化学专业英语 化合物的命名ppt课件.ppt
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1、1,化合物的英文命名,Nomenclature of compounds,2,一 无机物的命名 (Inorganic compounds)1 元素与单质的命名,“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”,有时为了区别,在强调“单质”时可用“free element”。因此,单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称,同时又是单质的名称。,3,S-block Element,IA H Hydrogen Li Lithium Na Sodium K Potassium Rb Rubidium Cs Cesium Fr Francium,IIABe BerylliumM
2、g MagnesiumCa CalciumSr StrontiumBa BariumRa Radium,4,P-block Element,VIA VIIA 0 He HeliumO Oxygen F Fluorine Ne NeonS Sulfur Cl Chlorine Ar ArgonSe Selenium Br Bromine Kr KryptonTe Tellurium I Iodine Xe XenonPo Polonium At Astatine Rn Radon,IIIA IV A V A B Boron C Carbon N Nitrogen Al Aluminium Si
3、Silicon P Phosphorus Ga Gallium Ge Germanium As Arsenic In Indium Sn Tin Sb Antimony Tl Thallium Pb Lead Bi Bismuth,5,Common Transition Elememt,Fe : iron Mn : manganese Cu: copper Zn: zinc Hg: mercury Ag: silver Au: gold,6,2化合物的命名,化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读,这与中文读法顺序是相反的。表示原子个数时使用前缀 (1)mono-,(2)di -,(3)tri
4、- ,(4)tetra ,(5)penta- (6)hexa-,(7)hepta-, (8)octa-,(9)nona-,(10)deca-,但是在不会引起歧义时,这些前缀都尽可能被省去。,7,Naming metal ions (cations) for metal oxides, bases and salts,1. Single valence ions Cations name = Elementfor example: Na+ Sodium Al3+ Aluminum K+ Potassium Ca2+ Calcium,8,2.Multivalence ions,Cations na
5、me = Element(N)For example: Fe2+ Iron(II) or Ferrous Fe3+ Iron(III) or Ferric Cr2+ Chromium(II) Cr3+ Chromium(III) Mn4+ Manganese(IV) Mn2+ Manganese(II),9,对于有变价的金属元素,除了可用前缀来表示以外,更 多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态,或用后缀-ous表示低价,-ic表示高价。如 FeO: iron(II) oxide 或 ferrous oxide Fe2O3: iron (III) oxide或ferric oxide Cu2O: c
6、opper(I) oxide 或cuprous oxide CuO: copper(II) oxide或cupric oxide,10,Naming nonmetal ions (anions),1. Monatomic anions Anions name = Elements root -ide For example: Cl- Chloride O2- Oxide Br- Bromide OH- Hydroxide I- Iodide CN- Cyanide S2- Sulfide H- Hydride,11,2. Polyatomic oxyanions,(1). Acid radic
7、als for normal salt (正酸根 -ate ) Anions name = Central Elements root -ate for example: ClO3- Chlorate IO3- Iodate PO43- Phosphate NO3- Nitrate SO42- Sulfate CO32- Carbonate,12,(2). Acid radicals for meta-salts (亚酸根 -ite ),Anions name = Central elements root -ite for example: ClO2- Chlorite IO2- Iodit
8、e PO33- Phosphite NO2- Nitrite SO32- Sulfite,13,(3). Acid radicals for hypo-salts (次酸根 -ite ),Anions name = Hypo- Central elements root -ite for example: ClO- Hypochlorite IO- Hypoiodite PO23- Hypophosphite,14,(4). Acid radicals for persalts (高酸根Per -ate ),Anions name = Per-central Elements root -at
9、efor example: ClO4- Perchlorate IO4- Periodate MnO4- Permanganate,15,Naming compounds,1. Metal oxide Metal oxide = Cation + oxidefor example: FeO Iron(II) oxide (Ferrous oxide) Fe2O3 Iron(III) oxide (Ferric oxide) Fe3O4 Ferroferric oxide Pb3O4 Trilead tetroxide Na2O2 Sodium peroxide,16,2. Nonmetal o
10、xide,Nonmetal oxide = n-Nonmetal element + n-oxide for example: CO Carbon monoxide CO2 Carbon dioxide SO3 Sulfur trioxide N2O3 Dinitrogen trioxide P2O5 Diphosphorus pentoxide N2O4 Dinitrogen tetroxide (tetra-,mono-后缀中的a,o在后一o之前省去)有些物质常用俗称,如NO: nitric oxide N2O: nitrous oxide,17,非金属氢化物,除了水和氨气使用俗称wate
11、r,ammonia以外,其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称,命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。 (1)对于卤族和氧族氢化物,在化学式中写在前面,因此将其看成与另一元素的二元化合物。 举例: HF hydrogen fluoride HCl hydrogen chloride HBr hydrogen bromide HI hydrogen iodide H2S hydrogen sulfide H2Se hydrogen selenide H2Te hydrogen telluride (2)对于其它族的非金属氢化物,在化学式中写在后面,可加后缀-ane,氮族还可加-ine 举例: PH3:
