初中英语词性讲解幻灯片播放版课件.ppt

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1、词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分成十个大类。,1 名词 noun 2 代词 pronoun 3 形容词 adjective 4 副词 adverb 5 动词 verb 6 数词 numeral 7 冠词 article 8 介词 preposition 9 连词 conjunction 10 感叹词 interjection,student Youhappy quickly cut three a at and oh,实词,虚词,名词NOUN,概念： 是表示人，事物，抽象概念等名称的词。根据词汇意义，名词可划分为： 专有名词和普通名词,专有名词：指表示人、地方、 机构、组织等

2、的专有名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。具体说来它包括人名、国家、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等。 Tony 托尼 Japan 日本 Mr. Black 布莱克先生 August 八月 Monday 星期一 the Great Wall 长城 Christmas 圣诞节 English 英语 A Tale of Two Cities 双城记,普通名词：表示一类人、东西、抽象概念的名词。例如：,表一类人：pupil, police, woman, boy，father;,表物：box, tree, orange, water, computer；,表抽象：happi

3、ness, trouble, pleasure, love, life, etc.,普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。(1) 个体名词。如：cup, desk, student等。一般可数，有单复数形式。 (2) 集体名词。如：class, team, family等。一般可数，有单复数形式 (3) 物质名词。如：rice, water, cotton等。一般不可数，没有单复数之分。 (4) 抽象名词。如：love, work, life等。一般不可数，没有单复数之分。,英语可数名词单复数,规则变化： 一般情况词尾加s。如：map maps, boy boys, horse horses,

4、table tables. （在清辅音后读/s/，在浊辅音和元音后读/z/） s, x ,sh, ch结尾的词加es.如： class classes, box boxes, dish dishes, match matches.读/iz/,规则变化：以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。 如：family families, city cities, baby babies. 以元音字母+y结尾的名词，直接词尾加s。 如：toy toys, holiday holidays以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。 如：shelf shelves, wolf wolves, l

5、ife lives, knife knives, wife wives, leaf leaves, thief thieves.,例外：roof roofs,规则变化：以辅音字母+o结尾的名词, 词尾加es； 如: tomato tomatoes potato potatoes hero heroes 以元音字母+o结尾的名词，直接词尾加s。 如: piano pianos photo photos radio radios zoo zoos,不规则变化：有些名词有不规则的复数形式。例如： child-children mouse-mice man men woman women 妇女 too

6、th teeth foot feet 有些名词的单复数形式相同。例如； deer, sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese, people, yuan 但除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式，a dollar, two dollars,注意：一些以man，woman结尾的合成词，在构成复数时，与man，woman的变化形式相同。 如：policeman policemen, Englishman Englishmen, Frenchman Frenchmen.,中日不变 英法变 其余s加后面,英语不可数名词,不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用

7、有关计量名词。如：a bag of rice two bags of rice, a piece of paper three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk five bottles of milk.,名词的所有格,1.不以s结尾的名词所有格：the boys bag, mens room 2.以-s结尾的名词所有格：Teachers Day3.职业名词、称呼名词的所有格表地点 the barbers, Mr Greens, the doctors（office），my uncles（house）4.并列名词不共有:Johns and Marys room

8、s（两间） 并列名词共有:John and Marys room5.时间、距离、地点 five minutes walk；ten meters long； the worlds population,6.抽象名词后用“of+宾格”作定语； the music of the film ；the help of him (Lucy) ； the development of China；the door of the house7.多重所有格突出局部 a friend of Lucys mothers ； two classmates of my sisters 8.“of+宾格”与“of+所有格

9、”含意不同: the photo of my father 我爸爸的肖像 the photo of mine我（所有的）照片,数词 Numeral,概念： 数词就是表示事物的数量和顺序的词，分基数词和序数词两种。 表示数目或数量多少的词叫基数词，如：one，ten, fifteen 等； 表示数目顺序的词叫序数词，如：fifth, second, twelfth等。,一.基数词 基数词的用法： （1）几十几的基数词的十位数与个位数之间要用连字符“-”连接。如： eighty-five85 twenty-six26 （2）三位数的基数词须在百位和十位（若无十位则和个位）之间用and连接。如： t

