化学专业英语元素周期表ppt课件.ppt

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1、The Elements and The Periodic Table,元素和周期表,授课教师 霍朝晖,1,Exercise,Oral presentation,Please introduce the periodic table of chemical elements in two or three minutes,The periodic table: 元素周期表 atomic number 原子序数Periodic law: 元素周期率 periods (rows):周期 group (columns):族 transition elements：过渡元素Atomic weight:

2、 原子量 affinity:亲和力 protons:质子Electron configuration: 电子构型 Valence electrons：价电子 ionization (energy) potential:电离（能）电势 subshell :亚层Inert gas, noble gas: 惰性气体 chemical bond:化学键Stable octet formation：稳定八电子构型 Halogens: 卤素 Outermost Shell：最外层 divalent ion :二价离子Atomic radius: 原子半径 alkaline earths:碱土金属attra

3、ctive force: 吸引力 electronegativity: 电负性electropositive:正电性 univalent ion: 一价离子Effective nuclear charge: 有效核电荷 electron shell: 电子层,（1）学习词汇,记住了吗,The Periodic Table,4,period,group,alkali metal,alkaline earth metal,halogens,noble gas,inert gas,5,Periodic table,period group s/p/d block main group element

4、transition elementalkali metalalkaline earth metal,hldn,metlid,6,S-block Element,IA H Hydrogen Li Lithium Na Sodium K Potassium Rb Rubidium Cs Cesium Fr Francium,IIABe BerylliumMg MagnesiumCa CalciumSr StrontiumBa BariumRa Radium,7,P-block Element,IIIA IV A V A B Boron C Carbon N Nitrogen Al Alumini

5、um Si Silicon P Phosphorus Ga Gallium Ge Germanium As Arsenic In Indium Sn Tin Sb Antimony Tl Thallium Pb Lead Bi Bismuth,VIA VIIA 0 He HeliumO Oxygen F Fluorine Ne NeonS Sulfur Cl Chlorine Ar ArgonSe Selenium Br Bromine Kr KryptonTe Tellurium I Iodine Xe XenonPo Polonium At Astatine Rn Radon,8,Comm

6、on Transition Element,Fe : iron Mn : manganese Cu: copper Zn: zinc Hg: mercury Ag: silver Au: gold,9,10,11,12,（2）练习全文翻译,The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. 原子核中质子的数目称为原子序数，或者质子数，以Z表示。The numbers of electrons in an electrically neu

7、tral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. 电中性原子中电子的数目也等于原子序数Z。,质子,niukls核,13,This total is called the mass of the number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 这个总数叫质量数，以A表示。因此，原子中的中子的数目，中子数，可以定量地由A-Z给出。即 原子中质子数 = A-Z,The total mass of an atom

8、 is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. 经测定，原子的总质量与原子核中质子与中子的总数差不多。或者说原子的总质量几乎可以由原子核中质子与中子的总数确定。,14,The term element refers to a pure substance with atoms all kinds of a single kind. 元素这个术语指的是仅仅由同一种类的原子组成的物质。To the chemist the “kind” of an atom is speci

9、fied by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. 对化学家（化学工作者）来说，原子的种类由原子序数决定（表示），因为这是决定它的化学表现（行为）的性质。,15,At present all the atoms from Z=1 to Z=107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements.现在已经发现了原子序数Z=1到Z=107的所有原子；这些是107种化学元素。Each chemical element has be

10、en given a name and a distinctive symbol.每一种化学元素都被赋予了一个名字和一个特有的（与众不同的）符号。,16,For most elements the symbol is simply， the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters。 对大部分元素来说，这个含有一个或两个字母的符号仅仅是英文名字的缩写形式。,Beginning in the late seventeenth century with the work of Robert Boyle

11、, who proposed the presently accepted concept of an element, numerous investigations produced a considerable knowledge of the properties of elements and their compounds. 早在17世纪末期，罗伯特波义耳就开始了这项工作，他提出了现在公认的元素概念，大量的研究使我们对元素及其化合物的性质有了相当的了解。,17,In 1869, D. Mendeleev and L. Meyer, working independently, pr

12、oposed the periodic law. 1869年，D. Mendeleev 和 L. Meyer在各自工作的基础上，分别提出了元素周期律。,In modern form, the law states that the properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. 用现代的话说，这个规律叙述了元素的性质是它们的原子序数的周期性函数。,18,In other words, when the elements are listed in order of increasing ato

13、mic number, elements having closely similar properties will fall at definite intervals along the list. 换句话说，当元素按照原子序数逐渐递增的顺序列表排列时，性质非常接近的元素将占据表格中具有一定间隔的位置。Thus it is possible to arrange the list of elements in tabular form with elements having similar properties placed in vertical columns. 于是，将具有类似性

14、质的元素排成纵列，从而把元素排成表格形式是可能的。Such an arrangement is called a periodic table. 这样的排列形式就叫做元素周期表。,19,Each horizontal row of elements constitutes a period.在元素周期表中，水平的每一排元素组成了一个周期。It should be noted that the lengths of the periods vary.应当注意的是，周期的长短是有变化的。 There is a very short period containing only 2 elements

