《大学英语四级》PPT课件.ppt

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1、大学英语四级阅读理解部分,试卷构成和成绩报道,四级考试由以下四个部分构成1）听力理解 听力理解部分分值比例为35%；其中听力对话15%，听力短文20%。听力对话部分包括短对话和长对话的听力理解；听力短文部分包括选择题型的短文理解和复合式听写。成绩报道满分为2492）阅读理解 阅读理解部分分值比例为35%；其中仔细阅读部分（Reading in Depth）25%，快速阅读部分（Skimming and Scanning）10%。仔细阅读部分分为：a）选择题型的篇章阅读理解；b）篇章层次的词汇理解（Banked Cloze）或短句问答（Short Answer Questions）成绩报道满分为

2、2493）完型填空或改错 完型填空或改错部分分值比例为10%。完型填空部分采用多项选择题型，改错部分的要求是辨认错误并改正。成绩报道满分为704）写作和翻译 写作和翻译部分分值比例为20%；其中写作部分（Writing）15%，翻译部分（Translation）5%。写作的体裁包括议论文、说明文、应用文等；翻译部分测试的是句子、短语或常用表达层次上的中译英能力。成绩报道满分为142,试卷构成和成绩报道,成绩报道一 听力理解 249分 1.听力对话 107分 2.听力短文 142分二 阅读理解 249分 仔细阅读 178分 快速阅读 71分三，完形填空或是改错 70分四，写作和翻译 142分;写

3、作 106分; 中译英 36分 成绩单上是分为四部分听力249阅读249综合（完形/改错翻译）106作文106,试卷构成和成绩报道,英文提示Part I Writing 30 minutes Answer Sheet 1 Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)15 minsPart III Listening Comprehension 35 minutes Answer Sheet 2 Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) 25 minutesPart V Cloz

4、e 15 minutes Part VI Translation 5 minutes,大学英语四级题型与时间分数分布,时间分配(分钟)写作（30）快速阅读（15）听力（35分钟）篇章词汇和阅读理解（25）完形填空（15）翻译（5）,大学英语四级阅读理解,阅读的广泛理解 知识的源泉，能力的根本 利用阅读打天下，无往不胜,篇章阅读 -寻找可能的技巧,阅读理解,新四级考试的阅读部分主要分为快速阅读和深度（仔细）阅读两个部分。深度阅读包括选词填空与题意选择两种题型, 阅读分数占全卷的35%.,阅读理解(40mins),35%,快速阅读15,深度阅读25,25%,篇章词汇10%,篇章阅读15%,10%,

5、篇章阅读要求,选材来源 命题来源NewScientistNewsweekThe New York TimesTimeThe Washington Post 大学英语四六级 考试命题委员会,篇章阅读要求,体裁方面议论文说明文新闻评述记叙文,题材方面人文科学自然科学,题材评述,梳理把握广泛多样的题材，是“知己知彼”的第一步。以下是近五年阅读命题题材分布情况。文化教育 2007.6 学习写作 2007.12 远程教育科技环保 2008.6 全球变暖 2009.6 环保时装， 一滴水一个世界热点新闻 2007.6 性别歧视,题材评述,经济商贸 2006.12 瓶装水的成功推广 2008.12 商店如何

6、应对顾客投诉生命健康 2006.12 健康新解 2008.12 男性比女性更易得病社会生活 2008.6 保护隐私 2007.12 子女教育,识别文体,说明文（最常见） 第一句通常为主题句结构： 提出问题分析问题解决问题格式： 比较， 对照，分类，列举。Tip. 抓住文章主题，同时把握个层次的要点。议论文 论点-论据Tips. 抓住论点，论据，明确作者论证方法是归纳还是演绎抓住表示因果because, as a result, therefore，递进moreover, in addition，转折but, however等的信号词注意作者使用的表达赞同反对等感情色彩的形容词，副词或句型。,词

7、汇要求,1. 题干中的关键词有50%能在原文中找到，还有一小部分是同义词替换。（定位原文） 08.1 65 refine the story-correct the story2.定位原文后，不一定能直接找到答案，很多时候是同义替换 A背高频词汇 （复用单词 一词多义一词多性） B。加强同义替换意识 同义替换的重要性 1.找出答案位置需要同义替换意识 2.得出正确答案需要同义替换意识Example:The success of Bill Gates and other non-MBAs, such as the late Sam Walton of Wal-Mart Stores Inc.,

