《礼记》二则 ppt课件.ppt

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3、在中国文学史上，有很多系统而全面地阐述教育教学的优秀文章，如劝学师说等。今天我们要学习儒家的论礼丛书礼记中的学记礼运篇。我们今天学的内容是从全文中节选出的。,22 礼记二则,R八年级语文下册,礼记是十三经之一，与周礼仪礼全称为三礼。儒家经典著作之一。 礼记全书用记叙文的形式写成，一些篇章具有相当高的文学价值。有的用短小的生动故事表明某一道理，有的气势磅礴、结构谨严，有的言简意赅、意味隽永，有的擅长心理描写和刻画，书中还收有大量富有哲理的格言、警句，精辟而深刻。,四书：论语大学孟子中庸五经：诗经尚书礼记周易春秋（简称：诗、书、礼、易、春秋）,知识拓展,虽有嘉肴,本文选自礼记学记。题目是编者加的。

4、 礼记，又名小戴礼记，儒家经典著作之一，是战国至秦汉间儒家论著的汇编，相传为西汉经学家戴圣编撰。汉代把孔子定的典籍称为“经”，他的弟子对“经”的解说是“传”或“记”，礼记因此而得名，即对“礼”的解释。 礼记和周礼仪礼合称“三礼”。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才

5、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才

6、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,学记是礼记中的一篇，是中国教育史上，也是世界教育史上第一部教育学的论著。文字言简意赅，喻辞生动，系统而全面地阐明了教育的目的及作用，教育和教学的制度、原则和方法，教师的地位和作用，教育过程中的师生关系以及同学之间的关系。课文主要是谈关于“教学相长”的道理的。,嘉肴（ ） 弗食（ ） 自强（ ） 教学相长（ ）兑命（ ） 学（ ）学（ ）半,yo,qin,yu,xio

7、,f,zhn,xu,1.听课文录音，注意节奏、语气，重点注意以下几个字的读音。,2.自由朗读课文，把握好字音、节奏、语气。,虽有嘉肴,虽有/嘉肴，弗食，不知/其旨也；虽有/至道，弗学，不知/其善也。是故/学/然后知不足，教/然后知困。知不足，然后/能自反也；知困，然后/能自强也。故曰：教学/相长也。兑命曰：“学/学半。”其/此之谓乎？,3.翻译课文，了解大意。,自学要求：1. 结合课下注释及手头资料翻译课文，标出疑难处。2. 同桌交流疑难。3. 6分钟后比比谁翻译的比较好。,重点字词,虽：虽然。弗：不。其：代词，指嘉肴。善：好处。然后：这样以后。故：因此。长：促进。,虽有嘉肴，弗食，不知其旨也

8、；虽有至道，弗学，不知其善也。,指有骨头的肉,指味美,最好的道理,好,类比论证：类比亲身学习的重要性。,虽然有美味的肉食，不去品尝，就不知道它的甘美;虽然有最好的道理，不去学习，就不知道它的好处。,是故学然后知不足，教然后知困。知不足，然后能自反也；知困，然后能自强也。故曰：教学相长也。,所以,困惑,自我反思,自己鼓励自己,教与学是互相推动、互相促进的,所以，学习之后才知道自己的不足，教人之后才知道自己也有不懂得地方。知道了自己的不足，然后就能自我反思。知道了自己困惑的地方，然后才能自我勉励。所以“教”和“学”是相互促进的。,教与学的关系：教学相长,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才

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11、,教别人，占自己学习的一半,表示猜测,兑命说：“教别人，占自己学习的一半。”这话说的就是这个道理吧。,引用论证：进一步强调教学相长的关系。,翻译全文,虽然有美味的肉食，不去品尝，就不知道其味道的甘美；虽然有最好的道理，不去学习，就不知道它的好处。所以，学习之后才知道自己的不足，教人之后才知道自己有不懂的地方。知道了自己的不足，然后就能自我反思；知道了自己困惑的地方，然后才能自我勉励。所以说，教与学是相互促进的。尚书兑命说：“教别人，占自己学习的一半。”这句话说的就是这个道理。,通假字,兑命曰（同“说”，指的是殷商时的贤相傅说）,yu,帮你归纳,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状

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14、.不知其旨也（古义：味美 今义：主旨）3.教然后知困（古义：困惑 今义：穷苦，艰难）4.然后能自强也（古义：竭力，尽力 今义：健壮的，有力的）5.教学相长也（古义：促进，提高 今义：增长）,一词多义,学学半（ ）,学学半（ ）,不知其旨也（ ）,其此之谓乎（ ）,动词，教导,动词，学习,代词，它的,副词，表示推测,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才

