化学专业英语 命名ppt课件.ppt
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1、1,化合物的英文命名,Nomenclature of compounds,2,一 无机物的命名 (Inorganic compounds)1 元素与单质的命名,“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”,有时为了区别,在强调“单质”时可用“free element”。因此,单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称,同时又是单质的名称。,3,4,S-block Element,IA H Hydrogen Li Lithium Na Sodium K Potassium Rb Rubidium Cs Cesium Fr Francium,IIABe Berylliu
2、mMg MagnesiumCa CalciumSr StrontiumBa BariumRa Radium,5,P-block Element,VIA VIIA 0 He HeliumO Oxygen F Fluorine Ne NeonS Sulfur Cl Chlorine Ar ArgonSe Selenium Br Bromine Kr KryptonTe Tellurium I Iodine Xe XenonPo Polonium At Astatine Rn Radon,IIIA IV A V A B Boron C Carbon N Nitrogen Al Aluminium S
3、i Silicon P Phosphorus Ga Gallium Ge Germanium As Arsenic In Indium Sn Tin Sb Antimony Tl Thallium Pb Lead Bi Bismuth,6,Common Transition Elememt,Fe : iron Mn : manganese Cu: copper Zn: zinc Hg: mercury Ag: silver Au: gold,7,2化合物的命名,化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读,这与中文读法顺序是相反的。表示原子个数时使用前缀 但是在不会引起歧义时,这些前缀都尽可能被省
4、去。,8,Naming metal ions (cations) for metal oxides, bases and salts,1. Single valence ions Cations name = Elementfor example: Na+ sodium Al3+ aluminum K+ potassium Ca2+ calcium,9,2.Multivalence ions,Cations name = Element(N)For example: Fe2+ Iron(II) or ferrous Fe3+ Iron(III) or Ferric Cr2+ Chromium(
5、II) Cr3+ Chromium(III) Mn4+ Manganese(IV) Mn2+ Manganese(II) Cu+ Copper(I) or cuprous Cu2+ Copper(II) or cupric Sn2+ Tin(II) or stannous Sn4+ Tin(IV) or stannic Hg22+ Mercury(I) or mercurous Hg2+ Mercury(II) or mercuric,10,对于有变价的金属元素,除了可用前缀来表示以外,更 多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态,或用后缀-ous表示低价,-ic表示高价。如 FeO: iron(II
6、) oxide 或 ferrous oxide Fe2O3: iron (III) oxide或ferric oxide Cu2O: copper(I) oxide 或cuprous oxide CuO: copper(II) oxide或cupric oxide,11,Naming nonmetal ions (anions),1. Monatomic anions Anions name = Elements root -ide For example: Cl- chloride O2- oxide Br- bromide H- hydride I- iodide (CN- cyanide
7、) S2- sulfide (OH- hydroxide),12,2. Polyatomic oxyanions,(1). Acid radicals for normal salt (正酸根 -ate ) Anions name = Central Elements root -ate for example: ClO3- chlorate IO3- iodate PO43- phosphate NO3- nitrate SO42- sulfate CO32- carbonate,13,(2). Acid radicals for meta-salts (亚酸根 -ite ),Anions
8、name = Central elements root -ite for example: ClO2- chlorite IO2- iodite PO33- phosphite NO2- nitrite SO32- sulfite,14,(3). Acid radicals for hypo-salts (次酸根 -ite ),Anions name = Hypo- Central elements root -ite for example: ClO- Hypochlorite IO- Hypoiodite PO23- Hypophosphite,15,(4). Acid radicals
9、 for persalts (高酸根per -ate ),Anions name = per-central Elements root -atefor example: ClO4- perchlorate IO4- periodate MnO4- permanganate,16,Naming compounds,1. Metal oxide Metal oxide = Cation + oxidefor example: FeO Iron(II) oxide (Ferrous oxide) Fe2O3 Iron(III) oxide (Ferric oxide) Fe3O4 Ferrofer
10、ric oxide Pb3O4 Trilead tetroxide Na2O2 Sodium peroxide,17,2. Nonmetal oxide,Nonmetal oxide = n-Nonmetal element + n-oxide for example: CO carbon monoxide CO2 carbon dioxide SO3 sulfur trioxide N2O3 dinitrogen trioxide P2O5 diphosphorus pentoxide N2O4 dinitrogen tetroxide (tetra-,mono-后缀中的a,o在后一o之前省
11、去)有些物质常用俗称,如NO: nitric oxide N2O: nitrous oxide,18,非金属氢化物,除了水和氨气使用俗称water,ammonia以外,其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称,命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。 (1)对于卤族和氧族氢化物,在化学式中写在前面,因此将其看成与另一元素的二元化合物。 举例: HF hydrogen fluoride HCl hydrogen chloride HBr hydrogen bromide HI hydrogen iodide H2S hydrogen sulfide H2Se hydrogen selenide H2Te
12、hydrogen telluride (2)对于其它族的非金属氢化物,在化学式中写在后面,可加后缀-ane,氮族还可加-ine 举例: PH3: phosphine或phosphane AsH3: arsine或arsane SbH3: stibine或stibane BiH3: bismuthane CH4: methane SiH4: silane B2H6: diborane,19,无氧酸,命名规则:hydro-词根-icacid 举例: HCl: hydrochloric acid H2S : hydrosulfuric acid,20,3. Bases,Base = Metal ca
13、tion + hydroxidefor example: Al(OH)3 Aluminum hydroxide NaOH Sodium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 Barium hydroxide Co(OH)2 Cobalt(II) hydroxide,21,4.盐(Salts),(1). 正盐(Normal salt) :根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。 Normal salt = Cation + anion for example: HgSO4 Mercury(II) sulfate Hg2SO4 Mercur
