英语三级语法知识ppt课件.ppt

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1、Practical English Test for Colleges (Level A)高等学校英语应用能力考试（A级）,PRETCO A,Grammar,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,1. 虚拟语气 p5,4. 时态 p43,14. 词形转换 p94,2. 定语从句 p27,3. 状语从句 p34,11. 倒装句 p72,12. 强调句 p79,8. 比较级和最高级p62,6. 分词作状语p50,7. 分词作定语 p57,10. 同位语 p69,9. 先行词 it p66,15. 词组 p101,5. 被动语态 p,13. 动词+ -ing/-to do p86,一 虚 拟 语

2、气,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,虚拟语气,虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，一是用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而是一种假设、猜测、怀疑等(在条件从句中或让步状语从句中)；一是表示说话人的愿望、要求、命令、建议等 (在宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)。,虚拟语气的概念,虚拟语气,在条件从句中 (叫虚拟条件句)，表示与事实相反的条件。分三种情况(以 do 为例)：,一、虚拟语气在 在条件从句中,虚拟语气,1.单一虚拟 例句If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him. 要是你早来几分钟的话，你就能见到他了。

3、(与过去事实相反)2. If it were(were to be/should be) sunny tomorrow, I would come to see you. 明天要是天气好的话，我来看你。(与将来事实可能相反)3. If I were you, I would go now. 假如我是你的话，我现在就走。(与现在事实相反，事实上我不可能是你),虚拟语气在 在条件从句中,虚拟语气,2、错综时间的条件句（混合虚拟） 即从句与主句的动作发生的时间不同。此时，需要按时间来确定虚拟形式。如：If they had studied hard, they could do it easily

4、now. 如果他们以前努力学习的话，现在干的就会容易些。 If he had not taken my advice, he wouldnt do it much better like this. 如果他不听取我的建议，他就不会干得这样好。,虚拟语气在 在条件从句中,虚拟语气,3.含蓄虚拟 （but for, otherwise , but） but for the storm, he would have arrived earlier. I had got a cold yesterday; otherwise I would have gone.,虚拟语气在 在条件从句中,虚拟语气,4

5、、were, had, should 提前，省略if当从句中有 were, had 或 should 时，可省略if ，而把它们放在句首。If I were to meet him tomorrow, I should ask him about it. Were I to meet him tomorrow,If he should fail in the experiment this time, he would try again. Should he fail in the experiment If you had come a few minutes earlier, you w

6、ould have met him.,虚拟语气在 在条件从句中,Had you come a few.,虚拟语气,从句用should类型，基本上都省略should，直接用v原形1、表命令、要求、建议、坚持等意愿的a, n, v 之后 v. 建议(suggest, advice, propose, recommend) ，要求(demand, request, require, insist), 命令(order, command) n. Insistence, suggestion, order, proposal, demand, requirement, a. Its suggested/

7、ordered/insisted that （should）do,二、特殊句式中的虚拟语气,虚拟语气,2、it is a thatshould v原形（主语从句） （natural, necessary, strange, important, surprising） （a pity, a shame, no wonder） 例句Its necessary that we should have a walk now. 我们有必要出去散散步。 Its natural that she should do so. 她这样做是很自然的。Its important that we should ta

8、ke good care of the patient. 重要的是我们要照顾好病人。,二、特殊句式中的虚拟语气,虚拟语气,3. lest, for fear that, in case,后接（should）V原形（二）wish和as if/as though .wish/as if/as though. did 现在 had done 过去 would/should/could/might/ do 将来,二、特殊句式中的虚拟语气,虚拟语气,eg. How I wish I could live longer. I wished I hadnt been driving too fast yes

9、terday. they were talking as if they had been friends for many years.he looked at me as though he were my father.,二、特殊句式中的虚拟语气,虚拟语气,（三）1.it is high/about time that过去式 “到的时间” eg. It is high time that you went to bed.,二、特殊句式中的虚拟语气,虚拟语气,2. .would (had) rather/would sooner that 一般过去时 现在或将来 宁愿. 过去完成时 过去

