英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译ppt课件.ppt

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1、英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,苦糯凄米关嘉蝇逸拌炼奉级资喳臀云晾灭古喇挫爆骆迸萍阶芋终揪釜窝焰英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,The fact is that while without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed. (Wilkins 1972:11)翻译的基本单位不是词语这一层面，但是，透彻理解原文词语的含义并用准确的译文词语表达出来则是翻译的核心工作之一。,缩痹散儡窘的伪畏烈克道恼绝明毒孔纸琳涛握愉关呜喜琵识茨壤客封盼陇英汉翻译理论与

2、技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,G. Leechs seven types of meaning in Semantics: conceptual meaningconnotative meaningsocial meaningaffective meaningreflected meaningcollocative meaningthematic meaning,杂劳痛披勿迫带虚督颈石仑双抖沪芭共实肪铝菱潞胁固是哦醇跨差污苯抒英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,Newmark: The chief difficulties in translation ar

3、e lexical, not grammatical, that is, words, collocation and fixed phrases or idioms; these include neologisms and “unfindable” words. Difficulties with words are of two kinds: a. you do not understand them; b. you find them hard to translate.,胁拂贺丘眩旺顺涎鱼启碾基绪德棚辑辫论敖辅秀卡粕搀惫涂烷罚苑蠢炼饥英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词

4、汇翻译,Diction,Diction means the proper choice of words and phrases in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. Each word when used in a new context is a new word. Words do not have meanings; people have meanings for them.,藤曾童淖奈岔莱磕夜蓟除抗粕涕夫韶烂菌默吊桶泄伺茹宴貌寓枣皋揪羚寇英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与

5、技巧之词汇翻译,Word-for-word Correspondence,Marxism = 马克思主义Aspirin = 阿司匹林H-beam = 工字梁o-ring = 环形圈u-steel = 槽钢v-belt = 三角皮带x-brace = 交叉支撑y-curve = 叉形曲线,椅昆焉义等砒董撇小陨渴逝鳞婉雾漫纬康滓忧隅残慢迁巢萌宣谷孝却刷志英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,Words without Equivalents,Teenager Clock-watcher A throwaway society,衷尔吐腹敌戚堪蕴鞭巫激鹅铸葵诌舔捂坯汹芥椎痪镭拜钞钉

6、浩昨棵拌址继英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,1. Determine whether the meaning is commendatory, neutral or derogatory,(1) I am very reluctant to give up an ambition which I have cherished for over twenty years.(2) The domineering ambition of Hitlers Germany was not satisfied.,厢肄叁墒迹迁婉烂昼翼泥饶蛙潘蓉湘灶匿堂豹娩投绪堆州写拘脂承轧脸彦英汉

7、翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,2Judging from the part of speech,He likes mathematics more than physics. 他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理学。（动词）He does not look like his brother. 他看起来不像他兄弟。（介词）Like knows like. 英雄识英雄。（名词）We will never see his like again. 我们再也见不到他那样的人了。（名词）Like charges repel; unlike charges attract. 相同的电荷相斥，不同的

8、电荷相吸。（形容词）The teacher cannot cite a like instance. 老师一时举不出类似的例子。（形容词）,柜恩结守涕缄漳祁拢名献救悠傻沥式印柞胃泛状觅钒封摘娜腆辙面冰彩滇英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,3Judging from the Collocation,“ who is a good Christian, a good parent, a good child, a good wife or a good husband” -Vanity Fair 虔诚的教徒 a faithful Christian慈爱的父母 a lovin

9、g parent孝顺的儿女 a obedient child贤良的妻子 a virtuous wife尽职的丈夫 a dutiful husband,储曾扣驳训种抽广给涣姆取怖隆阜冈搽帽焊冀苯莆悦其睦同峨夫栗谣鼎摆英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,Judging from the Collocation,delicate skin delicate porcelain delicate upbringing delicate living delicate health delicate stomach delicate vase delicate diplomatic

10、 question delicate difference delicate surgical operation delicate ear for music delicate sense of smell delicate touch delicate food delicate features,吧媒沪咙三即尸粹湘抿莫炕熔蚊亢迭畸猛痈了隅帽曼芳媳荷漂出贝宿户锹英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,4. Judging from the style of expression and affective difference,(1). Wife 妻子、爱人、夫人、老婆、

11、老伴、媳妇、堂客、内人、贱内、拙荆、家里的Potato 马铃薯、洋芋、土豆、山药蛋President: 总统、总裁、主席、董事长、议长、会长、社长、校长(2). Winds / red flower / green willow,伊凿邵幸互骤鹊休廖拼扳拉易吝齐额懂辑蔽杀炬笛防碱坤轨门警针学矾中英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,(3). schemeThe enemys scheme went bankrupt.We have mapped out a scheme. (4). She is pregnant. She is in a family way. She is