8、has helped insipire self-conscious debates on business school campuses over the worthQ. it seems that the ocntroversy over the values of MBA degrees has been fueled by _.Controversy-debate fueled-inspired2. Farming emerged as a survival strategy because man had been obliged _.原文： , people were force

9、d to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survial strategy.Answer: to give up their former way of life,长难句,常常涉及考点，所以不能跳过略过。会影响我们整体阅读的流畅性突破长难句：四级阅读中的很多句子都比较长，很多句子都在20个单词以上，它们不时的出没于四级阅读中，构成了一个个obstacle。其中，1995年6月大学英语四级考试阅读理解的第三篇文章的第三句话长达80个词，句子结构的复杂程度不亚于GRE阅读，现展示如下：In the past our own blo

10、cks of flats have been associated with the lower-income groups and they have lacked the obvious provisions, such as central heating, constant hot water supply, electrically operated lifts from top to bottom, and so on, as well as such details important notwithstanding(然而), as easy facilities for dis

11、posal of dust and rubbish and storage places for baby carriages on the ground floor, playgrounds for children on the top of the buildings, and drying grounds for washing.,长难句,从1991年6月四级考试阅读理解第二篇文章的首句也可以看出四级阅读中部分句子的结构的复杂程度。A breakthrough(突破)in the provision of energy from the sun for the European Eco

12、nomic Community(EEC) could be brought forward by up to two decades, if a modest increase could be provided in the EECs research effort in this field, according to senior EEC scientists engaged in experiments in solar energy at EECs scientific laboratories at Ispra, near Milan.,长难句,实用的原则： 修饰成分全找出来之后，

13、用括号把每个修饰成分括起来，留在括号外面的就是主干 然后，按照一般顺序，谓语在前，宾语（或表语）在后，这样我们就有了主谓宾（或主系表）的主干结构了最后把修饰成分按对应的位置加上去，整个句子的结构就把握住了。另外，要注意非谓语动词可以带自己的宾语、状语，也可以有自己的时态和语态。,长难句常涉及的类型,1.双重否定句 负负得正，把两个表示否定的结构都去掉。No, not, hardly,seldom,never little, few, small 应注意的词根词缀 de-/dis-/un-/in-There are probably no questions (that)we can think

14、 up that cant be answered, sooner or later, including even the matter of consciousness.Answer: Man can find solutions sooner or later to whatever questions concerning nature he can think up.,长难句长涉及的类型,2.分词做状语类 （主干，现在分词、过去分词）Eg.1 Motivated in part by Christian compassion for the helpless as well as a

15、 practical political impulse to undercut the support of the socialist labor moverment, Chancellor Bismarck createdt the worlds first workers compensation law in 1884.Motivated by-Chancelloer BismarkQ: The worlds first compensation law was introduced by Bismark _Answer: out of religious and political

16、 considerations.Eg.2 08.1 66,长难句长涉及的类型,3. 定语从句类规律：找真正的谓语动词时， 如果定语从句修饰主语，找第二个可以做谓语的动词，第一个是属于定语从句的谓语动词。Tips. 先括出定语从句部分，跳出从句，抓住主干再解题。The mother of the young man Wilde was intimate with accused him at the banquet of sexually influencing her son.,长难句长涉及的类型,4.倒装句类类型 1） only/ not only/ nor/ neither在句首2）介词短

17、语在句首 较难Example: Along with them goes social mobility, ambition to rise in the urban world, a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the 19th century.找主语 along with-prep them -objective form so, social mobility 后面两个同位语Tips: 分析词性找出谓语与主语，将主语调至谓语之前再理解文章。,长难句涉及的类型,5.强调句型 It isthat 应对方法：多训练，

18、熟悉句式，把读到过的四级文章中的所有的看不懂的长难句全部总结起来，摘抄到一个本子上面，翻译。当翻译到100句的时候，会发现长难句不过那么五六种。当看到101句的时候，你会马上给它归类。,考题要求,深度阅读中篇章阅读考查考生要点（大纲决定考点）1 掌握主旨要义2 了解文中具体信息3 根据所读材料进行有关的判断、推理和引申4 理解作者的意图、观点或态度 5 依据上下文推测生词的词义，理解个别（重点）句子的含义,速度要求,70w/ m 300350 words 8m/pIn fact, 只需读懂70% 2030sentences/ article 5Qs 1-2sen.s/ Q 2/3sentenc