10、当从句表示现在或将来的时间时,谓语动词要用一般过去时;表示过去时间时,谓语动词要用过去完成时。I would rather you came tomorrow than today.I would rather that we had no exams.,虚拟语气在：在宾语从句中,虚拟语气,3. If only 引导从句中 表“但愿”，“要是就好了” if only I had more time to think about it. 过去时表示一种意愿或假设（现在）If only he would not eat so much chocolate. wouldv原 表示一种很难实现的愿望（

11、将来）If only he had taken my advice years ago. 过去完成时表示希望与过去事实相反的情况（过去）,二、特殊句式中的虚拟语气,1.If i were the mayor of Beijing, I would try to _ solve the problem of transportation.2. If you had attended the meeting yesterday, you see Jack.3. If they were to do the experiment another way, they find the answer.,

12、虚拟语气,Exercises,4.If nothing had been done about education, there beno hope in the future.5.If I were you , I goto the film last night.6.But for the storm, he arriveearlier.,虚拟语气,Exercises,7. Were it to rain tomorrow, the crops save.8.I wished I go there.9. It is high time that you goto bed.10.Id rat

13、her that we have no English exams.,虚拟语气,Exercises,11. It is most desirable that he for the information by himself with a few clicks online. A. search B. searched C. has searched D. will search12. The representative of the company demanded that the part of the agreement revised.A. will be B. is C. to

14、 be D. be,虚拟语气,Exercises,13. The boy passed the final exams. But if he had spent more time on them, the results be much better.14. He might have been killed in that car accident yesterday if he take part in the activity with team.,虚拟语气,Exercises,15. he was seriously ill; I wouldnt have told him the

15、truth. A. If I knew B. If I know C. Had I known D. Did I know16. It is important that he be called back immediately.,虚拟语气,Exercises,17. We could not have fulfilled the task in time if it for their help.A. was not B. is not C. had not been D. has not been18. Frankly speaking, Id rather you _saynothin

16、g about it for the time being.,虚拟语气,Exercises,19. last Friday, he would have got to Paris. A. Would he leave B. Had he left C. If he is to leave D. If he was leaving20. More and more people wish they in the countryside instead of living in the city. A. were living B. would live C. would have lived D

17、. be living,虚拟语气,Exercises,二 定 语 从 句,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,定语从句的分类,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,定语从句中关系代词的选择,成分,关系代词,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,定语从句中关系副词的选择,1. when 表示时间2. where表示地点3. why表示原因它们在定语从句中都充当状语成分。,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,1.The advertising company recently hired a designer _ had once won a p

18、rize in a national contest. A. whose B. which C. whom D. who 2. It is important to provide an environment _ people are encouraged to make suggestions at all levels of the company. A. from which B. on which C. in which D. for which,练习题：,D,C,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,3. Once more I have to leave Beijing, _

19、I have been living for eight years. A. that B. where C. which D. as 4. There is no evidence _ oil price will come down in the near future. （同位语）A. which B. that C. where D. as,B,B,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,5. It was not such a good job _ she had read about in the advertisement. A. like B. which C. as D. w

20、hat,such that引导的是“结果状语从句”,C,三 状 语 从 句,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,词例,含义,三、状语从句,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,1. The new staff didnt know how to use the system _ I explained it to him yesterday. A. until B. because C. if D. since2. They had talked only for a few minutes _ they found they were of di

21、fferent opinions. A. unless B. while C. before D. once 3. I will ask Mr. Smith to ring you up _ he comes back to the office. A. when B. where C. because D. although,主将从现只出现在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,A,C,A,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,4. They will not start the project until the board chairman _ back from South Africa.

22、A. will comeB. is comingC. cameD. comes,D,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,目的是,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,5. He was attending a meeting, _ he would have come to your party yesterday. A. unless B. when C. but D. or 6. She did not go to the party last night, _ she had to finish her term paper. A. if B. though C. till D.