14、y(I) sulfate KNO3 Potassium nitrate Na2CO3 Sodium carbonate NaClO Sodium hypochlorite FeSO4 iron(II) sulfate or ferrous sulfate KMnO4 potassium permanganate,22,(2) 酸式盐:(Acidic salts)同正盐的读法,酸根中的读做hydrogen,氢原子的个数用前缀表示。 Acidic salt = Cation + hydrogen + anion for example: NaHSO4 Sodium hydrogen sulfate
15、 Na2HPO4 Disodium hydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4 Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Ca(HSO4)2 Calcium bisulfate NaHCO3 Sodium hydrogen carbonate 或 Sodium bicarbonate,23,(3).Basic salts(碱式盐),Basic salt = Cation + hydroxy-anionfor example: Cu2(OH)2CO3 Dicopper(II) dihydroxycarbonateCa(OH)Cl Calcium hydroxychlori
16、de Mg(OH)PO4 Magnesium hydroxyphosphate,24,(4).复盐(Mixed salts):同正盐的读法。阳离子按照英文名字第一个字母的顺序排列。,Mixed salt = Cation + cation + anionfor example: NaKSO3 Sodium potassium sulfiteCaNH4PO4 calcium ammonium phosphateAgLiCO3 Silver lithium carbonate NaNH4SO4 Sodium ammonium sulfateKNaCO3: potassuim sodium carb
17、onateNaNH4HPO4: sodium ammonium hydrogenphosphate,25,5)水合盐:结晶水读做water或hydrate如 AlCl36H2O: aluminum chloride 6-water 或 aluminum chloride hexahydrate AlK(SO4)212H2O: aluminium potassium sulfate 12-water,26,5. Acids(1). Per-(高酸), hydro-(负离子,氢酸),normal acid (its salt-ate,-ide),Acid = Central elements ro
18、ot -ic + acidfor example: H2CO3 Carbonic acid H2SO4 Sulfuric acid H3PO4 Phosphoric acid HNO3 Nitric acid HClO4 Perchloric acid HCl Hydrochloric acid,27,(2). Meta- and hypo-acid ( its salt-ite)Acid = Central elements root -ous + acidfor example: H2SO3 Sulfurous acid H3PO3 Phosphorous acid HNO2 Nitrou
19、s acid HClO Hypochlorous acid HClO2 Chlorous acid,28,含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子,采用前后缀的不同组合显示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子,价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀,不同的后缀。高某酸 per-ic 正酸 ic 亚酸 -ous 次酸 hypo-ous高某酸根 per-ate 正酸根 ate 亚酸根 -ite 次酸根hypo-ite其它的前缀还有 ortho-正 meta- 偏 thio-硫代举例: HClO4 perchloric acid ClO4- perchlorate ion HClO3 chloric acid C
20、lO3- chlorate ion HClO2 chlorous acid ClO2- chlorite ion HClO hypochlorous acid ClO- hypochlorite ion H2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acid HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid HPO3 metaphosphoric acid S2O32- thiosulfate ion,29,命名时先命名阳离子部分,最后命名阴离子部分,阴离子配体以字母顺序列出,中心阳离子价态一般以罗马数字在名称后标出。 KBF4 potassium
21、 tetrafluoroborate(III) K4Fe(CN)6 potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) Cu(NH3)4SO4 Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate Co(H2O)2(NH3)2(CO2)NO3 Diammine diaquacarbonatocobalt(III)nitrate,络合物的命名(Naming coordination complex),30,Naming coordination complex,1. Ligands(1). Negative ions as ligands Ligand = Elements ro
22、ot -ofor example: CN- Cyano NO2- Nitro F- Fluoro NO3- Nitrato Cl- Chloro CO32- Carbonato Br- Bromo CH3COO- Acetato O2- Oxo H- Hydrido OH- Hydroxo -O2CCO2- Oxalato,31,(2). Neutral molecules as ligand,Ligand = Radical namefor example: NH3 Ammine CO Carbonyl H2O Aqua CH3NH2 Methylamine H2NCH2CH2NH2 Eth
23、ylenediamine,32,2. Complex ions,(1). Neutral complex or complex ions with positive charge Complex ion = n-Ligand-metal ion(N)for example: Ag(NH3)2+ Diamminesilver(I) Cu(NH3)42+ Tetraamminecopper(II) Co(NH3)3(NO2)3 Triamminetrinitrocobalt(III),33,常见配体的名称,34,(2).Complex ions with negative charge,Compl
24、ex ion =n-Ligand-metals root-ate(N)for example: Fe(CN)64- Hexafluoroferrate(II) BF4- Tetrafluoroborate(III) AlF63- Hexafluoroaluminate(III) AuCl4- Tetrachloroaurate(III),35,3.Naming complex,Complex = Cation + anionfor example: LiAlH4 Lithium tetrahydroaluminate(III) Ag(NH3)2Cl Diamminesilver(I) chlo
25、ride K4Fe(CN)6 Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) Cu(NH3)4SO4 Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate Ni(CO)4 Tetracarbonylnickel(0),36,Exercise,H2SO4 HCl HNO3 HNO2HCN Na2S CuSO4 Fe(NO3)3 HClO4 KCN NH4Cl NaClONaOH Mn(OH)2 Fe2O3 P2O5H2O2 K2Cr2O7 Cu2(OH)2CO3CaHPO4 PtCl42- Ag(NH3)2Cl K4Fe(CN)6,37,Answer,H2SO4 sulfur
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