句子翻译技巧ppt课件.ppt

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1、句子翻译技巧（1）,英汉句式结构比较句子英汉互译的基本方法,一、英汉句子结构比较,形合,静态性,重物称,多被动,主语显著,1、形合的英语 Vs 意合的汉语形合（hypotaxis）：指语言的词语与分句之间用自身的形式手段如关联词等相连接，用以表达语法意义和逻辑关系。意合（parataxis）：词语和分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义来表达。,一、英汉句子结构比较,英语：形式严谨，依靠有形的手段显示完整性。,连词： and, or, but ,if, when,副词：therefore, hence, consequently,代词：another, th

2、is, that,介词短语：in a word, at least, for example, in addition,形容词短语：more than, rather than,动词短语：to sum up, to put it another way, to be more exact,关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose,关系副词：when, where, why,（以形显义）,汉语：造句少用甚至不用形式连接手段，注重逻辑事理顺序和功能、意义，结构简洁明快。 枯藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家，古道西风瘦马，夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯.比较：枯藤（和）老树（和）昏鸦，小

3、桥（和）流水（和）人家，古道（上）西风（和）瘦马，（在）夕阳西下（之时），（却有）断肠人在天涯。老栓退了几步，寻到一家关了门的铺檐子，蹩进去，靠门立了。,（以神统形）,架通形合和意合的桥梁：词汇的增减The idea the life cut short is unfulfilled is illogical lives are measured by the impressions they leave on the world by their intensity virtue. 以为生命半途夭折就不圆满，这种看法是没有道理的。人生的价值在于流芳百世，在于轰轰烈烈，在于刚正不阿。,that

4、,because,and,and,知彼知己，百战不殆；不知彼知己，一胜一负；不知彼不知己，每战必殆。（孙子.谋攻）You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself. You will win one battle and lose one battle if you know yourself but are in the dark about the enemy. You will lose every battle if you are in the dark a

5、bout both the enemy and yourself.,英译汉：站在语义的高度，利用组合能力强、节奏感突出的短句，按照事理的逻辑关系和先后顺序来灵活地安排语序结构 Arthur Dimmesdale gazed into Hesters face with a look in which hope and joy shone out, indeed, but with fear between them ,and a kind of horror at her boldness, who had spoken what he vaguely hinted at, but dared

6、 not speak. (Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter) 阿瑟丁梅斯代尔凝视着海丝特的面孔，他的神情中确实闪烁着希望和喜悦，但也掺杂着畏惧，一种对她敢作敢为气概的惊恐。她把他含糊其词不敢说出来的话，都说了出来。 Lulled by the gentle motion and soothed by the rippling music of the waves the babies soon fell asleep. 船儿轻轻摇荡，波声潺潺悦耳，孩子们不久就睡着了。,汉译英：先弄清楚各分句之间的关系，确定其类别，然后再选择恰当的关联词把句子组织起来 小辣椒见是书记，

7、一愣，松开手，跟着就瘫了下去，滚地皮，大哭大叫。Dumbfounded of seeing the secretary, the Little Pepper relaxed her hands, and then lay down, rolling on the ground with cry and scream.,2、英语主语显著Vs 汉语主题显著 英语：主语-谓语 汉语：话题-陈述他会干这种事我不相信。 I dont believe that he should have done such things.在桌子上他放了一本书。 On the desk he put a book. He

8、 put a book on the desk.昨天的事多亏你帮忙。 Thank you for your help yesterday. I owe you a lot for your help yesterday.,英译汉：我们应该特别注意英语原文中的主语如何才能在汉语中得到最恰当的表达，而并不一定非把原句的主语转换成译句的主语。Each time I am in an African village, I dream about getting to a city. 每次身处非洲的村庄，我就会幻想来到了一座城市。Hopkins gave Victor Henry a sad smile

9、, and a brilliant light came into his large eyes. 霍普金斯对维克多亨利苦笑了一下，大眼睛里闪现出明亮的光芒。Is that a true story? 真有这事吗？,I knew nothing about it. 这件事我一点儿都不知道。 我对这件事一点也不知道。Somehow I doubt it. 这我倒有点怀疑。 我有点怀疑这个。Ive been wondering about something. 我一直纳闷某件事。 有件事儿我一直很纳闷。My son is using the car this morning and will be

