数和字数有关系么,没,GRE借鉴别人的文章会被判抄袭么,会,网上有很多GRE写作的高频，要看么？,这个可以有,推荐几本GRE写作复习的参考书,OGThe EconomistTIME民主的细节重新发现社会Elements of StylesA Peoples History of The United States旧GRE官方题库范文,上课如何听讲,鼓励录音回家听,课间休息不答疑，有问题写纸条,如何与老师互动,互动提问的

3、要求,不是你提的问题我都会回答，我回答的都是有意义的问题，不回答的问题，一般是没有什么意义的,如何避免提没有意义的问题,认真听课，你的绝大多数问题，其实都在课上回答了。不要为了提问而提问对于其他门派的复习方法问题，不回答例如：我听XXX老师说要这样对于情商不高的问题（挑战我思路的问题），基本不回答例如：夏总，你这个点讲错了。你这么宣扬美国民主制度，难道美国的民主制度就没有缺陷么？你为什么这么自大？,如何避免GRE备考中出现自虐从而虐他的惨剧,不要钻牛角尖 ，很多问题是无解的不要完美主义，你如果不能理解我的思路，索性就不要理解了针对不会写的题目，请自我安慰：这个题不会考的，不会考的，不会的，不会

4、的，夏总会保佑我的。GRE考不好，还可以扫大街。Tomorrow is another day面对自己的无知和无能的最为重要的社会底线，就是不要用自己的无知和无能去麻烦别人，即便你给了别人钱,GRE写作有什么捷径,死磕,那听新东方的课，或者说听你的课，对GRE提分帮助大么,不大,那么可以退班么？,试听期内可以,鼓励鼓励我，听完你讲的，我都绝望了,从绝望中寻希望，人生终将辉煌,那你的课到底能帮助我们什么,为成为一个合格的知识分子，打下最为基本的理性思维和人文关怀,Issue的评分标准,Scoring 6,In addressing the specific task directions, a

5、6 response presents a cogent and well-articulated analysis of the issue and convey the meaning skillfullyArticulates a clear and insightful position on the issue in accordance with the assigned taskDevelops the position fully with compelling reason and/or persuasive examplesSustains a well-focused,

6、well-organized analysis, connecting ideas logicallyConveys ideas fluently and precisely, using effective vocabulary and sentence varietyDemonstrates superior facility with the conventions of standard written English (grammar, usage, and mechanics) but may have minor errors,回忆一下,StyleLanguage,positio

7、n,reason,examples,logic,analysis,写作时要避免发生的情况 （scoring 3及以下）,Vague or limited in addressing the specific task directions and/or in presenting or developing a position on the issueWeak in the use of relevant reasons or examples or relies largely on unsupported claimsLimited in focus and/or organizatio

8、nHas problems in language and sentence structure that result in a lack of clarityContains occasional major errors or frequent minor errors in grammar, usage or mechanics that can interfere with meaning,什么样的文章是3分以下,毛新宇,范文分析,6分范文分析,As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the abil

9、ity of humans to think for themselves will surelydeteriorate.Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold

10、true and explain how these considerations shape yourposition.,The statement linking technology negatively 立场明确 with free thinking plays on recent human experience over the past century. Surely 逻辑承接 there has been no time in history where the lived lives of people have changed 埋下伏笔 more dramatically.

11、 A quick reflection on a typical day 针对前文的change给出进一步扩展 reveals how technology has revolutionized 立场词 the world. Most people commute to work in an automobile that runs on an internal combustion engine. During the workday, chances are high that the employee will interact with a computer that processe

12、s information on silicon bridges that are .09 microns wide. Upon leaving home, family members will be reached through wireless networks that utilize satellites orbiting the earth对于上文的typical day中technology如何revolutionized the world给出具体描述. Each of these common occurrences could have been inconceivabl

13、e at the turn of the 19thcentury再次表明立场.,逻辑结构,Technology changed human life,car,computer,Mobile phone,Technology changed human life,statement,The statement attempts to bridge these dramatic changes to a reduction in the ability for humans to think for themselves 重述题目. The assumption 挖掘题目成立的逻辑前提 is th