15、, followed by two periods of 8 elements each, and then two long periods of 18 elements each.首先是一个含有2种元素的极短周期，接着是两个短周期，每一周期含有8种元素，然后是各有18种元素的两个长周期。,20,The next two periods include 32 elements, and the last period is apparently incomplete. 再下两个周期含有32种元素，最后一个周期显然是不完整的（尚未完全发现）。,With this arrangement, el

16、ements in the same vertical column have similar characteristics. 在这种排列下，处于同一纵列的元素具有相似的性质。,v:tikl垂直的，竖立的,klm,kriktristik,inkmplit,21,These columns constitute the chemical families or groups. 这些纵列就组成了元素周期表中的族。The groups headed by the members of the two 8-element periods are designated as main group el

17、ements, and the members of the other groups are called transition or inner transition elements. 由两个8元素周期中的元素开头的族被指定为主族元素，其它族的元素叫过渡元素或内过渡元素。,knstitju:t构成，组成,dezineit 指明，指出,klm,22,In the periodic table, a heavy stepped line divides the elements into metals and nonmetals. 在周期表中，一条粗的阶梯状的线把元素划分为金属元素和非金属元

18、素。Elements to the left of this line (with the exception of hydrogen) are metals, while those to the right are nonmetals. 处于线左边的元素（H元素除外）是金属元素，而处于线右边的元素是非金属元素。,piridik,stept,除外,haidrdn H元素,23,This division is for convenience only; 这种分法仅仅是为了方便。Elements bordering the line the metalloids-have properties

19、 characteristics of both metals and nonmetals. 靠近线两边的元素-类金属元素-同时具有金属和非金属元素的性质特征。It may be seen that most of the elements, including all the transition and inner transition elements, are metals. 可以看出，大部分元素，包括过渡元素和内过渡元素，都是金属元素。,divin,knvi:njns方便,b:dri,metlid n. adj.类金属(的),kriktristik,24,Except for hyd

20、rogen, a gas, the elements of group IA make up the alkali metal family. 除了氢，一种气体之外，IA元素构成了碱金属家族。They are very reactive metals, and they are never found in the element state in nature. 它们是极其活泼的金属，在自然界中从来没有发现它们的单质状态。However, their compounds are widespread. 但是，它们的化合物却分布广泛。All the members of the alkali

21、metal family form ions having a charge of 1+ only. 碱金属家族的所有成员都仅仅形成带1个正电荷的离子。,haidrdn H元素,lklai碱金属,ri:ktiv,kmpaund,ositivepzitivadj. 正的阳性的,25,In contrast, the elements of group IB-copper, silver, and gold-are comparatively inert. 相反，IB的元素-铜，银和金却相对惰性。They are similar to the alkali metals in that they

22、exist as 1+ ions in many of their compounds. 与碱金属相似，它们也以1+离子形式存在于许多化合物中。 However, as is characteristic of most transition elements, they form ions having other charges as well. 但是，像许多过渡元素所具有的特点一样，它们也形成具有其它电荷的离子。,kntrst,kmprtivli,in:t,lklai碱金属,ositivepzitivadj. 正的阳性的,kriktristik,26,The elements of gr

23、oup IIA are known as alkaline earth metals. IIA元素被称为碱土金属元素。Their characteristic ionic charge is 2+. 它们的特征离子电荷为2+。These metals, particularly the last two members of the group, are almost as reactive as the alkali metals. 这些金属，尤其是这一族的最后两个成员，几乎和碱金属一样活泼。,lklain,kriktristik,ainik,ptikjulli,z,27,The group

24、 IIB-zinc, cadmium, and mercury are less reactive than are those of group IIA, but are more reactive than the neighboring elements of group IB. The characteristic charge on their ions is also 2+. IIB元素-锌，镉，汞不如IIA元素活泼，但是比相邻的IB的元素活泼得多。它们的离子的特征电荷也是2+。,With the exception of boron，group IIIA elements are

25、 a1so fairly reactive metals 除了B之外，IIIA的元素也是相当活泼的金属元素。,kdmim,m:kjri,kriktristik,b:rn,28,Aluminum appears to be inert toward reaction with air，but this behavior stems from（来源于，起源于） the fact that the metal forms a thin, invisible film of aluminum oxide on the surface, which protects the bulk of（大量，大多数

26、） the metal from further oxidation 铝对空气表现出惰性，但是这种行为是因为金属表面形成了一层肉眼看不见的铝的氧化物薄层，阻止了大面积的金属被进一步氧化。The metals of group IIIA form ions of 3+ charge. Group IIIB consists of the metals scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and actinium. IIIA的金属形成带3+电荷的离子。IIIB元素包括Sc、Y、La、Ac。,lju:minm、 p(r)、biheivj、invizbl、ksaid、s:fis

