第三章2++英译汉的层次(句子翻译)ppt课件.ppt

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1、1,英语句子的翻译,2,Content,三大从句长句被动句,3,三大从句的翻译方法,名词性从句定语从句状语从句,4,what, how, whether, that, where, when(1)主语从句的译法(2)表语从句的译法(3)宾语从句的译法(4)同位语从句的译法,主语从句和后面的成分都不长,顺序法,主语长，其他成分短,逆译法,二者长度相当且都较长,分译法,顺译法,在主句谓语动词和宾语从句间断开,处理成含“的”字结构的定语,分译法,名词性从句,5,What引导eg: 【What was once regarded as impossible】 has now become a real

2、ity. 现在已经成为现实。when引导eg: 【 When we will begin to work】 has not been decided yet. 开始工作还没决定呢。,过去认为不可能的事,什么时候,6,how引导eg: I dont know 【 how to do 】.我不知道 。That was 【 how they were defeated 】.他们就是 。where 引导Eg: Thats 【where we differ】.这就是我们的分歧 。,该如何做,这样给打败的,所在,7,whether引导eg: It isnt much 【 whether he works】

3、； the question is 【 whether he works at all 】.他干多少并不重要，问题是他 。I wonder 【 whether he will come in such a bad day】.我不知道在这样的天气里他 。that引导eg: 【 That you have done such a stupid thing】 was incredible.你竟然做这么傻的事情，（这）真叫人难以置信。,到底有没有干,是不是能来,8,定语从句,1. 翻译为前置定语This is the reason why I am not in favor of revising t

4、he plan.这就是我不赞成修改计划的原因。He is wisest who is honest.诚实的人最聪明。 All is not gold that glitters.发光的不都是金子。,9,2. 翻译为独立的并列分句(保留或省略先行词） He received the letter that announced the death of your uncle. 他接到那封信，说你的叔叔去世了。I told the story to John, who told it to his brother. 他把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。,10,3. 融合法 There is

5、a man downstairs who wants to see you.楼下有人要见你。There was 【a man who seems to have the answers】, and that was Mr. Robert.有一个人似乎胸有成竹，那就是罗伯特先生。,11,4. 译成原因、结果、让步、目的、条件状语从句The thief who was about to escape was caught by the police.小偷要跑时，被警察抓住了。（时间）We support the open trade system which is to the ultimate

6、advantage of all.我们支持开放的贸易制度，（因为）它最终对大家都有好处。（原因）,12,There are something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that please them all. 这个方案富于创造性，独出心裁，很有魄力，所以使所有人都很喜欢它。（果） Those who are in favour please hold up their hands.（凡）赞成的，请举手。(条件、假设)She was very patient towards the children, which her

7、 husband seldom was.她对孩子们很有耐心，而她丈夫却很少这样。（转折）,13,1. He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet. 没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。2. Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore. 太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。3. In our factory, there are many people who are much interested in t

8、he new invention. 在我们工厂里，许多人对这项新发明很感兴趣。,Assignments,14,4. A driver who is driving the bus mustnt talk with others or be absent-minded. 司机在开车时，不许和人谈话，也不能走神。5. He wishes to write an article that will attract the public attention to the matter. 为了引起公众对这一事件的注意，他想写一篇文章。6. The sun, which had hidden all da

9、y, now came out in all its splendor. 太阳整天都躲在云层里，现在露面了，光芒四射。7. He insisted buying another car, which he had no use for. 他坚持再买一辆车，尽管没有这个必要。,15,状语从句,时间状语从句地点状语从句原因状语从句目的状语从句结果状语从句,条件状语从句让步状语从句比较状语从句方式状语从句,16,对于状语从句的翻译，一般情况下按正常语序翻译。在翻译中连词能省略就省略。 He must be ill, for he is absent.他肯定是病了，因为他没来。他没来，肯定是病了。Wh

10、en we were about to get away, a police car came to the front door. 当我们正要离开的时候，一辆警车来到了前门。 我们正要离开，一辆警车来到了前门。,17,特殊状语从句,1. Before引导2. Though引导3. Because引导4. Until 引导,18,1. Before引导 Be a pupil before you become a teacher. 做先生之前，先做学生。 先做学生，再做先生。 Before I could say a single word, he ran away. 在我能说一句话之前，他跑

11、掉了。 我连一句话也没来得及说他就跑了。,19,2Though引导Though the task was difficult, they managed to accomplish it in time.虽然任务艰巨，他们还是设法及时完成了。He was old and poor, though he was happy.他又老又穷，但过得却快活。,20,3Because引导 I didnt go because I was afraid。 我因为害怕没去。 我不是因为害怕才去的。 He cannot go to school because he is sick 他因为生病不能上学。,21,

12、Until 引导I didnt go back until 10 oclock。我直到10点才回去。 I waited for you until 10 oclock。我等你等到十点为止。,22,英语长句的翻译,一、英语长句的分析 一般来说, 造成长句的原因有三方面: (1) 修饰语过多;(2) 并列成分多; (3) 语言结构层次多。,23,在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法: (1) 找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语, 从整体上把握句子的结构。 (2) 找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。 (3) 分析从句和短语的功能, 例如, 是否为主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句等,若是状

13、语, 它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。 (4) 分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系, 例如, 定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。 (5) 注意插入语等其他成分。 (6) 注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。,24,例1. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater

14、intellectual development. 行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。,25,例2. For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere

15、. 譬如, 对于一个四口之家来说, 舒舒服服地在家中看电视, 就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目, 这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。,26,二、长句的翻译方法,(1) 顺序法例1. Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时, 电仍在为我们工作: 帮我们开动