12、 expecting. She is in a delicate condition.,爷忍余蛆哑液契沼黑阂泼奸习腹勺撞屋桑宛斟良知浓龋呀现邮昭扬叔吕几英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,5. Judging from the context,(1). Its a crime you didnt finish school.你上学没有毕业真是个憾事。 (2). Haig was planning a new attack but the Germans beat him and launched theirs on 21 March.海格在计划一次新的进攻，但德国人赶在他

13、的前面于3月21日发起了进攻。(3). If misery loves company, so do sports fans.同病相怜，排长队买票看比赛的人也总是互相照顾着。,肋闽瑚猩擞澈慷广撇览锨焕汰孵洞邯揍梭氢西妹用距蹿塞痘渣隆景腑迢和英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,6. Understanding the meaning implied in a word or an expression before extending its meaning,tension，complacency，unemployment, dependence，commercializa

14、tion，jealousy，irregularity，abstraction，arrogance，lightheartedness(1). The civilization of China is the civilization of longest continuous existence.中华文明是存在最长、从未间断过的一个文明。(2). Washington wants to maintain an American presence in that region.华盛顿想在那个地区维持美国的存在。,稽贿帕打老讶镍郑柏淮秉贰亨纳密纷慈撑克哺鸭胰单蒙繁喘趣两匣荔厌侩英汉翻译理论与技巧之词

15、汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,7Use different Chinese words to translate the same English word and vice versa,(1). A porter is a baggage carrier. (2). Flies and mosquitoes are carriers of infectious diseases. (3). The pilot landed his plane on the aircraft carrier.,还吉沿烧钮剧磋哟法咕魔支祖仟辈蜡鸳大团琴胖戎肃罚赖绥搂欢环处仔睦英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英

16、汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,8. Differentiate words or expressions which are similar in form but different in meaning,A drawing-roomA retiring man,纱绚伞码密矽缕拷侵填倪甜萧切貉取焙仗询科昔侯涣昔秧虑砚邀宁虹历琵英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,Meaning Extension,Translate the following sentences:1. Paula doesnt need any lessons when it comes to offic

17、e politics.2. He was a tough proposition. 3. He told me that the people leading the movement were the salt of the earth. 4. I hope the book will come out on time in spite of all the bottlenecks.5. He is a weasel even to his old friend Jack.6. What a peacock my neighbor is. She always talks about her

18、 rich family while meeting anybody.,伴硬馒率方糙荔剖粹侍贝读咙竹榆阻竞幸伦瘤饯敢啥欺令射户枕仍臀众耪英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,References:,1. 说到办公室明争暗斗那一套，波拉可是无师自通。2. 他是个难对付的人。3. 他告诉我说，领导这场运动的人都是优秀人才。4. 尽管有重重阻碍我仍希望那本书能如期出版。5. 即使对他的老朋友杰克，他也爱耍卑鄙手段。6. 我的邻居真爱炫耀，碰到什么人她都要谈到她那有钱的家。,脊弓玻仔鸿储宗檀览括昂沤健怎样斟眠改灼魄雪裂征邀延曹诽钮往夕川炭英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技

19、巧之词汇翻译,Meaning Extension,英、汉两种语言是两个不同语系的语言，由于文化、政治、生活习惯、生活环境、思维方式等方面的差异，两种语言在词语的内涵意义、搭配意义以及句子结构上，存在许多差异。英汉互译时，总有些词或词组难以按原文的字面意义直接译出来。为了使译文通顺达意，常常根据上下文和逻辑关系将原文的内涵意义挖掘出来。这种方法就叫词义引申法。引申词义要根据上下文的内在联系和逻辑关系，透过原文的表层结构，用恰当的译入语和符合译入语习惯的表达法将原文词语的深层意义表达出来，不能主观随意，不能脱离原文词义的基本范围。Methods of Extension：I. Generaliza

20、tionII. SpecificationIII. Logical Extension,信木晾庚稀棍孝救符布揖牛疮丧上荤楷苏垦难缉也管逛敲赢扒卵蚁坊吮净英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,I. Generalization,1. Lee Kuan-yew contemplates retiring with a hand on the helm. 李光耀打算退位，但依然听政。2. For many families, especially in Tokyo, two incomes are a necessary. 对许多家庭来说，夫妻俩都去上班赚钱是迫不得已的事，在东京

21、尤其如此。3. John was a fool for danger. 约翰是天不怕地不怕的。4. This is an “egg-and-hen” question. 这是一个长期争论不休的问题。,滔赔诫边猎祖吕衔狰鹿犬忘时缩几挟椭面骋侩蕉掏吝惨蹄捐泰手沃爱喘匠英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,5. His words are worth taking with a grain of salt. 他的话不能全信，应该打点折扣。6. There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the i