19、es 没考到 （慧眼时才，学会跳读，该略的略。）必读内容1.作者的观点 判断是否为作者观点的标准：A。语句位置是否靠前靠前寻找 B. 用语是否抽象概括-闭上眼睛无法联想到现实生活中某个实际事物的词。2.首段，尾段，首尾句 特别注意转折词略过内容：1.支持观点的例证和细节 （位置通常靠后） 2. （），- - 内的内容3.人名后的修饰,阅读训练方法,平时多做泛读练习以提高阅读速度 1.英文原版材料 （作者）2.适合自己水平的材料 名著的简易读本3. 国内杂志中的英文材料 英语世界 海外沙龙四步阅读法 1.浏览文章，抓住大意 看懂文章主题句，段落主题句 2. 猜词 （词性，感情色彩，所处语境，所搭

20、配的介词）3.精读 查词，摘抄长难句并翻译 一天一篇就足够4.换位思考 与作者换位，如果我是作者，该如何写这篇文章。In most cases,offensive breath emanates from bacteria(细菌) in the mouth, although there are toher, more surprising causes.A. thrive on B. account for C. originate from D. desecnd from,篇章阅读方法,整体阅读法（先看文章后做题）优点：全局感或整体感缺点：记不住细节，找答案费时间查找阅读法（适合段落较多文

21、章） 读完第一段做第一题，做完第一题读第二题，带着问题去读第二段 优点：符合题文同序的出题原则 缺点：不适合主旨题和全文态度题两者结合：1.略读全文，把握文章大意 1m2. 根据题干中的关键词定位原文3.以原文为依据，进行同义替换、判断推理。,命题考点及规律,1、列举处常考 列举处指的是First,，second, ，Third, 等逐步列出，然后要求考生从列举出的内容中，选出符合题干要求的答案项。该考点常出题型是细节事实题。,命题考点及规律,例1. The third big difference between the drama detective and the real one is

22、 the unpleasant pressures: firstly, as members of a police force they always have to be have absolutely in accordance with the law. Secondly, as expensive public servants they have to get results. They can hardly do both. Most of the time some of them have to break the rules in small ways. Q: Whats

23、the policemans biggest headache? (A) He has to get the most desirable results without breaking the law in any way. (B) He has to justify his arrests while unable to provide sufficient evidence in most cases. (C) He can hardly find enough time to learn criminal law while burdened with numerous crimin

24、al cases. (D) He has to provide the best possible public service at the least possible expense. (分析：选A。属事实细节题。依据文章，与电影中的警察很不相同的是，现实中警察既要绝对遵守法（firstly,）,又要及时破案（secondly,）,这令他们很难两头兼顾，有时只有犯规。很明显，B、C、D三项都与文章内容不符。),命题考点及规律,2. 强调处 the only only在句首做状语It is that08.6 66 61,命题考点及规律,3、举例子打比喻的地方常考 为了使自己的观点更有说服力

25、、更加明确，作者经常用具体的例子打比方，句中常由as, such as, for example, for instance等引导的短语或句子作为举例句，这些例句或比喻成为命题者提问的焦点。考生需注意的是例子或比喻一般是和文章或段落中心紧密相关的，常以“细节事实性”题型和“推断性”题型出现，但偏倾于“推断性”题型。关注其前或后总结性的句子,命题考点及规律,3. 引用人物论断处常考 作者为了正确表达出自己观点或使论点更有依据，常常引用某名人的论断或重要发现等。命题者常在此作文章。多以“推理性”题为主，有时也出“细节事实性”题型。 例There is a senseless notion that

26、 children grew up and leave home when theyre 18, and the truth is far from that,says sociologist Larry Bumpers of the University of Wisconsin. Q: There was apparently a trend in the USA _ .,命题考点及规律,4、转折处与强对比处常考 一般而言，转折后的内容常常是语义的重点，命题者常对转折处的内容进行提问。转折一般通过however, but, yet, in fact等词或短语来引导。强对比常由unlike,