12、 phosphine或phosphane AsH3: arsine或arsane SbH3: stibine或stibane BiH3: bismuthane CH4: methane SiH4: silane B2H6: diborane,18,无氧酸,命名规则:hydro-词根-icacid 举例: HCl: hydrochloric acid H2S : hydrosulfuric acid,19,3. Bases,Base = Metal cation + hydroxidefor example: Al(OH)3 Aluminum hydroxide NaOH Sodium hydr
13、oxide Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 Barium hydroxide Co(OH)2 Cobalt(II) hydroxide,20,4.盐(Salts),(1). 正盐(Normal salt) :根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。 Normal salt = Cation + anion for example: HgSO4 Mercury(II) sulfate Hg2SO4 Mercury(I) sulfate KNO3 Potassium nitrate Na2CO3 Sodium carbonate NaClO Sodium
14、 hypochlorite FeSO4 iron(II) sulfate KMnO4 potassium permanganate,21,(2) 酸式盐:(Acidic salts)同正盐的读法,酸根中的读做hydrogen,氢原子的个数用前缀表示。 Acidic salt = Cation + hydrogen + anion for example: NaHSO4 Sodium hydrogen sulfate Na2HPO4 Disodium hydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4 Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Ca(HSO4)2 Calcium
15、bisulfate NaHCO3 Sodium hydrogencarbonate 或 Sodium bicarbonate,22,(3).Basic salts,Basic salt = Cation + hydroxy-anionfor example: Cu2(OH)2CO3 Dicopper(II) dihydroxycarbonateCa(OH)Cl Calcium hydroxychloride Mg(OH)PO4 Magnesium hydroxyphosphate,23,(4).复盐(Mixed salts):同正盐的读法。,Mixed salt = Cation + cati
16、on + anionfor example: NaKSO3 Sodium potassium sulfiteCaNH4PO4 Calcium ammonium phosphateAgLiCO3 Silver lithium carbonate NaNH4SO4 Sodium ammonium sulfateKNaCO3: potassuim sodium carbonateNaNH4HPO4: sodium ammonium hydrogenphosphate,24,5)水合盐:结晶水读做water或hydrate如 AlCl36H2O: aluminum chloride 6-water 或
17、 aluminum chloride hexahydrate AlK(SO4)212H2O: aluminium potassium sulfate 12-water,25,5. Acids(1). Per-, hydro-,normal acid (its salt-ate,-ide),Acid = Central elements root -ic + acidfor example: H2CO3 Carbonic acid H2SO4 Sulfuric acid H3PO4 Phosphoric acid HNO3 Nitric acid HClO4 Perchloric acid HC
18、l Hydrochloric acid,26,(2). Meta- and hypo-acid ( its salt-ite)Acid = Central elements root -ous + acidfor example: H2SO3 Sulfurous acid H3PO3 Phosphorous acid HNO2 Nitrous acid HClO Hypochlorous acid HClO2 Chlorous acid,27,含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子,采用前后缀的不同组合显示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子,价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀,不同的后缀。高某酸 p
19、er-ic 正酸 ic 亚酸 -ous 次酸 hypo-ous高某酸根 per-ate 正酸根 ate 亚酸根 -ite 次酸根hypo-ite其它的前缀还有 ortho-正 meta- 偏 thio-硫代举例: HClO4 perchloric acid ClO4- perchlorate ion HClO3 chloric acid ClO3- chlorate ion HClO2 chlorous acid ClO2- chlorite ion HClO hypochlorous acid ClO- hypochlorite ion H2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 s
20、ulfurous acid HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid HPO3 metaphosphoric acid S2O32- thiosulfate ion,28,H2SO4 sulfuric acid HCl hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acidHNO3 nitric acidHNO2 nitrous acidHCN hydrogen cyanide or hydrocyanic acid Na2S sodium sulfideCuSO4 copper (II) sulfate or cupric sulfateFe
21、(NO3)3 iron (III) nitrate or ferric nitrateHClO4 perchloric acid,29,二 有机物的命名,1 烷烃(alkanes)1.1 直链烷烃 烃类化合物的命名是有机命名的基础。英文名称除了含1到4个碳原子以外,其余均用希腊文和拉丁文的数词加上相应的词尾(-ane)来命名,10个碳原子以上的则在数词前加前缀un、do、tri、tetra、penta等。如:甲烷 methane 乙烷 ethane 丙烷 propane 丁烷 butane 戊烷 pentane 己烷 hexane 庚烷 heptane 辛烷 octane 壬烷 nonane
22、癸烷 decane 十一烷 undecane 十二烷 dodecane,30,Alkane = Number prefix-anefor example:CH4 Methane CH3CH2CH3 Propane CH3CH3 Ethane CH3(CH2)2CH3 ButaneCH3(CH2)3CH3 Pentane CH3(CH2)4CH3 HexaneCH3(CH2)5CH3 Heptane CH3(CH2)6CH3 OctaneCH3(CH2)7CH3 Nonane CH3(CH2)8CH3 Decane,31,1.2 含支链烷烃和烷基 命名含支链的烷烃时,可把它们视为直链烷烃,但分別
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