考研英语小作文ppt课件.ppt

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1、考研英语写作之应用文攻略,1. 字数难度不同：从写作A和写作B的字数要求来看，B约为A的2倍，A内容要求难度不高，估计耗时在10分钟。但A有明确的文体格式及相应的语域要求，这点要考生引起注意。2. 文体侧重不同：A的文体要求很明确，是应用性短文。但应用性短文的题材非常广泛，主要应该以围绕学生的学习、生活等需求应用的内容为主，应多为说明性的短文。写作B十年来的出题多为图画式作文，体裁以议论、叙述以及夹议夹述为主。,小写作与大写作的差别,3. 考查要点不同：A考查的主要是英文的日常应用能力，文体灵活，不一定是书面用语，实用性强；B的考查更侧重文章内容的构建和论述的完整性这种能力。4. 评分的侧重点

2、不同：A的评分侧重点在于信息点是否全部包含，格式是否准确，语言是否恰当。B的评分重点在于内容的完整、组织结构的连贯以及语言的准确传达。作文所需要的格式与固定句式及其核心词汇才应该是考生记忆的东西。,写作A与写作B的差别,书信写作的评分标准,考研辅导之写作,1、信息点的覆盖和内容的组织 题目当中涉及到的相关的点一个都不能少，必须要含盖所有的信息 。2，语言的准确性 不要有以下的五种错误：语法错误，用词错误，句子结构混乱，标点符号的错误和拼写错误。 3、格式和语域的恰当 语域：根据不同的写作对象，有三种不同的语域，分别是正式语域，一般语域和非正式语域。语域的选择取决于写信的对象不同。不能照抄题目当

3、中的句子，否则要被扣分，但是可以采用题目当中的一些关键词。,语域 (register),1，根据写作对象确定语域 通常给正式的机构写信就采用正式的语域，给朋友写信就采用非正式的语域。举个简单的例子，比如是这么一句话“请告诉我你能否参加下星期的会” 如果是你和朋友有一个简单的聚会的话，你可以这么写：Let me know/Tell me if you can come for the meeting next week. 如果写信的对象是朋友以外的组织机构，你的上司，或者陌生人的话，你可以这样写：Please kindly inform us of your availability for t

4、he meeting to be held next week.,语域 (register),假如现在是邀请一个朋友来共度周末的话：How about coming down to stay with us for the weekend? 假如是要求一个合作伙伴，领导等，像刚才这么说，语域上就不太合适了，你可以说：We would like to invite you for a weekend.或者We would appreciate it if you could come for the weekend.,2，另外，正式和非正式的一个标志之一就是有没有省略。正式的一般不能省略，反之。

5、 比如你给上司买了一张票，希望他到你那里去取，你该怎么说？I would like you to come to my office to pick up the ticket. 写给朋友呢？Come to my office for the ticket.,语域 (register),3，另外一个标志是有没有缩略语 I would like to(正式) Id like to(非正式) 当然，书信更为重要的是内容的完整：必须包含所有的内容要点。,语域 (register),书信写作的评分标准,评分标准如下：(1)评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来给分。评分人员

6、在档内的12分内调节分数。(2)A节作文的字数要求是100词左右。文章长度不符合要求的，酌情扣分。(3)拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面。评分时，视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。(4)如书写较差，以致影响交际，将分数降低一个档次。一般评分标准：,书信写作的评分标准,第五档A节(9-10分)很好地完成了试题规定的任务。包含所有的内容要点；使用丰富的语法结构和词汇；语言自然流畅，语法错误极少；有效地采用了多种衔接手法，文字连贯， 层次清晰；格式与语域恰当贴切。对目标读者完全产生了预期的效果。,书信写作的评分标准,考研辅导之写作,第四档A节(7-8分)较好地完成了试题

7、规定的任务。包含所有内容要点，允许漏掉1、2个次重点；使用较丰富的语法结构和词汇；语言基本准确，只有在试图使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇时才有个别错误；采用适当的衔接手法，层次清晰，组织较严密格式与语域较恰当。对目标读者产生了预期的效果。,书信写作的评分标准,考研辅导之写作,第三档A节(5-6分)基本完成了试题规定的任务。虽漏掉一些内容，但包含多数内容要点；应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的需求；有一些语法及词汇错误，但不影响理解；采用了简单的衔接手法，内容较连贯，层次较清晰；格式和语域基本合理。对目标读者基本产生了预期的效果。,书信写作的评分标准,考研辅导之写作,第二档A节(3-4分)未能按要求完

