unit1 口译听辨和口译记忆ppt课件.ppt

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1、口译听辨,译员的听不同于一般听力活动,听的目的：用另一种语言完整地表达和复述听到的全部内容。自主听力： 把握主题及关键信息； 捕捉话语脉络； 预测下文； 判断词义。困难是什么？,1. unknown words 生词2. culturally-burdened phrases or idioms 英语中的文化陷阱（容易望文生义）3. illogical flow of thought逻辑混乱4. heavy accent 口音浓重5. unfamiliar topic 不了解主题知识6. too quick a delivery speed 语速过快7. blurred point of vi

2、ew 意思不明确8.numbers数字,the pauses at meaning chunks 意群停顿the context 上下文cultural awareness 文化意识communicatively conscious 交际性be clear of the intent of the speaker 意图sharpen your ears by practice 练耳,Listening for Meaning instead of for Words,How to1. topic/ theme 话题、主题2. context ( textual & situational)语境

3、（上下文本 & 交际情景）3. tone （语气）4. gestures & facial expressions（手势 & 表情）5.intent (说话人意图）6. Key words (关键词）简而言之，who, what,why, how,when,where,Logical Listening,generalization classification cause-effect compare & contrast sequencing simple listing problem-solution,1. 抓关键词语( keywords and expressions),表达信息的关

4、键词语当属实意词, 即名词、动词、形容词和副词。在英语口语中, 关键词语往往重读。译员抓住了关键词语, 整个段落就如“纲举目张”, 迅速被译员理解。,Practice,Page 14,复述练习-中文,百老汇- broadway是一条纵贯美国纽约市的“百老汇大街”，这条大街集中了众多家剧院，电影院，餐馆，酒吧等娱乐场所，每天都有大量的戏剧和娱乐演出，因此，百老汇被公认为是纽约戏剧和娱乐中心。是美国戏剧和娱乐业的代名词。著名的林肯表演艺术中心就坐落在百老汇大街上。,复述练习-英文,This is a happy and memorable occasion for me personally as

5、 well as for all the members of my delegation. Id like to thank you for the gracious hospitality and the warmth with which we have been received. I am very happy with your arrangement. In accepting your gracious invitation to Shanghai, I have an excellent opportunity to learn about the investment en

6、vironment here. It is my sincere wish that we should reach an agreement on the establishment of joint venture in this most promising city.Key Words: Hospitality, investment environment, agreement, joint venture,辨识逻辑关系,P 16 自学,2. 预测关键词,词汇层面：名词、动词等实词1. 预测词语搭配随着中国综合国力的_和国际地位的_, 中国在国际舞台上越来越令人瞩目。（国力增强enh

7、ance the comprehensive national strength，地位提高 improve its international status）类似的搭配有“加快改革开放，打开了解世界的窗户，提高机会，促进发展”等。The United States and China have made great progress in building a_that can meet the _of our time, promote _and maintain _.(relationship , challenges , global prosperity , world peace 建

8、立关系，应对挑战，促进繁荣，维护和平）,2. 预测表达方式译员听到 “文化在促进国际关系中的作用” , “作用” 这个词英语的习惯表达方式“ to play a role in.。” 又如当听到” 我代表中国政府和人民，对布什总统来华访问表示热烈欢迎”。 译员从“代表。“ 可以预测出英语的习惯表达结构为” On behalf of , I extend myto”,篇章层面1. 预测主要成分从语篇的上下文中预测出说话人将要表达的信息，从而获得相应的语言表达方式或主要成分，如主语，谓语部分。例如： 神州5号的发射是一次壮举，它显示了中国的太空科技已经 _.“达到很高水平，处于世界前列”,Prac

9、tice 1,中国国际旅行社为各位安排了富有中国民族文化特色的_旅游线路。 各位将要游览举世闻名的景点和_，参观雄伟的_，观赏珍贵的_。你们还将有机会欣赏中国_，品尝中国_。我国人民传统的热情和好客将使各位的访问愉快而又_,有趣的,古建筑群,中国文物,戏剧和杂技表演,烹调和地方风味小吃,难忘,名胜,（interesting, places of interest, ancient buildings, Chinese cultural relics, operas and circus performances, cuisine and local snacks，unforgettable )

10、,Practice 2,Permit me to say again this evening: Let us act according to the principle of mutual respect and_, to the principle of both dignity and fairness.It is certainly in the fundamental interest of our people to trade and be friends with the Chinese people.We are very _ by your modernization p

