宏观经济学第二章ppt课件.ppt
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1、The Data of Macroeconomics,2,Part B,2. Consumer Price Index (CPI),A measure of the overall level of pricesThe cost of livingUses: tracks changes in the typical households cost of livingadjusts many contracts for inflationallows comparisons of dollar amounts over time,CPI: China,Hong Kong,Macao,大陆:居民
2、消费价格指数(CPI)数据来自中国统计年鉴2010;香港:数据来自香港政府统计处网站http:/www.censtatd.gov.hk ;澳门:数据来自澳门统计暨普查局网站 http:/www.dsec.gov.mo,思考美国,2.1 How to construct the CPI,1.Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumers “basket” of goods.2.Every month, collect data on prices of all items in the basket; comp
3、ute cost of basket3.CPI in any month equals,Exercise: Compute the CPI,Basket contains 20 pizzas and 10 compact discs.,prices:pizzaCDs2002$10$152003$11$152004$12$162005$13$15,For each year, computethe cost of the basketthe CPI (use 2002 as the base year)the inflation rate from the preceding year,Cost
4、 of Inflationbasket CPIrate2002$350100.0n.a.2003 370105.75.7%2004 400114.38.1%2005 410117.12.5%,Answers:,20 pizza 10 CDs cost2002$10 $15 $350 2003$11 $15 $370 2004$12 $16 $400 2005$13 $15 $410,Understanding the CPI,Example with 3 goods For good i = 1, 2, 3Ci = the amount of good i in the CPIs basket
5、Pit = the price of good i in month tEt = the cost of the CPI basket in month tEb = the cost of the basket in the base period,Understanding the CPI,The CPI is a weighted average of prices change. The weight on each price change reflects that goods relative importance in the CPIs basket. Note that the
6、 weights remain fixed over time., U.S.A.: The composition of the CPIs “basket”, Knowledge: the CPI of China,我国居民消费价格指数按用途划分为8大类:即食品、烟酒、衣着、家庭设备用品及维修服务、医疗保健和个人用品、交通和通信、娱乐教育文化用品及服务、居住。根据近13万户城乡居民家庭(城镇近6万户农村近7万户)的消费习惯和支出构成,在这8大类中选择了262个基本分类。每个基本分类下设置一定数量的代表规格品,目前全国有600多种商品和服务项目的代表规格品,作为经常性调查项目。CPI的权重,是依
7、据居民消费支出的比重确定的。,摘自国家统计局网站(2011,9,14),近年来我国政府统计部门根据居民消费结构的演变调整代表规格品,增加了:汽车、汽油、移动电话、电脑及家庭服务收费、车辆购买使用维修费、电话月租费、有线电视费、非义务教育收费、健身活动收费、物业管理费用、自有住房需缴税费、旅游收费、上网费、物业管理费、教育软件开支等。,2.2 Reasons why the CPI may overstate inflation,Substitution bias: The CPI uses fixed weights, so it cannot reflect consumers abilit
8、y to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen.Introduction of new goods: The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and, in effect, increases the real value of the dollar. But it does not reduce the CPI, because the CPI uses fixed weights.Unmeasured changes in quality:
9、 Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar, but are often not fully measured., Knowledge,来自国家统计局城市司(2011,6)的观点:CPI是一个平均的综合指标,而老百姓对物价上涨的感受往往是对单一或几种商品价格变化的感受 普通居民关注的是“吃穿用住行”等与日常生活紧密相关的商品和服务项目,而CPI调查的范围更加广泛CPI涵盖了全国城乡居民消费的商品和服务项目,但对某一个人或某一群体来说,可能其中的部分商品(服务)并不是经常性的消费项目篮子内的权数的确定是一个地方总体消费结构所决定的
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