23、because7. Young _ he is, he has proved to be an able salesman. A. that B. who C. as D. whichas构成的让步状语从句：名词词组/形容词+as+主语+谓语,Child as he is, he knows much about software programming.,C,D,D,四 时 态,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,现在完成时,has/have done,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,过去完成时把时间

24、推移到过去某一时间之前，与现在时间不发生联系-表示过去的过去。,e.g. She told me her name after I _(ask) her twice.,had asked,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,现在完成（进行）时经常与since-词组或since-分句连用，表示“自某时以来”一直进行或者未进行某项活动。 主句（现在完成时/现在完成进行时），since-从句（一般过去时） e.g. I have lived in the dormitory, since I arrived here.,现在完成时,一般过去时,自从我来这儿，就住在学生公寓。,1. Since-

25、结构,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,by the end of by the time By the end of By the time,1. By the end of last month, we (find)_ a good solution to the technical problem. 2. By the time you come to see me next month, I _ my term paper. A. have completed B. complete C. am completing D. will have completed,had foun

26、d,D,过去的时间，主句时态had done,将来的时间，主句时态will have done,2. by+时间,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,It is / will be + the first time that 分句 （现在完成时）e.g. Is this the first time youve come to China? It was the first time that 分句 （过去完成体）e.g. It was the second time I had been (be) abroad.,3. “It is the first time +that 分句”,这是

27、你第一次来中国吗？,这是我第二次出国,五 分词作状语,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,不定式作状语*（）表示目的 e.g. We will go to the clinic tomorrow to be examined by the doctor. （）表示结果 e.g. He hurried home only to find that his grandfather was dead. （）表示原因 e.g. He was lucky to have found the lost child.,五、分词作状语,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级

28、 语 法,-ing分词作状语（）作时间状语 e.g. （When we were) Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view. （）*作原因状语 e.g. Having worked hard all day, I was ready for bed all day. （）*作伴随状语 e.g. He ran up to her, breathing heavily.,表示主动,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,-ed分词作状语(1) *作时间状语 e.g. (When it is) Heated, the m

29、etal expands. (2) *作原因状语 e.g. (Because he was) Deeply moved, he thanked her again and again.,表示被动,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,1. The auto industry spends large amounts of money on marketing campaigns _ young adult customers. A. attract B. attractedC. to attract D. attracts2. _ by the failure of the project,

30、 the manager could hardly say a word. A. To be shocked B. ShockedC. Be shocked D. Shocking,练习题：,C,B,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,3. _that I was not going to get much chance for promotion, I soon became bored with my work. A. To realize B. RealizingC. Being realized D. Realized4. _ up at the clock on the wall

31、, the secretary found it was already midnight. A. Looking B. LookC. To look D. Looked,B,A,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,5. _ to find the proper job, he decided to give up job-hunting in this city. A. Failed B. Being failedC. To fail D. Having failed 6. When (ask) _ about the advertising campaign of the new pr

32、oduct, the manager said it was a great success.,D,asked,六 分词作定语,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,六、分词作定语,-ing（现在）分词和-ed（过去）分词作定语的主要差别在于：1. 现在分词表示“主动（现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词，即与名词有主谓关系) 和进行”。e.g. There are a lot of fans hoping for a glimpse of the movie stars.,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,2. 过去分词表示“被动(过去分词修饰的是

33、承受该动作的名词,即与名词是动宾关系）和完成（不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成）“。e.g. Computers imported from abroad are usually more expensive. e.g. A lost opportunity never returns. 注：单个分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面.,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,1. The first textbook _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th cent

34、ury. A. Writing B. written C. to write D. to be written 2. The conference _ in Beijing next week is bound to be a great success. A. holding B. being heldC. to hold D. to be held,练习题：,B,D,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,3. With the help of the police, the woman finally found her (lose) _ child after a sleepless.

35、 4. It was in his childhood that he read most of the books (write) _ by Mark Twain. 5. The tall building (complete) _ last month is our new classroom building.,lost,written,completed,七 形容词、副词,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,七、形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的规则变化,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的不规则变化,高等学校英

36、语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,1.Successful companies concentrate (much) _ on selling their products to their existing customers than to their new ones. 2.The guest paid (little) _ money than he should for the room. 3.The price of petrol is much (high) _ now than it was this time last year.,填空题：,more,less,higher,八

37、先行词it,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,八、先行词 it it充当形式主语或形式宾语，后面的真正主语或真正宾语通常是不定式结构、-ing分词或名词性分句。,形式主语,1. _ is reported in the newspapers that the talks between the two companies have not made any progress. A. That B. What C. It D. As,C,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,练习题：,3. They regard _ as their duty t