11、rogram, an ambitious undertaking which makes our future cooperation very _.China today , I understand , is taking a practical and effective _ and we wish you _ and offer you our cooperation in this great endeavor.,mutual benefit,impressed,promising,approach,success,在听辨训练的初级阶段，如果还不能完全掌握边听、边分析、边记忆的技能，

12、可采取就所听内容进行提问的方式建立逻辑关系。比如可以将注意力放在WHAT、 WHO、WHEN AND WHERE、HOW AND WHY等几个要素上。通过这种方式增强逻辑分析意识，努力跟上讲话人的思路，从而对所听语篇有一个正确的理解。,口译记忆,Are you a born interpreter?,Watch carefully the following images for 15 seconds.Remember: Do not write.Do not speak to each other.,865432879685938754720145,Example1,20170901209

13、13905590902,Example 2,svfyehhkliea iengowenlfie,abcdeedcbalonglonglong,Example 3,Brands,What is it?,Example 4,Shopping list,question:,Which things are included in this table?,大树上安装着电灯开关，树下有把椅子，椅子在一辆汽车里，我坐上汽车，带上黑手套，拿上手枪，开车到了一个赌场。我先用骰子赌博；又穿着溜冰鞋溜冰，溜冰鞋被设计成了猫的形状；还打了保龄球，球门下的球瓶是用鸡蛋来代替的。鸡蛋打破后，女巫出现了，使用她的戒指施展

14、魔法，我不得不把所有的薪水都拿出来买鲜花送给了她。,记忆,记忆包括输入、储存和重现三个过程，一般可分为瞬时记忆(instant memory)、短时记忆(short term memory)和长时记忆(long term memory)。就记忆而言，“瞬时记忆”是口译的前提，“短时记忆”是口译的关键，“长时记忆”是口译的基础。,口译中的记忆,口译中译员将刚刚接收到的信息暂时储存在短时记忆中，同时激活长时记忆中的相关部分，使其参与译员的在线记忆运作。口译中的这种处于活跃状态的记忆被称为工作记忆（working memory），它是短时记忆和长时记忆的一种结合，以短时记忆为主，加上长时记忆中被激活

15、的部分。译员在口译时并不是机械地记忆接收到的语音信息，而是需要从长时记忆中提取相关的语言和专题知识对信息进行理解后才能将其意义储存在短时记忆中。,如果所听到的词汇和信息是译员平时反复使用且非常熟悉的，那么这些内容在长时记忆中处于一种活跃状态，口译中这部分内容就很容易被激活，提取速度快，理解也会更容易更透彻，记忆储存效果也会相应更好。反之，如果碰上平时很少接触或使用的词汇和题材，即这些内容在长时记忆中处于不活跃状态，译员的理解就会更费时费力，记忆效果也会大打折扣。可见，长时记忆是口译理解的基础，而口译理解则是口译记忆的前提。,口译中的记忆,短时记忆训练的必要性,Daniel Gile 将连续传译

16、的过程分成2个阶段：第一阶段I=L+M+NI=口译；L=听取并分析源语信息；M=从听到信息到以笔记形式存储信息所需的短时记忆；N=笔记。,短时记忆训练的必要性,第二阶段I=Rem+Read+PI=口译；Rem=从短期记忆中提取并解构源语信息；Read=读取笔记；P=重新产出译语信息。Gile 强调短时记忆在同传或连传中都起着非常重要的作用。因此，短时记忆训练应成为译员培训的技巧之一。良好的记忆力是口译训练必须具备的技能,也是口译能力的前提条件。,记忆训练方法,简单重复法关联记忆法逻辑记忆法形象记忆法,关联记忆法,一段记忆刻在我们头脑中的深度，取决于这段记忆及其关联的所有内容的强度以及这件事情在

17、大脑中的关联复杂度,关联记忆法,best,forest,text,restless,vest,restaurant,rest，textbook,test,restroom,harvestI want to be the best in the test by reading the text in the textbook. I need to rest in the restaurant and use the restroom, or I will be restless.I take off my best vest and harvest oranges in the forest.,

18、逻辑记忆法P65,纵向和横向 P16句子之间常见的逻辑关系包括 并列、承接、递进、转折、时间、让步、因果、条件、对比、举例和归纳等。,Practice 1,那一年，在中美之间发生了一个非常重要的事件，主角就是克林顿。也许在美国你记住的是性丑闻。但是，在中国记住的是，他那一年访问了中国。在6月份他访问中国的时候，在人民大会堂和江泽民主席进行了一个开放的记者招待会，然后又在北京大学进行了一个开放的演讲，这两场活动的直播主持人都是我。,1. 那一年，在中美之间发生了一个非常重要的事件，主角就是克林顿。2.也许在美国你记住的是性丑闻。但是，3.在中国记住的是，他那一年访问了中国。4.在6月份他访问中国