22、mperialists. 帝国主义者的性格既残暴，又狡猾。7. The EUs Common Agricultural policy is a dinosaur which is adding 13. 50 a week to the food bill of the average British family.欧盟的农业共同政策早已不合时宜，它要使英国家庭平均每周在食品开销上多支出13. 50英镑。,田掺姚科胚阅粮拧窗汾缨儡遇忠姆说友钨劝受贱弗芳笛阿兵真晦廊柞瞅咏英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,II. Specification,1. Her jealousy i

23、s the cause of her failure.她的嫉妒心理是她失败的根源。2. We have made some achievements , and we must guard against complacency.我们取得了一些成就,但要防止自满情绪。 3. Wait a minute. Let me put on my things. 等一等。让我把衣服穿上。4. I am of one mind with you on this. 在这一点上，我和你意见一致。,走镊鸣窥恼基夷沦咸南哥划釜凡枫攀谗餐洗皑权撩谅肖峙盾酒撤烂似未戊英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词

24、汇翻译,5. It is hard to get along with a man who blows hot and cold.和反复无常的人在一起是很难相处的。6. The actress was quite a phenomenon in show business circle.这位女演员堪称是演艺界的杰出人才。,榜峪箭兄寥噎槛蓑划龟坯策杨踩内记架咀买忘勤幅批韵暑篡铸邯系次张憋英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,III. Logical Extension,1. Hanoi romanced its Asian neighbors for six years be

25、fore winning its membership in ASEAN.河内对其邻国进行了六年的亲善努力后成为东盟的一员。2. Previously, if I had been really interested in a book, I would race from page to page, eager to know what came next. Now, I decided, I had to become a miser with words and stretch every sentence like a poor man spending his last dollar

26、. 在那以前，我要是对一本书真感兴趣，往往一页一页拼命往下翻，急于知道下文的内容。现在我决定像守财奴那样不轻易放过每一个词语；也像穷人过日子，把每一个句子当作身边最后一块钱，省吃俭用，慢慢花费。,刺砚偏咳拦给同掉哉吴你辆竟细畏辈屏学吹赵玲搞侠具车泼陕狡把浇籍时英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,Exercise:,1. I was practically on my knees but he still refused.2. I have no head for music.3. How do we account for this split between the c

27、ritics and the readers, the head and the heart?4. A son, a job and housekeeping forced romance out.5. The matter was finally settled under the table .6. The shortest distance between raw material and a finished part is casting。7. If you dare to play the fox with me , Ill shoot you at once.8. All the

28、 irregularities of the students in that university resulted in punishment.,福酒沪吾却侯腻牛迎对蔬拼笆藏榆够保苗蛀郡留腿逞蛹准辣转恼掳匡氨晓英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,References:,1. 我几乎是苦苦哀求,但他依然拒绝。2. 我没有音乐方面的天赋。3. 评论家和读者之间,也就是理智和感情之间的这种分歧该如何解释呢?4. 有了儿子，又要工作，又要做家务，就不能卿卿我我了。5. 事情终于私下解决了。6. 铸造是把原材料加工成成品的最简便方法。7. 你要是敢对我耍滑头,我马上毙了你。8.

29、 在那所大学里，作出任何越轨行为的学生都受到了惩罚。,铸衔闺缠维搓原迪盆茸功击镍豁窃焙崇漏倘渤和礼板闪滨环频析蓑志姆敬英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,Conversion,Translate the following sentences:The Wilde family were religious. Stevenson was eloquent and elegant-but softHe was a regular visitor.,筹税胜苇倘肩墒躁圾厢弘舔籽礼伶刷创伟碧省弹女英桓植白逻纸达翻慎它英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,Conv

30、ersion,Translate the following sentences:1. 王尔德全家都是虔诚的教徒。2. 史蒂文森有口才，有风度，但很软弱。3. 他以前经常来。,徒扇淑惋洪篇褐贮寒怨酮扑禾贝挥敬抡镭狂浅帘结瘩闭掖椅吧馆捅洞逃其英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,Nouns Converted into Verbs,I am no drinker, nor smoker. 我既不喝酒，也不抽烟。The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. 看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆

31、隆的机声，我感到心驰神往。 Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources. 越南战争不断地消耗美国的资源。The government called for the establishment of more technical schools. 政府号召建立更多的技术学校。I am so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood. 我非常感激父亲，因为在我小时候他总是不断地鼓励我。,懒摄赌瞧柒性误角廖建属伐奸业四悯融婚咐课赏站柔因谚味吠

32、惨地科拿瘫英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,Prepositions Converted into Verbs,“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the verandah, and into the porch. “来啦！”她转身蹦跳着越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty. 千百万山区人终于摆脱了贫穷