27、 until, not so muchas等词或短语引导。命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。此类考点常出现在逻辑推理型题中，少数出现于其它题型中。,命题考点及规律,5、复杂句常考 复杂句常是命题者出题之处，包括同位语、插入语、定语、长句后半句，从句、不定式、副词等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间指代关系。文章段落之间关系的理解，常以逻辑推理题型出现，包括少量其它题型。,正确答案特征,(一)答案项中有绝对语气词的一般不是正确答案项 这些语气词有： must, always, never, the most, all, only, have to, any, no, very,completel

28、y, none, hardly等。例(1) One of the great changes brought about by the knowledge society is that _ A. the difference between the employee and the employer has become insignificant. B. peoples traditional concepts about work no longer hold true. C. most people have to take part-time jobs. D. people have

29、 to change their jobs from time to time. (分析：四个选项中，C、D两项中都含有have to，语气太绝对化，一般被排除。考生在剩下两项中进行选择，就大大降低了难度。),正确答案特征,（二）选项中含有不十分肯定的语气词一般是正确答案项。这些语气词有： can, could, may, should, usually, might, most(大多数)，more or less, relatively, be likely to, possible, whether or, not necessarily 等。 例（1）It can be inferred

30、 from the passage that the author believes_ AAmericans are more ambitious than people in other countries B. in many countries success often depends on ones social status C. American businesses are more democratic than those in other countries D. businesses in other countries are not as competitive a

31、s those in America (分析：选项B中often 一词，语气委婉，不十分肯定，故为答案。而其它三项中所表达出的语气都明显绝对化。),正确答案特征,（三）选项中照抄原文的一般不是答案项，而同义替换的一般是选项。 例（1）According to Dr. David, Americans _ Aare ideally vigorous even under the pressure of life B. often neglect the unsequences of sleep deficit C. do not know how to relax themselves prop

32、erly D. can get by on 6.5 hours of sleep (分析：答案项中A、D两项基本上是原文中句子的原现，故被排除。B项中有often 一词，语气委婉，不十肯定，故为答案。),正确答案特征,（四）较全面、有针对性地表达文章中心思想的，选项一般是答案项。 例（1）which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage? AMusical instruments developed through the years will sooner or later be replaced by c

33、omputers. B. Music cant be passed on to future generations unless its recorded. C. Folk songs cant be spread for unless they are printed on music sheet. D. the development of music culture is highly dependent on its material aspect. (分析：根据短文内容可以看出，A、B、C三项的内容都只是从某一个方面阐述了一种观点，而D项句子所表达的意思就较全面，高度囊括了全篇短文

34、的主旨。),正确答案特征,（五）选项中表达意义较具体的、肤浅的（字面意思）一般不是答案项，而概括性的、抽象的、含义深刻的是答案项。）From the passage it can be seen that employeeship helps one . Ato be more successful in his career B. to solve technical problems C. to be more specialized in his field D. to develop his professional skill （分析：题意是从文中看出员工素质有助于人们 .。 B解决

35、技术问题；C深化专业；D项发展职业技能。这三项表达的意思都比较具体，而A项则概括地有深度，包括了B、C、D三项内容。）,正确答案特征,（六）选项中较符合常识的,易明白的一般不是选项；而似乎不太合理，一时较难理解的往往是正确选项。 例（2）Raising children, in the authors opinion, is _. Aa moral duty B. a thankless job C. a rewarding task D. a source of inevitable pain （分析：题目问的是，“依作者观点，抚养孩子是 ”。 依据我们日常生活所闻所见，抚养孩子就是A. “

36、一种道德责任” B.“不求回报的工作”。我们都觉得抚养孩子是人生义务，是天经地 义的。这两项太熟悉了，因而一般不是答案。而C项“有回报的任务，似乎不太合人情味、合乎常识。但这样的选项就是答案。D项有inevitable一词，语气太绝对化，故排除掉。）,正确答案特征,1.经常与中心有关2.位置： 和复杂句，长难句，转折句有关，或是段首句、段尾句09.1 58 62 08.6 57 65 08.6 63 64 08.1 58 61 3.原则： 同义替换 正话反说 反话正说09.1 62 66 08.6 654. 语气： 不肯定语气词 委婉表达用词May might possible not nec