19、的时候，5.在人民大会堂和江泽民主席进行了一个开放的记者招待会，6.然后又在北京大学进行了一个开放的演讲，7.这两场活动的直播主持人都是我。 2.3 是对比关系，衔接词是但是1 与 2 3 整体是顺承关系，无衔接词3 与4 是承接关系5 与6 是时间关系，衔接词是然后5 6 整体和7 是总结关系，衔接词是都4 和567整体是顺承关系,Practice 2,And although there is much work ahead to strengthen and expand U.S.-China cooperation and to manage our differences when

20、we dont see eye-to-eye I begin my ambassadorship with confidence that the overall state of our relationship is strong.,And although 1. there is much work ahead to strengthen and expand U.S.-China cooperation and 2. to manage our differences when we dont see eye-to-eye 3. I begin my ambassadorship wi

21、th confidence that the overall state of our relationship is strong. 1.2 之间为并列关系，通过and 衔接1.2 作为整体，与3 是让步关系，通过although 连接,Practice 3,澳大利亚和中国在生态环境上有很大的差别，我认为原因很多。首先是由于中国的人口密度较大，其次是经济情况不同。澳大利亚的经济主要依靠第一和第三产业，比如农业、旅游业，它们对环境的污染相对较小；而中国的经济更依赖于第二产业（工业），第二产业对环境污染最大。另外，澳大利亚是一个发达国家，在经济上有能力制定比较严格的环境保护法规。第三是历史的原因

22、。虽然澳大利亚的土族居民有六万多年的历史，但是他们是游牧民族，所以对生态环境没有重大影响。澳大利亚重要的人类活动只有两百年的历史。在中国，重要的人类活动已有几千年之久。第四，中国的环境保护还没有受到应有的重视。第五个原因是澳大利亚人和中国人的社会文明意识有所不同。,澳、中生态环境差别原因： 1 人口密度 2 经济情况： 澳：第一、三产业（两例、结果） 中：第二产业（结果） 此外，澳：发达国（环保法规） 3 历史：（重要人类活动史比较） 4环保重视程度 5文明意识,对事物的形态、体积、质地、颜色、运动状态等具体形象的识记、保持和重现。零散文字记忆整体图像记忆,形象记忆法,老师看到题后，一言不发，

23、皱着眉头，习惯性地把左手的大拇指放在嘴唇下面来回移动，思考着，还不时缓缓地摇着头，似乎解这道题有很大的困难。,Practice,I was walking in the park with a friend recently, and his cell phone rang, interrupting our conversation. There we were, walking and talking on a beautiful sunny day and poof! I became invisible, absent from the conversation. The park w

24、as filled with people talking on their cell phones. They were passing other people without looking at them, saying hello, noticing their babies or stopping to pet their puppies. Evidently, the electronic voice is preferable to human contact.,练习listen and retell without note taking listen to others r

25、etelling and give comment,如果让我回想的话，还是应该从我北大的这四年的生活说起。说实话，这四年对我的影响是非常大的。在我的印象中，1988年，也就是我入学的第二年，赶上了北大九十周年的校庆，一百周年的校庆没有赶上，非常遗憾。但是九十周年的校庆对我来说已经是非常深刻了。,语篇逻辑,医生提醒人们，随着人们生活水平的逐渐提高，人们的保健意识也随之增强了，许多人认为饭后吃点水果是现代生活的最佳搭配。无论是在餐厅、饭店，还是在家里就餐，许多人都喜欢饭后吃点水果爽口，其实这是一种错误的生活习惯，因为饭后马上吃水果会影响消化功能。医生解释说，由于食物进入胃以后，必须经过一到两个小时

26、的消化过程，才能缓慢排出。如果人们在饭后立即吃进水果，就会被先期到达的食物阻滞在胃内，致使水果不能正常地在胃内消化，在胃内时间过长，从而引起腹胀、腹泻或便秘等症状。如果人们长期坚持这种生活习惯，将会导致消化功能紊乱，因此，人们最好在饭后一到两个小时再吃水果。医生还提醒说，人们还要注意改正饭后饮茶和饭后散步的错误习惯。,饭后立即饮茶，茶水会冲淡胃液，影响胃内食物的正常消化。茶水中含有的单宁酸还会促使胃内的物质凝固，影响蛋白质的吸收，从而增加了胃的负担。对此，医生建议人们，在饭后一小时内最好不要饮茶，应待饭后一小时胃内食物消化得差不多时再饮用茶水，这样对消化功能和物质凝固也不会产生太大的影响。“饭