38、o provide the best service for their customers. A. this B. what C. it D. that,形式宾语,2. It is my great honor _ to give a speech at the opening ceremony. A. to invite B. inviting C. having invited D. to be invited,D,C,九同位语从句,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,九、同位语从句 同位语从句通常用that引导，且that在从句中不充当任何成

39、分，是对名词的内容进行解释说明. 可用同位语从句修饰的名词有：news, fact, idea, promise, question, doubt, hope, evidence, suggestion, thought, message等。,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,1. The message _ Mr. Black was elected chairman of the committee arrived just in time. A. which B. what C. that D. how2. News came from the sales manager _ th

40、e new product had been selling well in the local market for three months. A. whose B. what C. which D. that,练习题：,C,D,十 倒 装,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,十、倒装 （Inversion）,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,I. 部分倒装 (Partial Inversion) (1)当句首为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，一般引起部分倒装e.g. few, little, never, hardly, rarely, s

41、carcely, seldom, no soonerthan, Hardlywhen, not onlybut also, *not until, by no means, on no account 等.,应用：,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,1. Little they realized that they had made a great discovery in chemistry.2. Rarely we have seen a person with such bad temper （脾气）.,Little did they realize that they had m

42、ade a great discovery in chemistry.,Rarely have we seen a person with such bad temper.,改错题：,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,(2) 句首状语若由“only+副词”、“only+介词词组”。“only+状语分句”构成，也引起部分倒装。,1.Only when you do it yourself can you understand how hard the work is.,2.Only in this way, can we live a better life.,高等学校英语应用能力考试A

43、级 语 法,（3). “So+形容词/副词 that （部分倒装）”选择题：So_ after she learned the good news that she could hardly fall asleep that night. A. excited the mother was B. was the mother excitedC. the mother was excitedD. excited was the mother,D,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,The workmen finished their work so quick that they were

44、giving a bonus.,So quick,句型转换：,十一 强调句,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,句型结构：It is (was) + 强调成分(除谓语成分） + that (who) + 句子（原句中的剩余部分）. 当被强调的部分指“人”时，that可换作who。 句子的开头用it is还是it was，通常取决于其后从句的谓语动词是现在时还是过去时。,十一、强调句:,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,她建议我们去图书馆。是她建议我去图书馆。,She suggested we go to the library.,It was

45、she that/who suggested we go to the library.,1. 强调主语,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,我们的英语老师送给我一本字典。我们的英语老师送给我的是这本字典。,Our English teacher gave me a dictionary.,It was this dictionary that our English teacher gave me.,2. 强调宾语,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,我上周接到通知。我是在上周接到通知的。,I got the notice last week.,It was last week th

46、at I got the notice.,3. 强调状语,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,It was not until the accident happened _ .(2001年6月A级) A. when I realized my carelessness B. that I realized my carelessness C. as I realized my carelessness D. when my carelessness has been realized,选择题：,B,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,You worked very hard yest

47、erday.,那如何强调谓语呢？,You did work very hard yesterday.,十二 动词+ ing/to do,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,十二、动词+ -ing/-to do,1. *只能带-ing分词的动词 这类动词常见的有：avoid, admit, cant help, consider, dislike, dont mind, imagine, include, (enjoy, finish, give up). 2. 只能带不定式的动词 这类动词常见的有：agree, choose, decide, dem

48、and, determine, expect, prepare, promise, refuse.,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,3. 既能直接带-ing又能带-to do的动词 （1）意义无甚区别 这类动词常见的有：attempt, begin, continue, hate, intend, like, love, plan, prefer, require, start.,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,(2) 意义有区别 表一：,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,表二：,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,表三：,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,1.

49、 Mr. Smith considered (sell) _ his car and his house before moving to Beijing. （A级）2. I wondered why the boy often avoided (talk) _ with his classmates. 3. I dont mind (have) _ a dog in the house so long its clean and it doesnt smell.,练习题：,selling,talking,having,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,4. They stopped (

50、search) _ for the missing plane as the weather was very rough. 5. I do not regret _ her what I thought about her proposal, even if it upset her. （A级） A. tell B. to tell C. told D. telling,searching,D,十三 词型转换,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,高等学校英语应用能力考试A 级 语 法,(1) 动词-名词 -ment invest-investment -ence differ-diffe