8、成试题规定的任务。漏掉或未能有效阐述一些内容要点，写了一些无关内容；语法结构单调、词汇项目有限；有较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响了对写作内容的理解；未采用恰当的衔接手法，内容缺少连贯性；格式和语域不恰当。未能清楚地传达信息给读者。,书信写作的评分标准,考研辅导之写作,第一档A节(1-2分)未完成试题规定的任务。明显遗漏主要内容，且有许多不相关的内容；语法项目和词汇的使用单调、重复；语言错误多，有碍读者对内容的理解，语言运用能力差；未使用任何衔接手法，内容不连贯，缺少组织、分段；无格式与语域概念。未能传达信息给读者。零档(0分)所传达的信息或所用语言太少，无法评价；内容与要求无关或无法辨认。

9、,书信写作的基本格式,书信(Letter)一般可分为事务信件或公函(Business or Official Correspondence)以及私人信件(Private or Personal Letter)两大类。一般包括以下几个要点：1） 信头(Heading)；2） 称呼(Salutation)；3） 正文(Body of the letter)；4） 结束语(Complimentary close)；5） 签名(signature)。,考研辅导之写作,书信写作的基本格式,1 信头（Heading）信头包括写信人地址和写信日期，通常写在信笺的右上角。在比较熟识的朋友之间的通信，写信人的地

10、址常可略去,只写写信日期，不写信人的地址。日期通常有下列两种定法： （a）月、日、年：如 August 15, 2000（b）日、月、年：如15th August, 2000,考研辅导之写作,书信写作的基本格式,地址的写法通常是由小到大，如：门牌号、街道名、市（县）名、省名、国名（邮政编码通常写在城市名之后）。这同中文书信的地址写法完全相反。地址可以写13行，日期写在地址的下方。 考研当中的书信格式比商务信函的格式要宽松很多，一般的商务信函要求把自己的名字、地址什么的相关信息写在右上角，左上角写上对方的姓名和地址。但是在考研英语中，地址往往不需要写，所以只包含四个部分的相关内容。,考研辅导之写

11、作,书信写作的基本格式,2、称呼(salutation) 英文当中称呼包含两大类，一个是比较正式的称呼，一类是不太正式的称呼。 (1)正式的称呼 a 团体、机构、组织或不知道对方姓名：Dear Sir/Madam,(称呼中要体现男女平等) b 收信人是某个领导或者是上司Dear Mr. XXX或者Dear Ms. XXX或者Mrs. XXX (2)不正式的称呼 收信人是朋友或者熟人Dear +given name,考研辅导之写作,书信写作的基本格式,3、正文 (body) 根据文章内容的要求来进行细分。但是要注意英文的信件往往是有什么说什么，开门见山，切忌拐弯抹角。正文要求文字通顺，层次分明，

12、表意清楚。,考研辅导之写作,书信写作的基本格式,4、结束语(complimentary close) (1) 写给团体、组织、机构：yours faithfully, (2) 写给老板、上司、老师：yours sincerely, (3) 写给好朋友，熟人等等：kind regards,或者best wishes,5 签名（Signature） 签名通常签在结束语下方的中间偏右的位置，如果信中的Charlie.签名应是亲笔书写，即使是打印机打出的信件，最后仍需亲笔签名。在签名的上方可根据写信人和收信人的关系写上Sincerely yours/Yours sincerely（用于长辈或朋友之间）

13、，或Respectfully yours/Yours respectfully（用于对长辈或上级）。,考研辅导之写作,书信写作的基本格式,Room 302, No 48, Yanan Road Shanghai 200040 P. R. China June 22, 2008 Prof. John Hill 607 North Willington Avenue West Palm Beach, Florida 33404 U. S. A. Dear Professor Hill, ,考研辅导之写作,应用文写作,一、书信类模板复习及便笺写作二、考纲要求的其他类型的应用文：1.备忘录(Memor

14、andum) 2.摘要(Abstract) 3.报告(Report),一、书信类模板复习:1. 投诉信 2009 20072. 询问信3. 请求信 20064. 道歉信 20085. 感谢信6. 建议信 2012 2009 20077. 求职信8. 邀请信 20139. 介绍信 10. 辞职信 200511. 便笺写作 2010,1. 投诉信,Dear_,I am . (自我介绍) I feel bad to trouble you but I am afraid that I have to make a complaint about_. The reason for my dissati