10、hreehundredandsixty-five365 twohundredandsix206,（3）基数词的复数形式。 表示具体数目,hundred, thousand, million不用复数 表示不确定数目,用复数。即hundreds of(数百), thousands of(数千), millions of(数百万)+ 名词复数, 可以用many/several修饰，但不能与具体数目连用。 1) Our country has a population of 1,300 million people. 2) There are three thousand students in ou

11、r school. 3) After the war, thousands of people became homeless. 4) Several / Many thousands of trees must be planted every year.,（4）“几十”的复数形式可以表示： 几十多岁 - in + ones + 数词复数 年 代 - in + the +数词复数 inthe1990s20世纪90年代 inonestwenties 在某人20多岁时 eg. He died in his forties四十多岁 In the nineties, most people go t

12、o work by bike. 90年代,（5）“基数词+名词” 的合成形容词作定语， 中间有连字符“”,当中的名词用单数。 a 3 year old girl a seven-day holiday,（6）表计量- “基数词+度量单位+形容词” eg. The classroom is 7 meters long, 6 meters wide and 3 meters high.,序数词的用法:(1)序数词作定语，前面要加the； The first truck is carrying a food basket John lives on the fifteenth floor She i

13、s my first English teacher.(2)有时加a/an，“再一”，“又一” 的意思 ;Well have to do it a second time Shall I ask him a third time？ When I sat down，a fourth man rose to speakThey had a second child in 1988.,二. 序数词,编号在前，名词在后，用序数词，前面有the编号在后，名词在前，用基数词，注意首字母大写房间号码和电话号码要一个一个分别读,第一课第32页第305房间第12路公共汽车,the First Lesson Le

14、sson One,the thirty-second page Page Thirty-two,Room 305,Bus No.12,1、编号表示法,2.分数表示法,分子用基数词，分母用序数词。分子大于1时，分母加-s。,1/4 one-fourth a (one) quarter3/4 three-fourths three quarters 2/3 two-thirds 1/2 a (one) half 半年 half a year 半小时 half an hour一年半 one and a half years one year and a half分数修饰名词时，后用of短语。如：1/

15、3 one third of teachers 3/7 three sevenths of the boys,3.年份、日期、时刻表达法,年用基数词表示,两位一读,介词用in日用序数词表示,介词用on,1999 nineteen ninety-nine two thousand and eight1949年10月1日 读作: October (the) first, nineteen forty-nine (月-日，年) the first of October, nineteen forty-nine（日-月，年）写作: October 1st,1999(日用缩写，月-日-年) Octobe

16、r 1, 1999 (日用数字) 1st October, 1999 日-月，年,How many people will come to Beijing next year?Its hard to say, _ people, I think.million of B. millions ofC. three millions D. three millions ofAbout _ students in our class can describe that place in English. A. three-fifths B. three-fifth C. third-five D.

17、third-fifths,B,A,Which of the following is wrong? _. A. He is a fifteen-year-old boy. B. He is at the age of 15. C. He is a boy of 15. D. He is fifteen year old. There was no bus in that small town. We had a _. A. ten miles walk B. ten-mile walk C. ten miles walk D. tenth mile walk,D,B,We have known

18、 each other for _. A. a year and half B. a year with half C. a year and a half D. a year with a half “Whats the date today?” “Its _.”A. the fourth of may B. the fourth May C. May four D. May the fourth,C,D,冠词 Article,概念：冠词是经常加在名词前面的一个辅助词，限制名词的意义。冠词在句子中不能单独作一个成分，是虚词。冠词的范围：a、an、the,不定冠词a 、an1、泛指某一类人或事

19、物中的一个或一类。 eg:An elephant is much heavier than a horse. His father is a taxi driver.2、用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一”。 eg: I have read the books twice, but I want to read a third time.3、a / an 的区别 a 用在辅音音素开头的单数可数名词或字母前，an 用在元音音素开头的单数可数名词或字母前。特殊词： a usual boy ; a useful book ; a university ; a one leg dog an honest

20、boy ; an hour ; an honor an “a , e , i , o , f, h , l , m , n , r , s , x ”,ExerciseI have _ apple. He has _orange .This is _ egg.Jim is _ honest boy and he is _ university student .4. Do you have _ computer ?5. There is _ car in front of the house. English is _ useful language. He is _ unhappy boy.

