《庄子》二则庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上ppt课件.ppt

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1、21 庄子二则,R八年级语文下册,庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上,ho,濠水上的桥。濠，水名，在今安徽凤阳。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成

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3、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上。庄子曰：“鲦鱼出游从容，是鱼之乐也。”惠子曰：“子非鱼，安知鱼之乐？”庄子曰：“子非我，安知我不知鱼之乐？”,反问句：庄子避开正面回答惠子的问题，而采取反问的方法回答，以“非我”者“不知我”，推论“不知我”者不知“我知鱼”，据理力争，足见他的机智。,是：这,安：疑问代词，怎么，哪里。,庄子与惠施在濠水的桥上游玩。庄子说：“白鲦（tio）鱼(在河水中)游得悠闲自得，这是鱼的快乐啊。”惠施说：“你不是鱼，怎么知道鱼的快乐呢？”庄子说：“你不是我，怎么知道我不知道鱼的快乐呢？

4、”,惠子曰：“我非子，固不知子矣；子固非鱼也，子之不知鱼之乐，全矣！”庄子曰：“请循其本。子曰汝安知鱼乐云者，既已知吾知之而问我，我知之濠上也。”,惠子采用逻辑推理，首先承认不是庄子，故不知道庄子，然后照此推理，庄子不是鱼，因此也不知鱼之乐。,全：完全，肯定（是这样）。,循其本：追溯话题本原。循，追溯。,云者：助词，用于句末，表停顿，以引出下文。,惠施说：“我不是你，固然不知道你；你本来就不是鱼，你不知道鱼的快乐，是可以肯定的了！”庄子说：“请从我们最初的话题说起。你说你哪儿知道鱼快乐等等，说明你已经知道我知道鱼的快乐而在问我。我是在濠水的桥上知道的。”,了解作者，感知作品背景 庄子是我国古代

5、著名的哲学家，道家学派的代表人物之一。庄子生活在一个社会矛盾极其尖锐的时代，做过漆园吏。他不满现实，不与统治阶级合作，据传楚王曾以千金相邀为相，被其拒绝。与老子并称为道学之祖。庄子继承了老子“道法自然”的观点，认为“道”是无限的、“自本自根”“无所不在”的，强调事物的自生自灭，否认有神的主宰。 惠施，宋国商丘人，战国时期著名的政治家、哲学家，名家思想的开山鼻祖和主要代表人物。惠施是合纵抗秦的最主要的组织人和支持者。他主张魏国、齐国和楚国联合起来对抗秦国，并建议齐、魏互尊为王。魏惠王在位时，惠施因为与张仪不和而被驱逐出魏国，他首先到楚国，后来回到家乡宋国，并在宋国国都商丘与老乡庄子成为朋友。,1

6、.庄子坚持认为“出游从容”的鱼儿很快乐，表现了他怎样的心境？,庄子认为鱼“乐”，其实是他愉悦心境的投射与外化。他认为一切事物都是相对的，人的认识也是如此，他来到濠水之滨，“从容出游”感到快乐，于是见到“出游从容”的鱼也快乐。所以庄子说自己是到了濠水时才感到鱼的快乐，否则哪能见到鱼的快乐呢？,课文解读,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路

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8、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,2.指出下面两个疑问句的语气的强弱特点和表达效果。,（1）“子非鱼，安知鱼之乐？”（2）“子非我，安知我不知鱼之乐？”,（1）句是惠子针对庄子知“鱼之乐”而发起的疑问，语气较轻； （2）句是庄子针对惠子的问话的回答，用的是反问的语气，语气较强。这句话不从正面回答惠子的问题，而从反面相对，收到很好的

9、表达效果。,3.在这场辩论中庄子是如何化解惠子的发难的？,庄子把“安知”，解释成“哪知道”或“怎知道”，而惠子本意是“怎么（能）知道”。庄子偷换概念，避重就轻，化解了发难，其机智灵活的形象跃然纸上。,4.这场“鱼之乐”的辩论体现了庄子和惠子二人各自怎样的思想？,庄子追求“天地与我并生，而万物与我为一”，和万物平等共生，与外界契合无间。短文中的“鱼之乐”，其实也就是他愉悦心境的投射和外化。 惠子偏重于知识性的判断。论辩言语严密，逻辑性强，对事物的认知是持以寻根究底的态度，求实而缺乏美学意义上的欣赏。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,

