糖基转移酶与糖苷酶ppt课件.ppt
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1、第二节糖基转移酶及其应用,主要内容,糖转移酶简介 糖基转移酶在合成中的应用,Glycosyltransferases 应用activated sugar phosphates 作为糖供体,合成 glycosidic linkage ,糖受体通常为 nucleophilic group, usually an alcohol. 生成的糖苷可以为 O-, N-, S-, or C-glycoside,糖转移酶简介,功能:催化糖苷键的合成( O-, N-, S-, or C-glycoside )供体:活化的糖磷酸受体:亲核基团(蛋白、脂、核酸、糖、小分子),通常为-OH,Non-Leloir do
2、nors:,Leloir donors:,糖供体底物,糖基转移酶根据糖供体中是否含有核苷酸分为两类。,Leloir:阿根廷生物化学家,研究核苷酸代谢,1970,诺贝尔化学奖,分为94 家族 (distinct sequence-based families) (CAZy server, http:/rs-mrs.fr/CAZY) 人类拥有约 270多种糖基转移酶序列,属于 33个家族。,Alpha-1,4-葡萄糖转移酶;beta-1,4-半乳糖转移酶;2,3-唾液酸转移酶,糖基转移酶分类,根据氨基酸序列相似性进行分类:,根据蛋白结构相似性进行分类:,根据糖供体和糖苷键连接方式进行分类:,GT-
3、A,GT-B,其他类型,Rossmann-type domains (for nucleotide binding),NDP-binding domain generally contains a conserved DXD amino acid motif,GT-A fold: SpsA from Bacillus subtilus,GT-B fold: beta-glucosyltransferase from bacteriophage T4,Leloir GTs,Transglycosylase from Staphylococcus aureus,Oligosaccharyltran
4、sferase STT3 from Pyrococcus furiosius,Non-Leloir GTs,催化机理,Glycosyltransferases catalyze the transfer of glycosyl groups to a nucleophilic acceptor with either retention or inversion of configuration at the anomeric centre. This allows the classification of glycosyltransferases as either retaining o
5、r inverting enzymes.,鎓,催化机理,Inverting: SN2 nucleophilic attack at the C1 atom,Retaining: double displacement mechanism,糖基转移酶辅因子,Many, but not all, glycosyltransferases utilize divalent metal ion cofactors such as Mn2+ and Mg2+. mainly in glycosyltransferases that are diphosphonucleoside-dependent. m
6、etal ion is coordinated to an oxygen of each of the two phosphate groups, as well as to side-chain carboxylates derived from the protein.,糖基转移酶抑制剂,直接抑制糖基转移酶活性,底物类似物;过渡态类似物,alpha-2,6-唾液酸转移酶抑制剂,Beta-1,4-半乳糖转移酶抑制剂,阻断糖供体的合成,N-Glycan 合成过程中,首先要合成:dolichol-pp-N-acetylglucosamine,UDP-GlcANc + dolichol-p - d
7、olichol-pp-GlcNAc,N-acetylglucosamine phosphorotransferase,糖基转移酶在合成中的应用,寡糖的酶法合成 具有生物活性含糖天然产物的酶法合成 生物制药-糖蛋白药物生产策略 生物制药-糖疫苗生产策略,Chemical Synthesis of a-Gal,规模小,过程复杂,立体选择性难,Reaction Catalyzed by a1,3-Galactosyltransferase,碳水化合物的合成,体内糖供体合成途径,糖供体相互转化: GalE: UDP-Gal UDP-Glu GalNAcE: UDP-GalNAc UDP-GlcNAc
8、UGD(UDP-Glc dehydrogenase): UDP-Glc UDP-GlcA UDP-GlcA decarboxylase: UDP-GlcA UDP-Xyl,糖基转移酶介导的寡糖合成,Phosphorylases,GlucosyltransferasesFructosyltransferasesCyclodextrin glucanotransferases,Many,微生物中的糖供体,天然糖苷化合物中的糖一般为 C2, C3, C4 and/or C6 脱氧糖,而且大部分为6-deoxyhexoses family (Rhamnose)原核生物糖转移酶具有糖供体的广泛性 6-d
9、eoxyhexoses 一般通过 TDP-sugars进行底物活化(TDP-Rhamnose),优点: 区域、立体选择性 大量生产,不足: * 糖基转移酶在大量表达方面存在困难 糖供体比较昂贵. 副产物抑制,消除副产物抑制(碱性磷酸酶)原位产生糖供体 合成廉价的糖供体类似物.,针对以上不足解决策略,糖基转移酶在工业应用中优势与弱点,可作为LgtC底物,碱性磷酸酶,酶法再生糖供体策略 UDP-sugar (A) and CMP-sugar (B),糖供体的合成,糖供体的合成,糖供体的合成,糖基转移酶在寡糖合成中的应用,(一)具有生物活性寡糖的酶法合成,Biomedical use of a-Ga
10、l,soluble a-Gal antagonist to anti-Gal a-Gal conjugates in immunotherapy against bacteria, virus, and cancer cells.,人工合成的必要性,a1,3GalT 催化合成 a-Gal Epitopes 及其衍生物,O,O,O,O,O,O,O,UDP-Gal4-epimerase,UDP,UDP-Gal100mg/$416,UDP-Glc5g/$529.5,EC 5.1.3.2,Fang J, Chen X, Wang PG, et al.: J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64,
11、4089-4094.,通过原位再生合成 a-Gal 五糖,Fang J, Li J, Chen X, Wang PG, et al: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 6635-6638.,其他生物活性寡糖的合成(应用),In Human milk,g,e,n,e,H,O,O,H,O,H,O,O,H,O,H,O,O,H,O,O,H,O,O,H,O,H,O,O,H,O,H,O,H,O,A,c,H,N,O,H,a,2,3,t,r,a,n,s,i,a,l,i,d,a,s,e,(,e,),L,S,T,D,O,H,O,A,c,H,N,H,O,O,H,H,O,H,O,2,C,O,H