21、 My father will come back in _ hour . There is _ beautiful flower. There is _ “u” and _ “s” in the word “use” Please take _ seat and have _ rest,an an,an,an a,a,a,a,an,an,a,a an a a,4. 第一次提到某人或某物而非特指时。 eg：There is a book on the desk, but the book isnt mine.5. 用于表时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前，有“每一”的意思，相当于every。 e

22、g： three times a week; half an hour 6. 某些固定短语与不定冠词有搭配关系。 eg：have a good time; a few; get a cold ; pay a visit ; take a seat; make a living,定冠词 the的用法 1.定冠词the, 用来特指某人或某物， 双方都知道的人或物的名词前， 或用于第二次提到的某人或某物。 Is this the book that you are looking for?2.表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前 The sun is bigger than the moon.3.用在序

23、数词或形容词最高级前 the youngest / the most beautiful / the first (second, third, fourth) March is the third month of a year. He is the cleverest boy in his class.4.用在某些形容词或单数名词前， 表示一类人或事物。如： the rich; the poor; the young; the old Do you know who invented the computer? The cat, is liked by many people.,5.用在表

24、示山脉、海洋、江河、湖泊、群岛、建筑物、名胜古迹等专有名词前。如： the Yellow River; the Great Wall; the West Lake; the White House 6. 用在西洋乐器前 play the piano / the guitar / the violin 8. 用在方位名词前 或习惯用法 in the south / on the right / in the day / in the end7. The +姓的复数 表示一家人 The Smiths / the Greens,_ earth goes round _ sun.Jim is _ ta

25、llest and _ most interesting 3. _man over there is my teacher.4. There is _ orange on the table . _ orange is mine .5. I live on _ twelfth floor.6. _ Great Wall is _oldest building.7. I have _aunt . _ aunt is _ doctor.8. In this exam ,he is _ second.Jim is _ boy . He is _ American boy._Yellow River

26、is one of _ longest rivers. Beijing is in _ north of China,The the,the the,The,an The,the,The the,an The a,the,a an,The the the,不用冠词的情况 (1)有些专有名词、抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词。 如： China; Japanese; milk; love等。 (2)名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, whose, some, any, no, each, every等代词时，不用冠词 如：This is my ruler. (3)复数

27、名词表示一类人或事物时， 不用冠词。 如：They are teachers. (4) 表示头衔和职务的名词前也不加冠词。 如： Bush was made president of the US.,(5)一日三餐、球类活动、学科名词前。 I have lunch at home. He often plays soccer after class. Maths is hard to learn.(6)在节日、星期、月份、季节等名词前。如： Teachers Day; Mothers Day; on Monday; in May; in summer等。(7)在与by连用的交通工具名称前不加冠

28、词 by car, by bus, by train (但take a bus, in a boat, on the bike前要加冠词)(8)在某些固定搭配里， 名词之前常不用冠词。如： on foot; at home; at night; go to school; from morning till night等。,7、 固定搭配 at first at last at noon at home 首先 最后 在中午 在家 on foot in bed in hospital go to school 步行 躺在床上 住院 上学1. Do you like playing _ socce

29、r ?2. I usually have _ milk for _breakfast 3. We will go to the park on _ Monday .4. My uncle lives in _America now .5. Leaves turn yellow in _ autumn.6. We can go swimming on _Sunday in _summer.7. March 8th is _ Womens Day.8. His father is ill in _ hospital .,/ / / / / / / / / /,.单项选择( )1. English

30、is _ international language. A. a B. an C/ D. the ( )2. Look at _ skirt. I bought it for mother on Mothers Day, isnt it nice? Oh, what _ nice present！ A. a; a B. a; the C. the; a Da; 不填( )3. Do you enjoy your stay in Hangzhou? Yes. Ive had _ wonderful time. A. / B. a C. the D. an,领悟语法,B,C,B,( )4. We