15、sfaction is _ (总体介绍). In the first place,_ (抱怨的第一个方面). In addition, _(抱怨的第二个方面). Under these circumstances, I find it _(感觉) to _(抱怨的方面给你带来的后果)I appreciate it very much if you could _ (提出建议和请求), preferably _(进一步的要求), and I would like to have this matter settled by _(设定解决事情最后期限). Thank you for your co

16、nsideration and I will be looking forward to your reply. Yours sincerely, Li Ming,2009 2007,2. 询问信,Dear _,I am _(自我介绍). I am writing to see if it is possible for you to provide me with information regarding_.(要询问的内容) First of all, what are _?(第一个问题) Secondly, when will_?(第二个问题) Thirdly, is _?(第三个问题)

17、I would also like to inquire _(将最重要的问题单独成段). Could you be so kind as to send me some relevant booklets on the above-mentioned aspects? Thank you for you kindness, and your prompt attention to this letter will be highly appreciated. Yours sincerely, Li Ming,3. 请求信,Dear_,I am writing to formally reque

18、st to_(请求的内容) The reason for _is that_（给出原因）. I_, so I _ (给出细节) I would also like to request _(提出进一步的要求). I am sorry for any inconvenience I have caused. Thank you for your attention to these requests. If you have any questions, do not hesitate to contact me at_(电话号码). I look forward to a favorable

19、reply. Yours sincerely, Li Ming,2006,4. 道歉信,Dear _,I am truly sorry that_(道歉的原因).The reason is that _(介绍原因) Once again, I am sorry for any inconvenience caused. Hope you can accept my apologies and understand my situation.Yours sincerely, Li Ming,2008,Assignment:,Write a note of about 50-60 words ba

20、sed on the following: Yesterday you failed to turn up for an appointment with your teacher, Professor Wang. Write him a note of apology and make a request for another meeting. You should also suggest the time for the requested meeting.,Reference answer :,May 6Prof. Wang, Much to my regret I was unab

21、le to keep my engagement to meet you. I fear you are displeased at my failing to keep my promise, but I trust you will forgive me, for my mother was suddenly ill yesterday morning, and I had to send her to hospital. I shall be obliged if you will kindly agree that tomorrow afternoon we may meet agai

22、n. I hope to see you soon. Wang Pin,5. 感谢信,Dear_,I am writing to extend my sincere gratitude for _(感谢的原因). If it had not been for your assistance in _(对方给你的具体帮助), I fear that I would have been_(没有对方帮助时的后果).Every one agrees that it was you who_(给出细节). Again, I would like to express my warm thanks to

23、you! Please accept my gratitude. Yours sincerely, Li Ming,6. 建议信,Dear _,You have asked me for my advice with regard to _, and I will try to make some conductive suggestions here. In my humble opinion, you would be wise to take the following actions:_(建议的内容) I hope you will find these proposals usefu

24、l, and I would be ready to discuss this matter with you to further details.Good Luck with your_(祝愿)Yours sincerely, Li Ming,2012 2009 2007,7. 求职信,Dear Sir or Madam, I write this letter to apply for the position that you have advertised in_(报纸名称)of_(广告发布时间).Not only do I have the qualifications for t

25、his job, but I also have the right personality for a _(工作名称). On the one hand,_(第一个原因). On the other hand, _(另一个原因).Should you grant me a personal interview, I would be most grateful. If you need to know more about me, please feel free to contact me at any time at _(电话号码) Thank you for considering m

26、y application, and I am looking forward to meeting you.Yours sincerely, Li Ming,8. 邀请信,Dear_,There will be a _(内容) at/in_(地点) on_(时间). We would be honored to have you there with us. The occasion will start at _(具体时间). This will be followed by a _(进一步的安排). At around_(时间)，_(另一个安排) I really hope you ca

27、n make it, and please inform me of your availability before _ if it is convenient for you. (通知你的最后期限)Yours sincerely, Li Ming,2013,9. 介绍信,Dear _,It affords me much pleasure to recommend _（要推荐的人）to you. During his/her graduate years he/she was my_ . （介绍与此人的关系） As his/her_ I found him/her _. His/Her p

28、erformance in the school years was outstanding. First, he/she had been and showed great talents in_(某领域的能力) . In addition, he/she has a very pleasant personality. He has developed a strong sense of_ , (性格)and working with him is always_. Therefore, I here recommend him/her to you with all my heart.