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11、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,力辩求真拘泥,【庄子】,【惠子】,巧辩尚美超然,轻松闲适，诗意盎然,1.关于这场“濠梁之辩”的结

12、果，有人说是庄子赢了，有人说是惠子赢了，你认为是谁赢了？,深入探究,2.结合两则故事试理解庄子的人生态度。,北冥有鱼大鹏向南飞行，需要乘着六月的风而去。也就是说，大鹏的飞行是有所“恃”的。它虽然能够在天空翱翔，看似自由自在，但其实还要借助风的力量，也就是说，它受到了风的制约。如果没有大风，大鹏是不可能飞翔的。因此，在天空翱翔的大鹏其实并没有达到真正的逍遥。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,

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14、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上中，惠子好辩，重分析。对于事物有一种寻根究底的认知态度，重在知识的探讨。庄子智辩，重观赏，对于外界的认识，带有欣赏的态度，将主观的情意发挥到外物上而产生移情同感的作用。如果说惠子带有逻辑家的个性，那么庄子则具有艺术家的

15、风貌。,庄子心境旷达，视荣华富贵如敝屣，他有着高雅的生活情趣。秋水一文所宣扬的是庄子一贯的思想，即人的生死、寿夭、祸福、穷通、贵贱、贫富、得失、成败等等都是完全相对的东西，并且是人力所不能左右的，应一切顺其自然。庄子鄙视功名富贵，追求快乐自由便是这种思想支配下的心灵选择。,庄子思想虽有消极虚无的一面，但其根本目标却在于要使人的生活和精神达到一种不为外物所束缚、所统治的绝对自由独立的境界。多少年来，庄子思想曾给乱世中饱经沧桑的心灵以莫大的安慰，即使在物质文明高度发达的今天也有它独特的作用。,结构梳理,惠子力辩、求真、拘泥,庄子巧辩、尚美、超然,万物与我为一,庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上,状元成才路,状

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18、故事通过庄子与惠子围绕着“鱼之乐”而展开辩论，表现了庄子的机智与巧妙的辩论风格，也表现了庄子的“万物与我为一”的思想。,艺术特色,1.精彩的论辩艺术。,通篇采用对话的形式，两人一句接着一句，用“以子之矛，攻子之盾”的方法，把这场辩论深化，显示了精彩的论辩艺术。,2.笔法轻松，充满机智和幽默。,围绕庄子是否知道“鱼之乐”的辩论，本是深奥的逻辑问题，但文章用轻松、闲适的笔调描述辩论过程，二人语言不乏幽默，令人感受到日常生活中的诗意。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路

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20、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,文言小结,南冥者，天池也（ ）安知鱼之乐（ ）子非我，安知我不知鱼之乐（ ）,古今异义,古义：天然形成的水池 今义：高山湖泊名,古义：怎么 今义：安全,古义：对人的尊

21、称 今义：孩子，儿子,怒而飞其远而无所至极邪,（连词，表修饰）,（连词，表承接）,其正色邪不知其几千里也,（连词，表示选择）,（代词，代鲲）,一词多义,安知鱼之乐既已知吾知之而问我子之不知鱼之乐,（助词，的）,（代词，代鱼的快乐）,（助词，用于主谓之间，取消句子独立性，无义）,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路

22、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路

23、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,词类活用,其视下也,（名词用作状语，往下）,志怪者也,（形容词用作名词，怪异的事情）,水击三千里,（名词用作形容词，在水面上）,南冥者，天池也,（名词用作形容词，天然的）,文言句式,判断句： 齐谐者，志怪者也 （“者也”表判断） 是鱼之乐也 （“也”表判断）,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状

24、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状

25、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,倒装句： 去以六月息者也 （介词短语后置句，应为“以六月息者也