27、后百步走，活到九十九”，这种说法也是不科学的。人的胃在饭后是处于充盈状态的，即使是非常轻微的运动也会使胃受到震动，从而增加胃肠负担，影响消化功能。对此，医生建议，饭后适当休息三十分钟，待胃内的食物适当消化后，再活动较为适宜，这样也不会对消化系统产生太大的影响。,1988年，那一年我20岁。这个时候我已经从边疆的小城市来到了北京，成为一名大学生。虽然今天在中国依然有很多人在抨击中国的高考制度，认为它有很多很多的缺陷，但必须承认正是高考的存在，让我们这样一个又一个非常普通的孩子，拥有了改变命运的机会。当然，这个时候美国已经不再是一个很遥远的国家，它变得很具体，它也不再是那个过去口号当中的“美帝国主

28、义”，而是变成了生活中很多的细节。这个时候，我已经第一次尝试过可口可乐，而且喝完可口可乐之后会觉得中美两个国家真的是如此接近，因为它们几乎就跟中国的中药是一样的。,网页打开很慢的时候，网站运行要求额外安装插件的时候，网页运行到一半突然关闭的时候，你是不是会有点不耐烦？甚至有点想发火？这就是网怒。据英国最近一项针对1600位网民所做的调查显示，网怒现象处于上升趋势，主要表现为易怒，甚至有攻击倾向。这里的攻击倾向倒不一定是针对身边的人，多半表现为砸键盘以及猛击鼠标。引起网怒的首要原因是网页慢速下载时导致的烦躁情绪，其他原因还有：图片无法打开，某些网站需要安装制作软件才能运行，登陆某个网站前要求提交

29、个人信息，以及不能提供任何帮助的帮助按钮。,研究显示，大部分网民等待网站打开的时间不会多于一分钟，如果他们等待时间太长便会选择访问其他站点。这说明网怒对网站的经营影响重大：网络上选择如此之多，如果最初选择的网站变现未能达到客户的期望，他们很快会离开这个网站而转用另外一个。,Girlsdontdoaswellatmathsandscienceasboys.Thereareseveralreasonsforthis.Thefirstandmostimportantreasonisthattheyarentencouragedtoplaywithtoysthatbuildupinterestinma

30、thsandscienceproblemsandthatbuildskillsforproblemsolvingorunderstandinghowthingswork.Girlsareencouragedtoplaywithtoysthatfosterlanguageandhumanrelationsskills.Asaresult,theycangrowupnotknowinghowanengineworksorhowtobuildamodelfromdirections.,Second,studieshaveshownthatteachersdontexpectgirlstobegood

31、atmaths.Evenfemalemathsandscienceteacherspaymoreattentiontoboysinclassandcallonboysmoreoften.Becauseteachersdontexpectgirlstoexcel,theydonttryveryhard,andsoongirlsarefarbehindboysinthesestudies.,Finally,girlsdonthavemanyrolemodelstolookupto.Notverymanymathsandscienceteachersarewomen,especiallyinthel

32、atergrades.Whenthemediapicturemathematiciansandscientists,theyusuallypicturemen.Asaresult,girlsarentinspiredtochoosethesefieldsascareers. Insummary,severalfactorsworktogetherinthehome,inschools,andinsocietyatlargetosendasubtlemessagetogirls.Girlsalmostalwaysgetthemessage;asaresult,fewgirlsexcelatmat

33、hsandscience.,形象记忆,I have just moved to a house in Bridge Street. Yesterday a beggar knocked at my door. He asked me for a meal and a glass of beer. In return for this, the beggar stood on his head and sang songs. I gave him a meal. He ate the food and drank the beer. Then he put a piece of cheese i

34、n his pocket and went away. Later a neighbor told me about him. Everybody knows him. His name is Percy Buttons. He calls at every house in the street once a month and always asks for a meal and a glass of beer.,The plane was late and detectives were waiting at the airport all morning. They were expe

35、cting a valuable parcel of diamonds from South Africa. A few hours earlier, someone had told the police that thieves would try to steal the diamonds. When the plane arrived, some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield. Two men took the parce

36、l off the plane and carried it into the Customs House. While two detectives were keeping guard at the door, two others opened the parcel. To their surprise, the precious parcel was full of stones and sand!,Fishing is my favorite sport. I often fish for hours without catching anything. But this does

37、not worry me. Some fishermen are unlucky. Instead of catching fish, they catch old boots and rubbish. I am even less lucky. I never catch anything - not even old boots. After having spent whole mornings on the river, I always go home with an empty bag. You must give up fishing! my friends say. Its a