16、电冰箱, 把水加热, 或使室内空调机继续运转。,27,例2. Up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities.到目前为止, 经历了18和19两个世

17、纪, 这种新的倾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊, 而把生产活动、商业往来、政府部门以及娱乐场所都集中在城市的中心地区。,28,(2) 逆序法例1. It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood. 一旦了解英语的基本结构和

18、句型, 再往下学似乎就越来越难了, 这其中的原因, 也许教师比学生更容易理解。,29,例2. It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice. 因此, 如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会, 就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了

19、。,30,(3)分句法例1. The number of the young people in the United States who cant read is incredible about one in four. 没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目令人难以相信约为1/4。大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。,31,例2. Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in sc

20、ience and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining. 人们常说, 通过电视可以了解时事, 掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。,32,(4) 综合法。仔细分析, 或按照时间的先后, 或按照逻辑顺序, 顺逆结合, 主次分明地对全句进行综合处理。 例：People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had

21、been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else. 尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况, 但人们不敢出门, 因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。,33,Assignments,1. We are studying a language which is the most widely used in the world. 我们正学习一种语言，这种语言是全世界应用范围最广的。 2. He is much more exper

22、ienced than his brother, who can only do some simple work. 他弟弟只会做点简单工作，而他却更经验丰富。3. Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers. 许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位, 这在西方倒是人之常情。,34,4. All they have to

23、 do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match. 他们所必须做的只是按一下开关。开关一开, 就可以看到电视剧、电影、歌剧, 以及其他各种各样的文艺节目。至于政治问题的辩论、最近的激动人心的足球赛更是不在话下。5. Modern scientific and technical books, especially text

24、books, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries. 对于现代科技书籍, 特别是教科书来说, 要是作者希望自己书中的内容能与新概念、新观察到的事实和新发现同步发展的话, 那么就应该每隔较短的时间, 将书中的内容重新修改。,35,6. The president said at a news conference dominated by questions on yesterdays election

25、 results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of its long-held superiority in the House. 记者招待会上，问题集中于昨天的选举结果，总统就此谈了他的看法。他说他无法解释为什么共和党遭此惨败。这种一败涂地的局面最终将导致共和党失去在众议院长期享有的优势。,36,被动语态的翻译,37,翻译方法,翻译成汉语的主动句 保

26、存原文主语 增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语 主语译成宾语 翻译成汉语的无主句 翻译成汉语判断句“是的”翻译成汉语的被动句,38,翻译成汉语的主动句,1. 保存原文主语The meeting is scheduled for April 6th. 会议定于四月六日举行。Water can be changed from a liquid into a solid. 水能从液体变成固体。,39,2. 增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语 Itisgenerallyacceptedthattheexperiences ofthechildinhisfirstyearslargelydete

27、rmine hischaracterandlaterpersonality. 人们普遍认为，孩子们的早年经历在很大程度上决定了他们的性格及其未来的人品。 Itisassertedthat有人主张 Itisbelievedthat有人认为 Itisgenerallyconsideredthat大家(一般人)认为 Itiswellknownthat大家知道(众所周知) Itwillbesaid有人会说 Itwastoldthat有人曾经说,40,3. 主语译成宾语 Bytheendofthewar,800peoplehadbeensavedbytheorganization,butatacosto

28、f200BelgianandFrenchlives. 战结时, 这个组织拯救了八百人，但那是以二百多比利时人和法国人的生命为代价的（但二百多比利时人和法国人却为此付出了生命代价)。 The numerical data concerned are provided in the next chapter. 下一章提供了有关的数据资料。,41,4. 翻译成汉语的无主句 Greateffortsshouldbemadetoinformyoungpeopleespeciallythedreadfulconsequencesoftakingupthehabit of smoking. 应该尽最大努力告

29、诫年轻人吸烟的危害,特别是吸上瘾后的可怕后果 。Itishopedthat希望 Itisreportedthat据报道 Itissaidthat据说 Itissupposedthat据推测 Itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthat 可以毫不夸张地说 Itmustbeadmittedthat必须承认 Itmustbepointedoutthat必须指出 Itwillbeseenfromthisthat由此可见,42,5. 翻译成汉语判断句 “是的” Thedecisiontoattackwasnottakenlightly. 进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。In

30、 the old society，women were looked down upon. 在旧社会，妇女们是受歧视的。,43,翻译成汉语的被动句,英语汉语,be+动词的过去分词,被、受、遭、让、给、由、使、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为.所、由.来,44,Birds were driven back to their nests by the heavy rain. 大雨把鸟儿赶回巢窝。He was praised by his teacher. 他得到了老师的表扬。Problems should be resolved in good time. 问题应及时加以解决。 The whole

31、city of Tangshan was almost ruined by the earthquake. 地震几乎使整个唐山城完全毁掉。The book was translated by Lu Xun. 这本书是由鲁迅翻译的。,45,Assignment,1. The satellite was launched in Xichang. 卫星是在西昌发射的。2. The program was designed by ourselves. 这个程序是我们自己设计的。3. I have not been told that he will come. 没人告诉我他要来。4. It is be

32、lieved that the war will last for at least one month. 有人认为这场战争至少会拖一个月。5. Youre wanted on the phone. 有人给你打电话。 6. Mr. Brown cannot be removed from his post. 不能撤销布朗先生的职务。,46,7. No fake commodities are allowed to enter the market 不许假冒伪劣商品进入市场。8. The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end to. 必须全部停止这种讨厌的噪声。9. The issue has not yet been thoroughly explored. 人们对这一问题迄今尚未进行过彻底的探索。,