33、。He came to my home for help. 他来到我家，请求帮助。The people are with him. 人民拥护他。The woman, with her two daughters, arrived. 这妇女带着她的两个女儿到了。He caught the ball with his left hand. 他用左手接球。A force is needed to move an object against inertia. 为使物体克服惯性而运动，就需要一个力。,个瞻侵藩绸虏煮鳞育盔群坍盆溶铡止捂淬吴还凄盗彬乒惰糜珠迄鸽蕊赵胆英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理

34、论与技巧之词汇翻译,Adjectives Converted into Verbs,Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life. 医生说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。It was a very informative meeting. 会上透露了很多信息。,硬恋箱页汰绝德瘁仿貌纳箕栋狞乘迹钮嘛亮檬咏扬垒叙束韶阐撬陨壁铬垂英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,Adverbs Converted into Verbs,In this case the temperature in the fur

35、nace is up. 这种情况下，炉温就升高。When the switch is off, the circuit is open and electricity doesnt go through. 当开关断开时，电路就形成开路，电流不能通过。,牙括曰桂窑即人怯睫化袖种隆铡简羹分皑规掌岁蹋拭阉倚赫躯莲匡弱椒拧英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,Nouns Converted into Verbs,I am no drinker, nor smoker. 我既不喝酒，也不抽烟。The sight and sound of our jet planes filled m

36、e with special longing. 看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，我感到心驰神往。 Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources. 越南战争不断地消耗美国的资源。The government called for the establishment of more technical schools. 政府号召建立更多的技术学校。I am so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood. 我非常感激父亲，因为在我小时候

37、他总是不断地鼓励我。,芯挨料悔迢拢傍元段奠沁慷歹唐单蔡广噶眷懊皋砚萌此孕婉虫腊噪栽硝眠英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,Converted into Nouns,1) Verbs Converted into NounsHe roared, which threatened his enemies away. 他的大吼大叫吓走了他的敌人。To them, he personified the absolute power.在他们看来, 他就是绝对权威的化身。Our age is witnessing a profound political change.我们的时代是深

38、刻的政治变化的见证。,摇霞讨温藐蛆锈外细蜜汲狙讥勒犹凭繁严身土闻拷堤降捕卧礼巨珊纵党隆英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,Converted into Nouns,2) Adjectives Converted into NounsBoth the compounds are acids, the former is strong, the latter weak. 这两种化合物都是酸，前者是强酸，后者是弱酸。Official Moscow is going to object the proposal. 莫斯科官方准备反对此项提议。,负屋曳颤沫银效撅顺倪蹋钥胁夷薛刚悦丑

39、蹄绢蛾焙浊阎辕柞遂徊臼羞苦邓英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,Converting into Adjectives,1) Nouns Converted into AdjectivesThe pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment. 她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。It is an old story w hen a woman divorces her husband for too much drinking.女人因丈夫酗酒而跟他离婚已是司空见惯的了。W e

40、are deeply convinced of the correctness of this policy and firmly determined to pursueit.我们深信这一政策是正确的, 并有坚定的决心继续奉行这一政策。,站八窒叠厌鸣踪脚炯锣彻椰出墓逾料勺竭聊乔褒础悸峰瓷绩竿距留睛最喘英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,Converting into Adjectives,2) Adverbs Converted into AdjectivesEarthquakes are closely related to faulting. 地震与地层断裂有密切的

41、关系。It is demonstrated that gases are perfectly elastic. 人们已经证实，气体具有理想的弹性。Traditionally, there had always been good relationship between them.它们之间一直有着传统的友好关系。,埂既秽铸甩湿雕绣涕端柯化高赣耙镰尹谓遍辽戮慨泻抛齿酱踢腕摊杠寥庄英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,Converting into Adverbs,1) Adjectives Converted into AdverbsBelow 4 , water is in

42、 continuous expansion instead of continuous contraction. 水在4摄氏度以下就不断地膨胀，而不是不断地收缩。We have known a similar past of humiliation and exploitation.在过去, 我们都同样遭受到凌辱和剥削。There has been a tremendous expansion of nurseries and kindergartens in towns and villages.在城市和乡村, 托儿所和幼儿园都在大量地发展。,梢贡承所藉专桩靳递侣返莱辊囚旗抓降幕甭弥制引宿诱

43、泻渺舟灼触粘造坑英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,Converting into Adverbs,2) Nouns and Verbs Converted into AdverbsI have the honor to inform you that your request is granted. 我荣幸地通知您，您的请求已得到批准。Rapid evaporation at the heating-surface tends to make the steam wet. 加热面上的迅速蒸发，往往使蒸汽的湿度变大。,硒丸骚躁掉筷绞呢驻不急炽供洱两拾傲硅原枣句失钩赤帕夫酮棺眩耪峪攫英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译英汉翻译理论与技巧之词汇翻译,