29、Should you favor him/her with a position in your company/Should you accept him/her in your university？I am sure that his/her future conduct/academic work will prove worthy of your confidence. I look forward to hearing from you at the earliest possible moment. Yours sincerely, Li Ming,10. 辞职信,Dear_，

30、I am writing to inform you about my decision to resign from my current position. I plan to leave my job here辞职的工作. There are several reasons involved, first of all, 辞职的原因之一,in addition, _辞职的原因之二_.most importantly, 辞职的原因之三.therefore, I would like to为什么选择辞职. Please let me take this chance to thank you

31、 for the rewarding experience I have enjoyed during my employment. I am sorry for any inconvenience caused to you. my best wishes for the companys continued growth. Sincerely yours, Li Ming,2005,11. 便笺写作,便笺，即便条，与书信大致相似，但区别有三：1.便笺较随便，因此语气通常更轻松，格式和语言都是如此。2.通常便笺较短，这意味着须略去冗余信息。便笺应言简意赅。3.便笺更具个性化：更接近口语，如有

32、必要，语言可以更直接，可使用行话。,Directions:One of your professors announces in class he requires a research assistant during the summer. While you are unable to take the job, your good friend Alex would be perfect for it. Write him a note persuading him to go for the interview.You should write about 100 words on

33、ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the note. Use “Li Ming” instead.,Dear Alex, I was in my biology class yesterday and Prof. Jones made an announcement that I think might interest you. He is looking for a research assistant for the summer semester to help him with an important p

34、roject. I think you would be perfect for the job.I know you are looking for work right now, and this really would be the ideal job for you. Prof. Jones is an excellent professor and I think you will be fascinated by his research. In addition, it will be a great job to put on your resume. If you want

35、 his contact information, let me know and I will give it to you.Your sincerely, Li Ming,二、考纲要求的其他类型的应用文：.备忘录(Memorandum),备忘录即办公室便笺(interoffice Memorandum，简称Memo)，是当今商务机构中使用最多的文件。与信函不同，便笺主要用于机关或公司内部，故不用地址，不需要信末礼节性的结束语。,备忘录的构成：1)收阅人(To)：一般不需加Mr., Miss, Dr等称呼，如收阅人职务高，正式场合通常要加上如(Vice) President一类的称呼。如收阅

36、人多，可采用：To: Publication Committee/ To: See Below(把收阅人名字列在便笺末尾)2)撰写人(From)：一般不加头衔，如果公司人员多，可注明撰写人所在的部门。如：From: Paula C. Salle, Customer Relations.3)日期：注明定函的具体时间(年、月、日)。4)事由：通常用名词词组表示。告诉读者此文件的主要内容。5)文档编号：可有可无。 6)正文(Body)：该项与信件的正文类似，如收阅人只有一个，可在正文前加上“Dear”。如不只一个则不加。 7)签名：亲笔署上自己的全名。,注：一般备忘录，只要把收件人、发件人、日期和主

37、题表示出来即可。写备忘录，第一句就交待写备忘录的目的回复对方备忘录时要标明对方备忘录的时间。要着重于重要论点，简明扼要，每件事情另起一段。力求准确，不能歧义。备忘录最后要用一句概括的话强调收件人对备忘录的内容尽快做出反应。,预测练习及范文Directions:Write a memorandum of about 100 words to the student service department and ask them to fix a telephone for each dormitory. Your Memo should include:(1)Your purpose.(2)Th

38、e reasons.(3)Your sincere hope.You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the memo. Use “Li Ming” instead.,Date: Aug. 13, 2007To: The leader of student service departmentFrom: Li MingSubject: TelephoneI would like to remind you that we are in need of a telephone for ea

39、ch dormitory. As university students, we need to cope with the daily increasing communications with teachers, friends and people outside the campus.We need a telephone to get and send message, which is important for us. Though most of us have mobile phones and e-mail address, a telephone in the dorm

40、itory is after all the most convenient and cheapest tool of communication.I hope that you will pay attention to this problem and solve it as soon as possible.,预测练习及范文Directions: You, the director of the Personnel Department, plan to recruit several new staff to meet the needs of the rapid expansion