31、 usually go to _ school on weekdays, and sometimes go to _ cinema at weekends. A. 不填；the B. the; the C. the; 不填 D. 不填；不填 解析：考查冠词。go to school 固定用法, go to a/the cinema 也是固定用法，a/the cinema 表示一类事物。,A,( )5. Lets have _ break; I want to make _ telephone call. A. a; a B. a; the C. the; a D. the; the,A,( )

32、6. _ are planning to go on vacation. A. Blacks B. A Blacks C. The Blacks D. The Blacks 解析：考查冠词。the加姓的复数形式表示“一家人”。,D,( )7.Do you enjoy your stay in Hangzhou? Yes. Ive had _ wonderful time. A. / B. a C. the D. an 解析：本题考查固定短语与不定冠词搭配的关系。have a wonderful time玩的高兴。故选B,B,1.MrWanghasworkedas_Englishteacherf

33、ormorethan 10years. A./B.aC.anD.the 2 Howlongdoesittakeustogotoyourhometownfromhere? Ittakesus_hourormoretogotomyhometown by_train. A.an;aB.a;anC.an;/D.a;/ 3 What_usefulbookitis! Yeah,ittellsyouhowtoplayguitar. A.an；theB.a；aC.a；theD.an；a 4、.Susanjoinedanartclubatageofsixandpaintswell. A.theB.anC.a 5

34、、Myuncleis_engineer.Heworksveryhard. A.theB.aC.an,Exercises:,介词,概念：介词（虚词），不能在句子中独立充当成分。它总是用于名词、代词、或相当于名词的其它词类或短语从句前。,中考需要掌握的11个介词：in、on、at、to、from、by、with、for、about、after、before,2010,March,spring,the morning,the future,7：30,night,the age of 19,first/last,the moment,Monday,March 5,March 5th,2010,Mond

35、ay morning,holiday,Childrens Day,in,on,at,Prepositions of time 时间介词,in ：in 1996 / in 2002 / in 1847（年份）in October / in February / in March （月份）in spring / in summer / in autumn / in winter （季节）in a week / in a year 在1周 / 年中in the morning / in the afternoon / in the evening 在上午 / 下午 / 晚上in those days

36、 在当时 / in no time 立刻 / in the daytime 在白天 / in the future 在将来 / in one minute 在1分钟内 / 最后 in the end表示较长时间, 如：世纪、年代、年份、月份、季节、周、上午、下午、晚上以及一些习惯用法中要用介词“in”。,一. 时间介词,on：on Monday / on Tuesday / on Wednesday / on Friday on January 1 / on April 18 / on May 31on January 1, 1988 / on April 18, 2002 / on May

37、31,1977on Monday morning / on Tuesday afternoon / on Wednesday eveningon a winter morning / on a summer evening / on a autumn afternoonon the morning of May fifthon my birthday / on that day / on New Years Day / on the first two days / on Christmas Day值日 on duty / 准时 on time 表示具体某一天或者特定（某一天上下午）的时间用介

38、词“on”。星期、某月某日、某年某月某日、含Day的节日、有修饰上午/下午/晚上以及一些习惯用法中要用介词on,at:at ten oclock / at seven thirty. （表示某一钟点）at noon / at night / at midnight/ at dawn/ at sunset （在中午、晚上、半夜一天中相对短暂的时间）at the age of twenty / at the age of thirty-five （表示某一年龄）at that time 在那时 / at the moment 这时、那时、此刻 / at first 首先 / at last 最后i

39、n the end / at once 立刻、马上 / at / on (the) weekends 在周末 / 在一年中的这个时候 at this time of year / 在 开始/结束时 at the beginning /end of表示时间的某一点（或表示某时刻）如：钟点、年龄、节日、中午/夜晚/子夜或其它的习惯用法中要用“at”。,during:during the weekduring those three monthsduring my visitduring the holidays / meetingduring the spring表示“在 的期间”要用介词“dur

40、ing”，during表示在特定的时间里，其后的名词前要用定冠词或者表示特定意义的代词。,since:since 1986 / since 1977since last summer / since last week / since last monthsince then 从那时以后since he came here 自从他来了以后表示“自 以来”，表示从过去某一时刻到现在，用介词“since”。“since”“点时间”，主句常用现在完成时。till / untilThe park is open till 5 p.m.He didnt leave the park until 4 p.

