语言学教程第一章ppt课件.ppt
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1、English Linguistics,School of Foreign Languages, Shandong University of Technology,What do you expect of the course?,Textbook: 胡壮麟(主编),2011,语言学教程(第四版),北京大学出版社。Time for the course:two sessions, one yearAssessment method: final examination (70%) +attendance+homework Miss more than six classes, fail; L
2、eave of absence for private affairs for more than eleven classes, fail.,Course Description,Course Description,Aim:This course will present you with some of the basic knowledge about language, including the nature of language, its system and organization, its relations with other factors such as psyc
3、hology, culture, society, mind, literature, language learning and teaching, etc. Have a basic understanding on the key ideas and main branches of linguistics.Develop the ability of observation and analysis,The myths of language wait us to reveal:四川人不怕辣,湖南人辣不怕,贵州人怕不辣。我激动得说都不会话了。菊 清平乐 相逢缥缈,窗外又拂晓。长忆清弦弄
4、浅笑,只恨人间花少。黄菊不待清尊,相思飘落无痕。风雨重阳又过,登高多少黄昏。Is bilingual environment beneficial for childrens IQ?Is English or Chinese a more developed language than others?,Why bother to study linguistics,It makes you distinct from mere English learners and English speakers.It helps to develop your ability to think cons
5、ciously, the ability to find and solve problems.It is tested if you pursue your graduate study in the English department.,Why bother to study linguistics,How to study,网络教学平台Preview and reviewRelate it to your daily language use, use it as a tool to explainAn official account in Wechat : 语言学午餐Ling-Lu
6、nch,What is special about language of linguistics?,Language of commonsense Vs. Language of scienceThe discourse of science cannot translate into commonsense without lost of meaning.In any typical group of science students there will be some who find themselves in difficulty.,Is linguistics difficult
7、 to learn?,人之为学有难易乎?学之,则难者亦易矣;不学,则易者亦难矣。,What to learn in this session,Chapter 1 Invitations to linguisticsChapter 2 Speech sounds Chapter 3 Morphology (word formation) Chapter 4 Syntax (sentence structure)Chapter 5 MeaningChapter 8 Language in use (meaning in use),Chapter One,The basic issues in th
8、is chapter:1. What is Linguistics? 1.1 The definition of linguistics 1.2 Main branches of linguistics 1.3 Important distinctions in linguistics2. What is Language? 2.1 The definition of language 2.2. Design features of language 2.3 Functions of language,1. What is Linguistics?,Linguistics is the sci
9、entific study of language. Two important messages are conveyed in this definition: first, scientific communicates the method that should be adopted in linguistic study; second, language communicates the proper object of study for linguistics.,1.1 The definition of linguistics,The method used in ling
10、uistic study,1. Collect and observe language facts, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made. 2. Hypotheses about the language structure are formulated. 3. The formulated hypotheses are checked against the observed facts to prove their validity.,A one year old boy p
11、ronounces some unintelligible sounds. His mom finds it like the sound of ball. (collect and observe)Thirsty? Hungry? Ball? Circles? The boy smiles when mom call circles in a handkerchief ball. Something round is a ball.(hypotheses)Try other round objects. (check the validity of hypotheses),The study
12、 object of linguistics,What is language?What are rules there are that govern the structure of language?What do all languages have in common?How social factors are reflected in language?How does a child acquire his mother tongue?,1.2 Main branches of linguistics,1.3 Important distinctions in linguist
13、ics,1. Descriptive vs. prescriptive2. Synchronic vs. diachronic3. Langue and parole4. Competence and performance5. Speech and writing,1) Descriptive vs. prescriptive,The descriptive study of language is to record linguistic phenomena or rules, to study language as a social phenomenon. The prescripti
14、ve study of language is to state that certain linguistic phenomena or rules should or should not be obeyed, like a grammar book does. Linguists usually use the first method in their study of language.,Prescriptive: 网络语言不标准,不规范。Descriptive: 网络语言的性质、词汇、句法、修辞特征;网络语言的规范以及对待网络语言的态度;网络语言与语文教学、当代社会文化、网民的社会
15、心理特征、网络词语及其意义生成的认知机制等。,2) Synchronic vs. diachronic,Synchronic study of language takes a fixed instant as its point of observation. Diachronic study examines language through the course of time. It studies the development or history of language.,Synchronic or diachronic?,近代汉语副词研究60年(1949-2009)汉语基本颜色
16、词的进化阶段与颜色范畴离合词形成的历史及成因分析主观化对句法限制的消解国外话语标记研究及其对汉语研究的启示中英文前言作者自称语语用对比研究,3) Langue and parole,Saussure made the distinction between langue and parole. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. It is a social phenomenon. Parole is the actual speakin
17、g of language by an individual speaker. It is an individual linguistic phenomenon.,4) Competence & performance,Chomskys competence refers to the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language. It stresses the psychological or mental property of language. Performance refers to the actual use of t
18、he language by a speaker in a real communicational context. It is the external realization of the internal linguistic competence.,How is Chomskys distinction between competence and performance similar to Saussures langue and parole?Similarity: the study object of linguistsDifferences: sociological v
19、iew vs. psychological view,5. Speech and Writing,Is speech or writing the primary medium of human languages according to modern linguists? Why?From the point of view of linguistic evolutionFrom the ways that are gotten by usersFrom the information conveyed,2. What is Language?,2.1 The definition of
20、language,Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.,2.2 Design features of language,Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. They are devised to distinguish the communication sys
21、tem as possessed by human, which we term language, from communication systems as possessed by other life forms.,1) Arbitrariness,By arbitrariness we mean that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with.e.g. A is called a “laoshu” in C
22、hinese, while a “rat” or “mouse” in English.,And out of the ground the LORD God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air; and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof. Genesis 2:19,Onomatopoei
23、c words, as direct imitations of natural sounds, are not in conflict with this feature. e.g. a Chinese dog barks wangwangwang, while an English dog barks bowwow. Although they describe the same sound, the forms are different.,Arbitrariness at the syntactic levele.g. He came in and sat down. He sat d
24、own and came in. He sat down after he came in. Arbitrariness and conventionThe link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention.,“When I use a word,” Humpty Dumpty said in rather a scornful tone, “it means just what I choose it to mean neither more nor less.”“The question is,
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