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16、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,倒装句：其此之谓乎。（“之谓”是文言文中一种比较固定的用法，是将宾语提前的倒装句，译为“说的是”。作用：宾语用代词“之”复指一下，强调宾语。）,文言句式,“教学相长”教和学是相互促进的，二者相辅相成，强调了实践的重要性。,本文主要论述了什么道理？,内容归纳,文章开头写“虽有嘉肴”有何

17、作用？,以“佳肴”与“至道”作类比，指出学习的重要性：做好了一桌美味的菜肴，如果只是看看，不亲自去尝尝，永远不知道滋味如何；同样，有再好的道理，如果不去学习，永远也不知道它的好处。引出下文对教与学关系的论述，使说理浅显易懂。 这种说理的方法叫做“类比推理”。,问题探究,问题探究,虽有嘉肴这篇短文的中心论点是什么？作者是怎样进行论述的。,中心论点是“教学相长”，即“教”和“学”是相互促进的，“教”是“学”的另外一种形式。 用类比的方法切入话题，先以“嘉肴”为喻，指出“弗食，不知其旨也”，自然引出“虽有至道，弗学，不知其善”的道理；然后，再对举“学”与“教”所产生的“知不足”和“知困”两种情境，并

18、进一步解释，最后得到“教学相长”的结论；最后引用尚书中的话印证观点。,“教学相长”的结论在前面已经道明，课文最后兑命中的一段话是否多余？,不多余，“学学半”的意思是“教人是学习的一半”，这是对本文观点的补充说明,深化主旨。兑命的话进一步论证了“教学相长”的道理，增强了文章的说服力。,问题探究,拓展延伸,结合自身的学习经验，谈谈“教学相长”的道理给了你怎样的启示？,1.学是第一位的，不学，则无法获得知识，也无法知道自己的不足，也就没有完善自己的机会。2.“教学相长”还意味着学习中的互动和交流。有时候，可以采用教的方式学习。比如尝试把自己的理解讲给同桌听，看看他的反应。如果他能明白，可能表明你确实

19、理解透彻了；如果他仍有疑惑，可能表明你懂得理解中存在漏洞或缺陷，这时就可以“知困”而“自强”。,虽有嘉肴,比喻论证学习的重要性,道理论证教学相长,引用论证强调教学相长,教和学相辅相成,1.运用类比手法。,文章开头运用类比手法，以“即使有美味佳肴，不去品尝，就不知道它的味道鲜美”类比“即使有最好的道理，不去学习，就不知道它的益处”。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状

20、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状

21、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,2.逻辑严密，有条有理。,文中开头先讲学习的重要性，接着讲到教与学的关系，最后提出教学相长的结论，逻辑严密，有条有理。,大道之行也,大道：指儒家推崇的上古时代的政治制度。,本文是礼记礼运开头部分里的一段话，主旨是阐明理想中的“大同”社会的基本特征。原文此前还有一段文

22、字记述孔子说这番话的来由，照录如下： 昔者仲尼与于蜡宾（参加国君在年终举行的祭典，蜡，读zh），事毕，出游于观（读gun，宫门外两旁的台楼）之上，喟然而叹，仲尼之叹，盖叹鲁也（意思是鲁国已经丧失了国礼）。言偃（即子游，孔子的学生）在侧，曰：“君子何叹？”(孔子何叹？)孔子曰：“大道之行也，与三代之英（夏、商、周、三代的英贤），丘未之逮也（因出生晚，未能赶上）而有志焉。”,写作背景,从这段文字可以看出，孔子是因为生活在变乱纷乘的春秋末期，迫切希望出现一个太平盛世，所以有这番言论。,选贤与能（ ）讲信修睦（ ） 鳏寡（ ）货恶其弃于地也（ ）幼有所长（ ） 男有分（ ） 谋闭而不兴（ ）,j,m,

23、un,w,zhn,fn,xn,1.听课文录音，注意节奏、语气，重点注意以下几个字的读音。,2.自由朗读课文，把握好字音、节奏、语气。,3.翻译课文，了解大意。,自学要求：1. 结合课下注释及手头资料翻译课文，标出疑难处。2. 同桌交流疑难。3. 6分钟后比比谁翻译的比较好。,大道之行也大道之行也， 天下为公，选贤与能， 讲信修睦。,施行,政权（也可以把社会财富包括进来）属于社会的全体成员，而不属于任何个人。,选举有贤德的、有才能的人（给大家办事）,（人人）讲求诚信，崇尚和睦,与(j)，通“举”，选举,对“大同”社会的纲领性说明。,故人不独亲其亲，不独子其子，使老有所终，壮有所用，幼有所长，矜、