41、m.表示某动作或者状态延续到某一时间终止，用介词“till / until”,The train leaves at 8 oclock, so youd better be there by 8:50. 火车八点钟开，所以你最好八点五十以前赶到那儿。He left Shanghai at the end of last year. 去年年底他离开了上海。（过去式）By the end of last year he had finished the work. 到去年年底，他已经完成了工作。at表示事件发生在某一时间点上；by表示事件发生在某一时间点前。at the end of + 时间 /

42、 地点，表示时间时，一般用于一般过去式。by the end of + 时间，表示时间时，一般用于过去完成时。in the end =at last最后,表示时间介词的比较：, today/one night / this month / that summer / last year / next week / the day before yesterday / the week after next 再下一周There was a football match yesterday evening. 昨天晚上有一场足球赛。They will go to the zoo tomorrow.

43、明天他们将要去动物园。由one / this / that / last / next等修饰的表示时间的词组前不需要用介词。Ill visit my grandparents this week. 这一周我要去看望我的祖父母。 Please come to school earlier next time. 下次请早点来学校。,Mary is flying to France soon. She will arrive in Paris the morning of July 9.A. on B. in C. atThe twins were born a Friday evening.A.

44、on B. in C. atwe travelled overnight to Paris and arrived 5 oclock the morning.A. on, in B. at, in C. at, onwe finish our lessons 11:30 and then have a rest noon.A. at, in B. at, at C. in, in,practice,in+ 大地方(in the world, in Beijing, in the north, in China) at+ 小地方(at home, at school, at the bus st

45、op/ the airport) The Greens live at 87 King Street.on+ 门牌，某层楼 (on twentieth floor)1.My uncle live _ F12 _the fifth floor. A. at, on B. in, on C. on, at2.They arrived _Beijing at 12:00 and waited for a bus _ the station to the hotel. A. at, in B. in, on C. in, at,二. 地点介词,on 在的上面,与表面接触 over 在的正上方,不接触表

46、面 under 在下面(是on, over的反义词) above 在上方, below 在下方, 是above的反义词1.Look! There is a bridge _the river. A. on B. over C. above2.Can you see the egg _ the plate? A. on B. in C. over,in front of 是在物体外部的前面 例如: 教室前有个花园。 e.g. There is a garden in front of the classroom.,in the front of 是在物体内部的前面 例如: 教室前有张桌子。 e.

47、g. There is a desk in the front of the classroom.,in front of 与 in the front of的区别:,at一般指小地方；in一般指大地方或某个范围内。,over, above和on均表示“在上面”,over反义词是under; above反义词是below; on指两个物体表面有接触。,in front of 表示“在前面”, 其反义词是behind; in the middle of 表示“在的中间” 。,between表示在两者之间, among表示“在中”数目为三者或三者以上, around表示围绕在四周。,beside表

48、示“在旁边”, inside表示“在内”, outside表示“在外” 。,Conclusion:,near/by/next to表示“在旁边” 。,opposite表示“在对面” 。,三.方位介词,in 在某范围之内 to 在某范围之外 on 与某地相邻、接壤 1. China lies _the east of Asia and _the north of Australia. A. in, on B. in ,to C. to, in 2. Mongolia is _the north of China. A. in B. on C. to,through,across,over,rou

49、nd,横穿,从内部穿过,cross 表面穿过 through 中间穿过 1.The sunshine come into the room _ the window. A. across B. through C. past 2.You can go _ the road here. A. across B. through C. past 3.Can you swim _ the river. A. across B. through C. past,四、表方式、方法、手段,in 用材料、语言with 用工具、某物by 用方式、方法、手段1.My mother often go to wor

50、k _ bike. A. in B. on C. by2.The teacher is writing on the paper _ red ink and the blackboard _a piece of chalk. A. with, with B. in ,with C. with ,in3.Can you say it _ English? A. in B. with C. by,with与一起；without、except从整体里除去个体；除之外，不包括besides “除了还”；eg. Besides Mr Li, five teachers went to the meeti