27、、ksidein氧化,knsist、skndim 钪、itrim 、lnnm 、ktnim,29,Group IVA consists of a nonmetal, carbon, two metalloids, silicon and germanium, and two metals，tin and 1ead IVA由非金属元素C、两种准金属元素Si和Ge、两种金属元素Sn和Pb组成。Each of these elements forms some compounds with formulas which indicate that four other atoms are prese

28、nt per group IVA atom, as, for example, carbon tetrachloride, CCl4. IVA每一种元素都形成一些这样的化合物，它们的分子式指出有四个其它的原子存在于IVA原子周围（或四个其它的原子与IVA原子结合），如四氯化碳CCl4。,knsist、k:bn、silikn、d:meinim,kmpaund、f:mjul、k:bn、tetrkl:raid,30,The group IVB metals-titanium, zirconium, and hafnium-also form compounds in which each group

29、 IVB atom is combined with four other atoms；these compounds are nonelectrolytes when pure IVB的元素Ti、Zr、Hf也形成类似的化合物，即每一个IVB原子与四个其它原子结合。纯的这些化合物都是非电解质。,titeinim、z:kunim、hfnim,kmbaind、ilektrlait,31,The elements of group VA include three nonmetals-nitrogen，phosphorus, and arsenic-and two metals-antimony a

30、nd bismuth VA包含三种非金属元素-N、P、As和两种金属元素Sb和Bi。Although compounds with the formulas N2O5，PCl5，and AsCl5 exist，none of them is ionic 尽管存在分子式为N2O5、PCl5和AsCl5的化合物，它们中没有一个是离子性的。,naitrdnn.氮、氮气、fsfrs磷、 :snik砷、ntimni锑、bizm铋,kmpaund化合物、f:mjul分子式、nitrogen pentoxide naitrdn pentksaid 五氧化二氮、phosphorus pentachloride

31、 五氯化磷、arsenic pentachloride 五氯化砷、ainik离子的,32,These elements do form compounds-nitrides，phosphides，and arsenidesin which ions having charges of minus three occur. 这些元素确实形成氧化数为-3氮化物、磷化物和砷化物。The elements of group VB are all metals VB族元素都是金属元素。These elements form such a variety of different compounds th

32、at their characteristics are not easily generalized. 这些元素形成如此种类繁多的化合物以至于很难概括出它们的特征。,naitraid氮化物、fsfaid磷化物、:senad砷化物、mains负的、k:,vrati多样、kriktristik、denrlaizd 概括、归纳、推论,33,With the exception of polonium，the elements of group VIA are typical nonmetals. 除了Po之外，VIA元素都是典型的非金属元素。They are sometimes known as

33、the chalcogens, from the Greek word meaning “ash formers. 有时它们也被叫做硫族元素，来源于希腊名字，意思是成灰元素。In their binary compounds with metals they exist as ions having a charge of 2-. 它们在与金属形成的二元化合物中，氧化数为-2（形式电荷为2-）。,iksepn例外、除外、plunim钋、tipikl,klkdn硫族元素,bainri双重的、由两个东西组成的、二态的、二元的、二进制的,minus two,34,The elements of gr

34、oup VIIA are all nonmetals and are known as the halogens，from the Greek term meaning “salt formers.” 以卤素闻名的VIIA的元素都是非金属元素，“卤素”来源于希腊术语，意思是“成盐的元素”。They are the most reactive nonmetals and are capable of reacting with practically all the metals and with most nonmetals，including each other. 它们是（同周期中）最活泼

35、的非金属元素，实际上能够和所有金属以及大部分非金属反应，包括卤素之间的反应。,hldn卤素,keipbl、prktikli实际上、事实上,35,The elements of groups VIB, VIIB, and VIIIB are all metals VIB, VIIB和VIIIB的元素都是金属元素。They form such a variety of compounds that it is not practical at this point to present any examples as being typical of the behavior of the res

36、pective groups. 它们形成了各种不同的化合物，在这一点上我们甚至不能举出任何能表现各族元素典型特征的例子。,vraiti多样、prizent、tipikl、rispektiv各自的、分别的,36,The periodicity of chemical behavior is illustrated by the fact that, excluding the first period, each period begins with a very reactive metal. 元素化学性质的周期性可以由以下事实说明：除了第一周期之外，其它每一周期都从非常活泼的金属开始。,ir

37、idisiti 定期、周期性、ilstreitid说明、表明、,37,Successive elements along the period show decreasing metallic character, eventually becoming nonmetals, and finally, in group VIIA, a very reactive nonmetal is found. 同一周期随着原子序数的增加，元素的金属性减弱，最终成为非金属，最后，在第七主族，出现了活泼的非金属元素。 Each period ends with a member of the noble gas family. 每一周期都以惰性气体家族成员结束。,sksesiv连续的、相继的、mitlik金属的、krikt性格、特征、,nubl 高尚的、贵族的,38,本章作业,39,熟记重点元素的英文翻译练习全文翻译,http:/,视频学习,Crash course-化学第四讲 元素周期表,