12、,(Without the B subunits, the A subunit has no way of attaching to or entering the cell, and thus no way to exert its toxic effect.),Stx is an AB5 subunit toxin. The pentamer of (small) B subunits binding to its receptor glycosphingolipid(GSL), globotriaosyl ceramide(Gb3) in glomerular endothelial c
13、ell membranes, initiates A subunit-mediated cell death leading to HUS(hemolytic uremic syndrome ), but induction of inflammatory pathways is also key. Gb3 is heterogenous in its lipid structure and membrane organization, such that different Gb3 formats are differentially recognized by Stx family mem
14、bers, particularly Stx2, which is more frequently associated with clinical disease.,血型相关抗原酶法合成,Fluorescently labeled sLex conj,sLex在转移性结肠癌高表达,二价肿瘤抗原酶法合成,(用于检测肿瘤位置),糖基转移酶应用,乳腺癌、前列腺癌上高表达Globo-H,P-凝集素 配体,防治黑色素瘤,寡糖的合成常常需要多种糖基转移酶 为了增加产量还有用其他一些酶 分步合成费时费力,?,一锅多酶法- Super beads - Super bug,J. Am. Chem. Soc.
15、1995, 117, 5869-5870,一锅多酶法合成透明质酸 (hyaluronic acid),E1, hyaluronic acid synthase; E2, UDP-Glc dehydrogenase; E3, UDP-Glc pyrophosphorylase; E4, UDP-GlcNAc pyrophosphorylase; E5, pyruvate kinase; E6, lactate dehydrogenase; E7, inorganic pyrophosphatase,sialyl Lewis X 酶法大量合成,E1: a1,3-fucosyltransferase
16、;E2: pyruvate kinase;E3: GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylaseE4: GDP-4-keto-5-deoxymannose 3,5-epimerase/GDP-4-keto-6-galactose reductase; E5: glucose dehydrogenase; E6: hexokinase; E7: phosphomannomutase;,E8: a2,3-sialyltransferase,激酶,歧化酶,Superbead,GalU,GalT,GalK,PyKF,Recombinant E. coli stratins overexpr
17、essingGalK, GalT, GalU or PykF,Chen X, Fang J, Wang PG, et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 2081-2082.,Beads with:GalKGalTGalUPykF,Peristaltic pumpfor circulation,Reservoir with:a1,3GalTLacOBn 9.6 mMATP 0.96 mMPEP 19.2 mMUDP 0.96 mMGlc-1-P 0.96 mMGal 12 mM MgCl2 10 mMMnCl2 10 mMKCl 100 mM HEPES 100
18、 mM pH 7.5,Liu Z, Zhang J, Chen X, Wang PG: ChemBioChem 2002, 3, 348-355.,Production of UDP-Gal with Superbeads.,Superbead 用于寡糖合成,a Gram scale synthesis, others are 100 mg scales,从多菌种发酵到Super bug,Kyowa Hakkos technology for large-scale production of UDP-Gal and globotriose utilizing metabolically en
19、gineered bacterial cells,Ppa: pyrophosphataseGalU: glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferaseGalT: galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferaseGalK: galactokinaseLgtC: a1,4-galactosyltransferase,CMP-NeuAc regeneration system by bacterial coupling,Using this approach, sugar nucleotides including UDP-Gal,CM
20、P-Neu5Ac, UDP-GlcNAc and GDP-Fuc have been successfully produced on a large scale.,Superbug technologies for the synthesis of a-Gal,分析合成途径,ATP,ADP,a1,3GalT,Gala1,3Lac,L,a,c,t,o,s,e,UDP-Gal,UDP,PEP,Pyruvate,Gal-1-P,Glc-1-P,UDP-Glc,UTP,PykF,GalU,GalK,GalUT,Galactose,PPi,克隆表达验证相关酶,Clone and express ind
21、ividual enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of a-Gal (克隆相关酶)Construction an artificial biosynthetic gene cluster and transfer into E. coli host cell.(构建基因簇并转化)Large scale production of a-Gal oligosaccharides using fermented and permeated cells. (发酵生产),pLDR20-aKTUF,rbc,rbc,rbc,rbc,构建多基因表达质粒,检验多基因表达效果
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