37、essarily5.具有概括性和深刻性 08.1 62,篇章阅读要求,题型介绍事实细节题推理判断题语义理解题主旨大意题观点态度题,事实细节题通常从一个句子中找到答案,提问方式： 灵活多样，涉及短文的各种细节，如时间 地点原因结果方式等理解要点： 具体信息和概念性含义解题步骤： 定位分析和选项分析,事实细节题,准确定位步骤： 1. 定位 1）关键词- 专有名词，贬义词 或同义替换According to the passage, people often wrongly believe that in pursuing a career as a manager _.原文： A few comm

38、on misconceptions. Beauty is only skin-deep. Ones physical assets dont count all that much in a mangerial career. （make every day count）2.同义替换 （很少原文照搬）B. a persons outward appearance is not a critical qualification.2)顺序定位 例： 36. 。the years 1976-1978 37.What influences the birth rate most in the Unit

39、ed States is (the US 整个选材依据，不能作为关键词). 38. The sentence “” (Line 4, Para 2)3) 特殊单词定位The author ends the passage with the implication that _.Starts. Why-middle (put forward question-analyze-solve) solutionend选项分析 同义替换， 排除干扰项 - 联系主题,事实细节题,干扰项特征： 1） 偷梁换柱 越像的越不对 十个单词有九个与原文一致，只有一个不一样。 2）他处细节The idea of “i

40、mprovement factor”(para.3 line 8) implys roughly:A.wages should be paid on the basis of length of service (P. 3, L.7)B. (P.3, L.8)C.(P.3, L2) D. (P.2, L6)距离远的免谈。 A, C.D,推理判断题,这类题不会直接出现在文中，需根据字里行间的含义通过逻辑推理来判断 判断方式 判断内容 1 上下文的连贯 1 原因结果观点立场 2 有关部分暗示 2 数字知道逻辑标准问题：1 what conclusion can be drawn for the p

41、assage？2 From the passage we can conclude -3 We can infer from the passage-4 The passage seems to indicate that-5 which of the following is true from the passage-,推理判断题,本质都是细节题 抛开自己主观判断，自己就是一张白纸，任由作者在自己身上开始写。所有一切按文章走。一个细节题对应一句话。一个推理题对应的可能是一句话，也可能是一个段落，甚至一篇文章。需把每个选项都定位原文。,语义理解题,语义理解题就是对生词句子或短语进行提问，需要

42、考生推断考点的近义含义或引申含义 。提问方式：1 “-” is used in the passage to refer to “-”2 The word “-” most probably means _.3 according to the author, “-”most probably means _.,语义理解题,Then there is the ostrich approach,” some men are scared of what might be there and would rather not know, ” says Dr. Ross Cartmill. 60 W

43、hat does Dr. Ross Cartmill mean by “the ostrich approach” (line q para.9)A. a casual attitude towards ones health conditionsB. a new therapy for certain psychological problemsC. refusal to get medical treatment for fear of the pain involvedD. unwillingness to find out about ones disease because of f

44、ear,主旨大意题,主旨大意题主要考查学生对整篇文章的理解能力。找到文章的主题句（1）文章的首句或首段 （2）首段末句 （末句出现转折或总结）（2） 二段开始 （对第一段进行转折或总结）（3）前后呼应句答题方法 1。 主题句 2.各段首句相加 3.问题相加4.关注反复重复的词,主旨大意题,The practical conclusion is that if global warming is apotential disaster, the only solution is new technology.Only an aggressive research and developmentp

45、rogram might find ways of breaking our dependenceon fossil fuels or dealing with it. 61. What is the message the author intends to convey? Global warming is more of a moral issue than a practical one The ultimate solution to global warming lies in new technology The debate over global warming will l

46、ead to technological breakthroughs People have to give up certain material comforts to stop global warming,观点态度题,全文情感态度题-作者本人局部情感态度题-例证人 观点态度题基本出现在论说性质的文章中，在字里行间流露出自己的态度，或对某一现象进行肯定否定怀疑等,观点态度题,While steeping back was difficult for me, it was certainly a good first step that I will quickly follow with

47、 more steps, putting myself far enough away to give her room but close enough to help if asked. All the while I will be reminding myself that children need room to experiment , grow and find their own voices. 66.Whats the authors advice for parents?A writing career, though attractive, is not for every child to pursuer.Children should be allowed freedom to grow through experience.Parents should keep an eye on the activities their kids engage in.Children should be given every chance to voice their opinions.,结束,再见,