14、at an increased reliance on technology negates the need for people to think creatively to solve previous quandaries. Looking back at the introduction, one could argue that without a car, computer, or mobile phone与第一段出现的例子次序完全对应, the hypothetical worker would need to find alternate methods of transpo

15、rt, information processing and communication再次对应. Technology short circuits this thinking by making the problemsobsolete给出technology让人们思考能力下降的原因，sub-point.,Technology changed human life,car,computer,Mobile phone,Technology changed human life,statement,However逻辑转折, this reliance on technology does no

16、t necessarily preclude the creativity that marks the human species 重复转折法. The prior examples reveal that technology allows for convenience. The car, computer and phone 一致性 all release additional time for people to live more efficiently. This efficiency 重复前词，顶真结构 does not preclude the need for humans

17、 to think for themselves.树立对立观点 In fact, technology frees humanity to not only tackle new problems, but may itself create new issues that did not exist without technologysub-point. For example, the proliferation of automobiles has introduced a need for fuel conservation on a global scale. With incre

18、asing energy demands from emerging markets, global warming becomes a concern inconceivable to the horse-and-buggy generation针对create new issue给出的具体事例. Likewise并行例子 dependence on oil has created nation-states that are not dependent on taxation, allowing ruling parties to oppress minority groups such

19、as women. Solutions to these complex problems require the unfettered imaginations of maverick scientists andpoliticians,Rebuttal,New issue raised,automobile,Global warming,oppression,New issue raised,In contrast to the statement 逻辑词, we can even see how technology frees the human imaginationsub-poin

20、t现象列举，证明technology frees human imagination. Consider how the digital revolution and the advent of the internet has allowed for an unprecedented exchange of ideas. WebMD, a popular internet portal for medical information, permits patients to self research symptoms for a more informed doctor visit. Th

21、is exercise opens pathways of thinking that were previously closed off to the medical layman 将例子回归主旨. With increased interdisciplinary interactions, inspiration can arrive from the most surprising corners 再次现象列举. Jeffrey Sachs, one of the architects of the UN Millenium Development Goals, based his i

22、deas on emergency care triage techniques. The unlikely marriage of economics and medicine 对应前文中的interdisciplinary interactions has healed tense, hyperinflation environments from South America to EasternEurope.,This last example provides the most hope in how technology actually provides hope to the f

23、uture of humanity.sub-point By increasing our reliance on technology, impossible goals 对hope to the future of humanity的进一步论述 can now be achieved. Consider how the late 20th century witnessed the complete elimination of smallpox.例证，对应impossible goals This disease had ravaged the human race since preh

24、istorical days, and yet with the technology of vaccinestechnology的具体化, free thinking humans dared to imagine a world free of smallpox. Using technology, battle plans were drawn out, and smallpox was systematically targeted anderadicated.,Technology will always mark the human experience, from the dis

25、covery of fire to the implementation of nanotechnology. Given the history of the human race, there will be no limit to the number of problems, both new and old, for us to tackle 对应之前的sub-point. There is no need to retreat to a Luddite attitude to new things, but rather embrace a hopeful posture to t

26、he possibilities that technology provides for new avenues of humanimagination.,整体文章结构,Relied on tech, human fails to think creatively,Tech changes human life,Car/computer/mobile phone,Tech short circuits human thinking,New issues arisen,Tech does not deteriorate human thinking,imagination,Hope to hu

27、manity,WebMD,Interdisciplinary,smallpox,Tech, in spite of some shortcomings, still boosts civilization forward,GRE写作到底考什么,GRE写作流程,如何审题,Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position

28、, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.,文章结构,Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting y

29、our position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.,文章结构,Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to addr

30、ess the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.,文章结构,Discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views pre

31、sented.,文章结构,Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and reason, on which that claim is based.,文章结构,Discuss your views on the policy and explain your reasoning for the position you take. I developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences

32、 of implementing the policy and explain how these consequences shape your position.,文章结构,审题就是梳理行文结构,逻辑形式,破题,对于题目如何分解,It is primarily in cities that a nations cultural traditions are generated and preserved.Citiesrural areasCultural traditions?Generatedpreserved,进一步的逻辑层次,Cultural traditions,generated

33、,preserved,cities,Rural areas,分解的思路,定义核心词取反第三种可能,例题,Some people claim that you can tell whether a nation is great by looking at the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists. Others argue that the surest indicator of a great nation is, in fact, the general welfare of all its people.Write a

34、response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented.,GRE题材分类,存在论：主观意识与客观存在认识论：人类的经验、知识、超验时间性：历史观道德论：人性社会组织形式政治社会发展论：人性的物化全球

35、化浪潮,存在论,Realism vs idealism,对于现实的妥协让人能够生存，而对于理想的追求能让人真正的生活The compromise with reality makes people survive, but the pursuit of ideal makes people truly live.We are all in the gutters, but some of us are looking at the stars. -Oscar Wilde,例题,Educational institutions should dissuade students from purs

36、uing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed。Write a response in which you discuss your views on the policy and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and exp

37、lain how these consequences shape your position.,文章结构,思路,反思,现实主义：成功，吃喝玩乐，人的基本需求，不反抗，逆来顺受、活得很自在，被世俗所接收。和现实做敌人，其实生活的很累但是做了现实的奴隶，我们其实就没有活过我们当中的绝大多数人在绝大多数情况下，都是现实主义者通过容易成功的学科学习让绝大多数学生更加成功学的简单符合规律,思路,例题,Claim: Imagination is a more valuable asset than experience.Reason: People who lack experience are fre

38、e to imagine what is possible without the constraints of established habits and attitudes.理想与现实、创新与继承Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based.,文章结构,思路,反思,主观：想象力客观：基于经验的认知规律客观强调存在主观强调超越（transcendentalism

39、）对于比较类型的题目，如：Imagination is a more valuable asset than experience. 可以谈两者同等重要,存在论,例题,The luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individualsWrite a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the

40、statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.,文章结构,思路,反思,心外无物任何既成的事实都是在人脑中的映像Inner heart decides outer

41、world奢侈品和便利品关键看使用者如何去看待他们,练习,The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase peoples efficiency so that they have more leisure timeWrite a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you ta

42、ke. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.,思路,认识论epistemology,知识到底是经验的（empirical）还是超验的（transcendental）,几个问题给大家思考,美，到底是主观的还是客观的？这个世界上到底存不存在上帝？为什么2+2=4？是因为1+1=2么？

43、那么为什么1+1=2？实践是检验真理的唯一标准，这句话对么？Isaac Newton vs Albert Einstein,Knowledge is based on our experience and logics, yet knowledge itself does not equal to truth, for truth can only be approximated but never reached.,As a result,一道曾经做过的题目,Claim: Imagination is a more valuable asset than experience.Reason:

44、 People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible without the constraints of established habits and attitudes.理想与现实、创新与继承Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based.,思路,过往经验由于人类认知能力的局限，有可能是错

45、误的,例题,Students should always question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should

46、 consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.,文章结构,思路,Acquiring knowledge, students should adopt critical thinking, for it is the only means to seclude falsehood and approximate the truth Knowledge taught by the teacher o

47、r alleged in the book could be outdated and misleading. Questioning motivates students and ensures their reception of knowledgeCritical thinking is based on thorough comprehension of the existing knowledge, not questioning for questionings sakeCertain premises of knowledge should not be easily chall

48、enged, for the challenge of those axioms are not compatible for the most studentsCritical thinking is rational, and rationality requires instructional scaffolding that cannot be questioned,反思,批判的是必要的，但是其前提是继承批判思维的过程：感性上升为理性具体上升为抽象特殊上升为一般批判思维的特征是：不断否定，在否定中找到人生的真谛教育的本质：通过束缚和继承的方式达到颠覆和启迪目的,例题,Educators

49、 should teach facts only after their students have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and sup

50、porting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.,文章结构,思路,For efficiency sake, teaching trends and concepts ahead of facts quickens the learning process.It is target-orien