24、寡、孤、独、废疾者皆有所养，男有分，女有归。货恶其弃于地也，不必藏于己；力恶其不出于身也，不必为己。,因此,动词，以为亲,动词，以为子,抚养,同“鳏”，老而无妻的人,归宿,人们憎恶财货被抛弃在地上的现象，却不是为了独自享用；,也憎恶那种在共同劳动中不肯尽力的行为，总要不为私利而劳动。,职业、职分,写大同社会的基本特征。,是故谋闭而不兴，盗窃乱贼而不作，故外户而不闭。是谓大同。,因此,用门闩插门,阴谋，干坏事的想法,兴起,这叫作,全文的总结语。,在大道施行的时候，天下是人们所共有的，选拔推举有贤德的、有才干的人选出来（给大家办事），（人人）讲究诚信，崇尚和睦。因此人们不单敬爱、奉养自己的父母，不

25、单疼爱、抚育自己的子女，要使老年人能终其天年，中年人能为社会效力，幼童能顺利成长，使老而无妻的人、老而无夫的人、幼年丧父的人、老而无子的人、残疾人都能得到供养。男子要有职业，女子要及时婚配。人们憎恶财货被抛弃在地上的现象（而要去收贮它），却不是为了独自享用；也憎恶那种在共同劳动中不肯尽力的行为，总要不为私利而劳动。这样一来，就不会有人搞阴谋，不会有人盗窃财物和兴兵作乱，（家家户户）都不用关大门了，这就叫作“大同”社会。,全文翻译,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路

26、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路

27、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,通假字,1.选贤与能（通“举”，选拔）2.矜、寡、孤、独、废疾者皆有所养（通“鳏”，指老而无妻的人）,帮你归纳,古今异义,1.大道之行也（古义：儒家推崇的上古时代的政

28、治制度 今义：宽而长的路）2.男有分，女有归（古义：归宿 今义：回来）3.盗窃乱贼而不作（古义：作乱 今义：没有秩序，没有条理）,1.不独亲其亲，不独子其子（意动用法，以为亲，以为子）2.老有所终，壮有所用（形容词作名词，老年人，壮年人）,词类活用,判断句：大道之行也，天下为公。（“也”表判断）倒装句：货恶其弃于地也，不必藏于己。（介宾短语后置句，应为“于己藏”）,文言句式,大道指什么？大同指什么？,大道：古代指政治上的最高理想。大同：可以理解为儒家的理想社会或人类社会的最高阶段。大道之行也：是指执政者施行大道，则老百姓便可以生活在安定、和平的大同社会。,1.“大同”社会的根本特征是什么？请找

29、出相关语句，并作讲解。,政权属于社会的全体成员,社会的管理者应由品德高尚的人和能干的人担任,社会成员间应当建立起良好的关系,2.本文是从哪几个方面来说明“大同”社会的基本特征的？,3.从“谋闭而不兴，盗窃乱贼而不作”中，你感受到了当时社会怎样的状况？,“谋闭而不兴，盗窃乱贼而不作”是大同社会安定、和谐的状况的反映，其中折射出现实社会的黑暗、阴险，这正是人们迫切追求理想社会的原因。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,

30、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,

31、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,第一层：（第1、2句）,第二层：（第3、4句）,第三层：（第5、6句）,大同社会的根本特征,大同社会的基本特征,总结语，大同社会的局面,3.货尽其用，人尽其力,1 .人人都能受到全社会的关爱,2.人人都能安居乐业,状

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33、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,根

34、据文中阐述的内容和你对“大同”社会的认识，你觉得“大同”社会能实现吗？,本文通过对理想中的社会特征的描述，阐明了儒家理想中的“大同”社会的基本特征，表达了作者对这个理想社会的向往，同时，也反映了我国古代劳动人民对美好生活的追求。,1.结构严谨，说理透彻。,文章第一层首先对“大同”社会进行纲领性说明，然后从三个方面阐述“大同”社会的基本特征，最后总括并定名为“大同”。全面具体地展现了古人关于人类美好社会的构想。,2.阐述道理，条理清晰。,文章在阐明“大同”社会政治纲领的内容时，按逻辑关系，由政权归属谈到政权所属的条件，最后谈到在德才兼备的领导者的管理下，所呈现的和谐、平等的人际关系。在阐明之后，很自然地阐述了在这些纲领维护下的“大同”社会的基本特征，分三个方面展开，从物质生活谈到了理想观念。既全面又有条理，清晰地反映了作者的思路。,