10、 this afternoon. 我儿子今早一直在用汽车而且要用到下午。 汽车我儿子上午在用，而且下午还要用。Its no legend. My father knew the two men involved. 这不是传奇。我父亲认识那两位涉及这场悲剧的人。 那可不是什么传奇。那两个与惨案有关的人我父亲都认识的。,汉译英：一定要为译句选择一个合适的主语，将汉语原文中不明确的主语予以明确化。薄薄的一本书他竟看了两个月。 It took him two long months to finish such a thin book.我原来计划今年二月访问美国，后来不得不推迟，这使我感到扫兴。 It

11、 was a disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to America in February.,3、静态的英语 Vs 动态的汉语对策：词性的转换，动词的处理With a basket in her hand, she trudged up the lane to her room. The rocketing price of housing has tremendously dampened the enthusiasm of potential house buyer.,她

12、手提着篮子，拖着沉重的脚步，走进一条小巷子，来到了她的房间。,房价飙升，严重挫伤了潜在购房者的积极性。,4、 英语：重物称，汉语：重人称 英语：常用不能施以动作或无生命的事物做主语 汉语： 常有能施以动作或生命的物体做主语对策：主语转换The thought of returning filled him with fear. 一想到还要回去，他心里就害怕。Fear of earthquake haunted her. 她总是担心会地震。What happened to your grandpa? 你爷爷出了什么事了？,Many factors enter into equipment rel

13、iability. 译文一：跟设备可靠性有关的因素很多。 译文二：很多因素都与设备的可靠性有关。An idea suddenly struck me. 译文一：我突然想到了一个主意。 译文二：我突然闪过一个念头。 译文三：一个念头突然袭上心头。 译文四：一个想法突然在我脑海里冒了出来。 译文五： 一个想法突然出现在我脑海。,他们对市场一无所知，他们公司因而受了很大的损失。 Their ignorance of the market brought huge losses to their company.她一看到他就生气。 The very sight of him makes her ang

14、ry.,5、英语：多被动；汉语：多主动,英语中经常使用被动语态，尤其在科技语体中，这是因为被动语态比主动语态更少主观色彩、结构更简单，还因为不必、不愿或无从说出主动者或强调受动者。相比之下，汉语中被动语态使用较少，是因为汉语往往将宾语提前作为说话的主题，通过词汇的手段或词序的手段来表示被动。,英译汉被动句的翻译 译成被动句 a. 汉语用表示被动意义的词 b. 不用表示被动意义的词，汉语句子的结构本身可以表示被动意义 c. 把谓语部分译成“是的” 译成主动句 a. 用原句的施事者作主语 b. 补充施事者作主语 c. 译成汉语的无主句,He was seen to play ping-pong t

15、here. 有人看见他在那儿打乒乓球。,2. The door was opened by the professor himself. 门是教授本人打开的。,3. This question can be discussed at the next meeting. 在下次会上可以讨论这个问题。 （或：这个问题可以在下次会议上讨论。）,4. Tom was given a small cheque. 有人给了汤姆一张小额支票。,5. All bodies are known to possess weight. 大家都知道所有物体都具有重量。,练习三,more,6. The unpleasa

16、nt noise must be immediately put to an end. 必须立即终止这种讨厌的噪音。,7. Any minute we would surely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield. 我们随时都会被出入机场的敌机发现。,9. Such conduct will be looked down upon by all with a sense of decency. 这种行为将会为一切有良知的人所蔑视。,8. The village is populated by about 12

17、,000 farmers. 这个村子里住着大约一万两千名农民。,10. By the end of the war 5,000 people had been saved by the organization. 到大战结束时，这个组织拯救了五千人。,Go on,被动语态,不加主语It is hoped that 希望It is reported that 据报道It is supposed that 据推测It must be admitted that 必须承认It is learned that 据闻/悉It cannot be denied that 不可否认It was noted

18、above that 前面已经指出It is assumed that 假设/假定,“it”为形式主语的句子往往需要改成主动形式，有时可不加主语，有时则需要加上主语。,加主语It is believed that 有人相信(认为)It is generally accepted that 大家都认为It is asserted that 有人主张It was told that 有人曾经说It has been found that 人们已经发现It is sometimes asked that 人们有时会问It should be realized that 我们应该认识到It is stressed that 有人强调说,back,一、英汉句子结构比较,形合,静态性,重物称,多被动,主语显著,