38、 waste of time. But they dont realize one important thing. Im not really interested in fishing. I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!,My daughter, Jane, never dreamed of receiving a letter from a girl of her own age in Holland. Last year, we were travelling across the C

39、hannel and Jane put a piece of paper with her name and address on it into a bottle. She threw the bottle into the sea. She never thought of it again, but ten months later, she received a letter from a girl in Holland. Both girls write to each other regularly now. However, they have decided to use th

40、e post office. Letters will cost a little more, but they will certainly travel faster.,I had a letter from my sister yesterday. She lives in Nigeria. In her letter, she said that she would come to England next year. If she comes, she will get a surprise. We are now living in a beautiful new house in

41、 the country. Work on it had begun before my sister left. The house was completed five months ago. In my letter, I told her that she could stay with us. The house has many large rooms and there is a lovely garden. It is a very modern house, so it looks strange to some people. It must be the only mod

42、ern house in the district.,Airplanes are slowly driving me mad. I live near an airport and passing planes can be heard night and day. The airport was built years ago, but for some reason it could not be used then. Last year, however, it came into use. Over a hundred people must have been driven away

43、 from their homes by the noise. I am one of the few people left. Sometimes I think this house will be knocked down by a passing plane. I have been offered a large sum of money to go away, but I am determined to stay here. Everybody says I must be mad and they are probably right.,retell in the target

44、 language,一组专业人员向一群四到八岁的孩子问了这样一个问题：“爱是什么意思？” 结果答案的广度和深度却出乎所有人意料之外。看看你是怎么想的： 当有人爱上你，他说你名字的方式是不一样的。你就知道你的名字在他嘴里说出来感觉棒极了。比利 - 四岁爱就是当你出去吃饭时，你把自己大部分薯条给某个人，而却并不在意他是不是也给你。克里希- 六岁爱就是在你累的时候让你笑起来的东西。特里- 四岁我知道我姐姐爱我，因为她把她所有的旧衣服都给了我，而她却不得不出去买新的。 (劳伦 - 四岁 ),A group of professional people posed this question to a

45、group of 4 to 8 year-olds, What does love mean? The answers they got were broader and deeper than anyone could have imagined. See what you think: When someone loves you, the way they say your name is different. You just know that your name is safe in their mouth. Billy - age 4 Love is when you go ou

46、t to eat and give somebody most of your French fries without making them give you any of theirs. Chrissy - age 6 Love is what makes you smile when youre tired. Terri - age 4 I know my older sister loves me because she gives me all her old clothes and has to go out and buy new ones. Lauren - age 4,我的

47、母亲56岁那年因癌症去世，在此之前，她与病魔斗争了将近十年。她一直坚持到看到我最大的孩子出生，还曾拥他们入怀。然而，年龄更小的孩子们却从未有机会认识自己的外婆，感受她的慈爱和蔼。我们经常说起“妈妈的妈妈”，我试着向孩子们解释这种夺走了外婆的疾病。他们曾经问道，是否同样的事情也会发生在我的身上；我一直告诉他们不用担心。然而事实上，我是BRCA1基因携带者，这种基因存在着缺陷，会导致罹患乳腺癌和卵巢癌的风险大幅提高。,My mother fought cancer for almost a decade and died at 56. She held out long enough to mee

48、t the first of her grandchildren and to hold them in her arms. But my other children will never have the chance to know her and experience how loving and gracious she was.We often speak of Mommys mommy, and I find myself trying to explain the illness that took her away from us. They have asked if th

49、e same could happen to me. I have always told them not to worry, but the truth is I carry a faulty gene, BRCA1, which sharply increases my risk of developing breast cancer and ovarian cancer.,我很幸运，我的伴侣布拉德皮特在此期间给予我无尽的爱与支持。因此，我想对那些妻子或女友有过这样经历的男士们说：请记住，在她人生的转折点，你扮演着极其重要的角色。我在粉色莲花乳房健康中心接受治疗期间，布拉德始终伴随左右。

50、我们同甘共苦，苦中作乐。我们深知这个抉择对我们的家庭有益，也会让我们更加亲密。事实证明的确如此。我希望所有读到这篇文章的女性都能够明白，你有权做出选择。我想鼓励所有的女性，特别是那些有乳腺癌或卵巢癌家族病史的女性，去积极搜集信息，寻找能够帮助你渡过这个难关的医学专家，在充分知情的前提下，做出自己的选择。,I am fortunate to have a partner, Brad Pitt, who is so loving and supportive. So to anyone who has a wife or girlfriend going through this, know th