26、去”） 庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上 （状语后置句，应为“庄子与惠子于濠梁之上游”）,省略句： 我知之濠上也 （省略介词“于”，应为“我知之于濠上也”）,拓展延伸,庄子有许多内容已演化为寓言和成语，保留在现代汉语中。下列寓言和成语都出自庄子：,鹏程万里 扶摇直上 越俎代庖 望洋兴叹朝三暮四 薪火相传 东施效颦 盗亦有道无中生有 枯鱼之肆 呆若木鸡 无用之用蜗角之争 每况愈下 涸辙之鲋 邯郸学步窃钩者诛，窃国者诸侯 成者英雄败者贼,课后习题参考答案,一、背诵北冥有鱼，说说文中讲了哪几层意 思，作者笔下的“鹏”是个什么样的形象。,参考答案： 第一层：描述鲲鹏形象（形体硕大无比、变化神奇莫测、奋飞气势壮美

27、）。 第二层：鹏鸟南飞有所待 (以“野马”“尘埃”作比，表明万物皆有所待) 。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元

28、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元

29、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,主旨：任何事物的存在都要依附于一定的条件，它们的活动都是有所凭借的。 鹏的形象: 作者笔下的“鹏”是一个硕大无比、志向高远但又无法摆脱外力束缚的大鸟形象，它象征着渴望追求崇高的理想却无法挣脱现实束缚的庄子。,文中，作者极尽想象，描写了一个体积庞大、气势惊人的大鹏鸟。当鹏鸟振翅而飞，由北向南壮游南海时，其气势极大：“水击三千里，抟扶摇而上者九万里。”然而，虽然大鹏神奇不凡，也依然要凭借“海运”所带来的大风才可以飞到九万里的高空。它正如当时处于乱世的庄子，想要施展抱负却受到外力束缚，不得自由。,二、熟读庄子与惠子游于濠

30、梁之上，复述这则故事，并回答下列问题。,1.庄子与惠子的论辩十分巧妙，试说说巧妙在哪里。2.庄子为什么说他知道“鱼之乐”？谈谈你的理解。,参考答案： 1.惠子好辩，重分析，对于事物有一种寻根究底的认知态度，重在知识的探讨。庄子智辩，重观赏，对于外界的认识，带有欣赏的态度，将主观的情意发挥到外物上而产生移情同感的作用。如果说惠子带有逻辑家的个性，那么庄子则具有艺术家的风貌。从故事本身来看，庄子占了上风。结尾处，,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成

31、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成

32、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,在惠子巧妙地援引庄子的反驳建立起符合逻辑的推理后，庄子似乎应该无言以对而就此认输了，可是他却又返回争论的起始，借偷换概念而避重就轻地将惠子的发难化解了。所谓偷换概念，指他把惠子说的“安知

33、”，解释成“哪里知道”或“怎样知道”，而惠子的本意却是“怎么（能）知道”。,2.庄周肯定自己能知道鱼之乐，从认知规律上来说，庄子的逻辑推理纯属诡辩，但这种诡辩并不使人反感，因为庄子完全是以艺术心态去看待世界的，典型的“移情”作用，庄周是把自己的快乐移栽到鱼的情绪上，反过来更衬托出庄子的快乐。,三、解释下列加点的词。 1.怒而飞，其翼若垂天之云 2.齐谐者，志怪者也 3.子非鱼，安知鱼之乐 4.请循其本,参考答案： 1.怒：振奋。这里指有力鼓动翅膀。 2.志：记载。 3.安：疑问代词。怎么，哪里。 4.循：追溯。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路

34、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路

35、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,四、李白一生常以大鹏自比，下面这首上李邕，是他写给当时德高望重的名士、北海太守李邕

36、的。结合注释，并查阅工具书，说说诗人借助大鹏的形象表达了怎样的情感。,大鹏一日同风起，扶摇直上九万里。假令风歇时下来，犹能簸却沧溟水。世人见我恒殊调，见余大言皆冷笑。宣父犹能畏后生，丈夫未可轻年少。,宣父：指孔子。唐太宗贞观十一年（637）下诏尊称孔子为“宣父”。畏后生：语出论语子罕：“后生可畏，焉知来者之不如今也？”,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状

37、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状

38、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,参考答案： 上李邕是唐代伟大诗人李白青年时期的作品。此诗通过对大鹏形象的刻画与颂扬，表达了李白的凌云壮志和强烈的入世之心，对李邕瞧不起年轻人的态度非常不满，表现了李白勇于追求而且自信、自负、不畏流俗的精神。年轻的李白敢于向大人物挑战，充满了初生牛犊不怕虎的锐气。,课后作业,1.搜集有关庄子的小故事；2.课下自由阅读庄子。,