41、of the company. Write a memo to the relevant departments that are in great need of new hands. You should write about 100 words.,Date: Aug. 8th, 2007To: Relevant DepartmentsFrom: Director of the Personnel DepartmentSubject: Recruitment of new staffTo meet the needs of the rapid expansion of the compa

42、ny, we plan to recruit several new staff. Specifically the numbers to be recruited for relevant departments are as follows:Sales Department - 2 sales clerks.R & D Department - 3 designers.Finance Department - 2 assistant accountants.Safety Production Department - 2 quality inspectors.Please read the

43、 instruction carefully and prepare the training courses in advance.,备忘录常用句型,I have several proposals for cutting down on office staff.In response to your , I have to inform you that.This is further to your memo dated April 18, 2008, in which you proposed that employees adopt the “punch-in” system(打孔

44、考勤).I believe these changes will result in greater work efficiency.Please let me know your reactions to these suggestions.If you need additional information on the above, do not hesitate to contact me.Your consideration of these suggestions would be appreciated.,二、考纲要求的其他类型的应用文：2. 摘要(Abstract),把一篇文章

45、的要点摘录出来，独立成一篇短文，叫做摘要。摘要必须简明扼要，用词精确，同时要求对原文内容不加任何解释和评论，忠实地写出原文作者的中心意思。,摘要写作程序：1)仔细阅读，抓住文章大意。2)先为摘要拟定个题目，用一个词或短语点出原文的中心思想，该词(或短语)可就在原文中找出。3)在原文中找出与中心思想关系最密切的部分，作为写摘要的材料；关系不大的地方可不予考虑。4)阅读中还需要做些简单的笔记，把有用的词汇、内容和数据抄在一张纸上备用。,写作：1)摘要长度不超过原文的三分之一。2)用自己的语言来写摘要。3)按原文的顺序写。如果不是特殊情况(如倒叙)，不要随便更改原文的顺序。4)摘要应内容完整且无大的

46、遗漏5)写摘要是项压缩文字的练习。要做以下工作：-删除细节：只取要点，解释要点的细节删去。-削减例子：原文如有五六个例子，摘要中可只留用一两个，其余省去。-简化描述：原文中有十个句子描述一个人或一件事，摘要中保留一两句的意思即可。-避免重复：摘要里重复是不必要的。,修改写完摘要要仔细修改。首先要对照原文，检查是否漏掉重要的内容；其次，看摘要长度是否超出字数限制，若超出，需对其进一步压缩；最后，认真检查标点、拼写和语法，保证准确无误。,文章摘要范文(原文略),Abstract of ArticleThree decades ago there was only the Gobi desert i

47、n Jiayuguan but now it has a massive Jiuquan Iron and Steel Complex. Unfortunately, 11 people died because of the cruel natural conditions before rich natural resources were explored. There has been a great fort, served as a guard to the Great Wall where soldiers could make sure others safety by str

48、iking a stone. Besides it is the fort best protected and one can have a good look at the desert by climbing the northern tower.,摘要写作要点回顾：在保持原文的目的、情节和思想的基础上，压缩文章的内容，使其篇幅简短，内容明确，主题突出。常用句型：This article focuses on the topic of The purpose of this article is to determine somethingThis thesis discusses/ d

49、eals with/ analyzes/ provides an overview of / elaborates on,二、考纲要求的其他类型的应用文：3. 报告(Report),报告是下级部门用书面形式向上级部门或上级领导汇报工作、反映情况、提出建议等使用的上行公文。一般由秘书书写报告。写报告注意问题：1)写好报告的前提是对所要写的内容有充分的了解。事情的前因后果是否清楚、资料是否准确直接关系到报告的质量。2)英文报告格式与备忘录相似，先写日期、收件人、发件人和主题，然后是正文部分，但报告的日期须置于右上方。,报告的常考类型及注意事项,1)请示报告(Report for Instructi

50、ons)：下级部门因某项工作、某件事情提请上级部门指示审核批准的书面材料。注意事项：a.称呼一般为上级部门的名称或领导人的姓名或职务。b.正文内写清请示的问题、目的及要求。c.内容较多时可分几段来写。,请示报告预测练习及范文Directions: You are preparing a field report, please write it in about 100 words with such items as following:the current situation of the Language Labsyour reason and suggestion,Date: Jul