托福阅读难点易错题型解题思路实例解析之句子插入题.doc

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1、托福阅读难点易错题型解题思路实例解析之句子插入题 托福阅读不同题型在解题思路上是有很大区别的，今天给大家带来了托福阅读难点易错题型解题思路实例解析之句子插入题。希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。托福阅读难点易错题型解题思路实例解析：句子插入题托福阅读句子插入题解题基本思路介绍在做题的时候，我们需要先读句子插入题中出现的句子，再看原文。这样做的好处是比较省时间，可以较快的找到被插入句子的主语。而且重点把握该句的动词和名词，从而为读原文做好准备。托福阅读句子插入题解题思路实例分析举个例子，比如TPO34中Passage 3 Protection of Plants by Inse

2、cts里的第13题：Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Sometimes they capture the insects to feed their protein-hungry larvae.Where does the sentence best fit?通过这句话，我们可以发现they是该句的主语，动词capture是谓语，而insects是句子中的宾语，那么抓住这个句子的主干再去做题，就明确了回原文阅读的目的了。下面我们来看

3、原文：Ants are probably the most frequent and certainly the most persistent defenders of plants.A Since the highly active worker ants require a great deal of energy, plants exploit this need by providing extrafloral nectar that supplies ants with abundant energy.BTo return this favor, ants guard the ne

4、ctaries, driving away or killing intruding insects that might compete with ants for nectar.CMany of these intruders are herbivorous and would eat the leaves of the plants.D此时我们需要注意的，将句子插入原文后，插入后的句子不能改变原文间的内在逻辑关系。如果我们放在A处，那么插入后的*给人的感觉就比较突兀，因为第一句话与第二句话没有铺垫，联系不够紧密。而如果放在B处的话，前边的plants supply ants with a

5、bundant energy和后边的to return this favor的内在联系就被打破了，同样也是不可取的。那么如果放在C处，句子的主语并没有改变，而且driving away or killing intruding insects和capture the insects也是有关联的。因此C处是合适的。而如果放在D处，那么intruders和插入句中的insects是同一回事，可是句子的主语却是they。因此句子的逻辑就不对了，所以不能插入在D处。在做题过程中，我们还发现，衔接词和指代词也是需要我们仔细斟酌的。因为这些标志性的信号词，直接决定我们做题的正确与否。衔接词，比如表示并列、

6、转折、因果等关系的词汇，例如and, but, so, therefore等等。指代词，常见的有it, they, this, that等词汇。在阅读原文的过程中，我们只要牢牢地盯紧这些词汇，就能确保对*内在逻辑的把握，就能减少判断错误的可能性。托福阅读长难句练习：美国债务危机The US House of Representatives has voted to allow the government to keep borrowing extra money for another four months, deferring a possible debt crisis, which

7、would have brought the administration to a standstill. The measure was welcomed by the White House. From Washington, heres Paul Adams. With the possibility looming that the US might default on its debt obligations for the first time, the Republicans have decided not to pick a fight with Barack Obama

8、, at least not now. Until an abrupt change of course at the end of last week, they had been threatening to demand spending cuts to offset raising countrys borrowing limit. This move sure to be endorsed by the Senate puts off one fiscal crisis, but another over sweeping cuts in defence and domestic s

9、pending due to take effect at the beginning of March is waiting in the winds.美国众议院投票表决允许政府再为另外4个月拥有额外的资金，从而推迟可能的债务危机，使政府免于陷入瘫痪。 白宫对此表示欢迎。 来自华盛顿，Paul Adams.报道。 美国有可能首次出现债务违约情况，对此共和党决定不再为难巴拉克?奥巴马，至少目前如此。 就在共和党上周末突然一改常态之前，他们还一直威胁要求削减开支，来抵消提高借债上限的措施。 这个措施可阻止财政危机，肯定能得到参议院的支持，但美国已准备好三月份将会对国防和国内开支进行大幅削减。托福

10、阅读题型之送分题-词汇题 ,这个便宜你难道不捡吗?词汇量少的宝宝可看好了哦!最易忽视的线索1：与词汇搭配的介词。任何词性的单词与介词搭配，词义都由介词的词义定。举个简单的例子：seek for/search for/hunt for/look for，都由for 来搭配，虽然四个动词从词义上来说有区别，但都是表示找寻什么，也是因为介词for的作用。For有表“目标”的意思。TPO1-224. But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous t

11、heater.The word “penchant” in the passage is closet in meaning toA. Compromise B. Inclination C. Tradition D. Respect解析：介词for可以用来表示“去向，趋势”。比如：Ill leave for Chicago tomorrow.四个选项里面B具有明显的趋向性，所以答案为B。DELTA EXERCISEWhen hoisted up in the sky, the microscopic particles act as multiple surfaces on which th

12、e moisture in clouds can condense as tiny droplets.The word “hoisted”in the passage is close in meaning toA. Lifted B.Grouped C. Returned D. Pointed解析：介词up可以用来表示“在上面”,所以答案为A。TPO1-337. This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals; also, par

13、ts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating ground waterThe word “plugged”in the passage is closet in meaning toA. washed B. dragged C. filled up D. Soaked through解析：介词with可以用来表示“在一起、用、有”。plugged 所在句子句意大致为：原本的颗粒之间的缝隙并没有完全被粘性的化学物质所X.X。鉴于有with，可以猜测是因为粘性的化学物质把缝隙连起来了，C选项的filledup表示填充，正

14、好符合，所以答案为C。DELTA EXERCISEOne of the roses most common associations in folklore is with death. The Romans often decked the tombs of the dead with roses;The word “decked” in the passage is closet in meaning toA. Painted B. Separated C. Decorated D. Disguised解析：decked和介词with这里搭配，with就表示“用和伴随”。那么通过句意可以猜

15、到是用玫瑰花装饰死者的坟墓，所以答案为C。TPO2-337. At the same time, the image that the spectator looked at expanded from the minuscule peepshow dimensions of 1 or 2 inches (in height) to the life-size proportions of 6 or 9 feet.The word expanded in the passage is closet in meaning toA. Was enlarged B. Was improvedC. W

16、as varied D. Was rejected解析：expanded和介词fromto在这里搭配，而fromto本来就表示变化。from后面是1or 2 inches (in height)1或2英寸高，to后面是life-size6 or 9 feet真实大小，6或9英尺。那么“从小变大”，答案为A。线索2：逻辑关系-转折or 同义重申。所以答案应该在与原文句子里的单词有近义词或反义词当中寻找。是不是太简单粗暴了?是的，我们就是这样的。所有的逻辑关系我们都可以简化为转折和同义重申。有转折词的即为转折，无转折词的即为同义重申(同样的范畴和语气通过不同的方式再说一次)。词与词之间：TPO1-

17、215. In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory,championed by anthropologists in the late nine teenth and early twentieth century, envisions theater as emerging out o

18、f myth and ritual.The word “championed”in the passage is closet in meaning toA. Changed B. Debated C. Created D. Supported解析：The most widely accepted theory,championed by anthropologists中，championed 其实是和accepted是并列的关系，都是用来修饰theory的。那么accepted这个词是个常规词汇，意思为接受，那么championed也就是相近的意思，那么答案为D，接受的，支持的。句子内部：T

19、PO 2-13. There is little doubt, however,that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pr

20、essures.The word delicate in the passage isclosest in meaning toA. fragile B. predictable C. complex D. valuable解析：exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures中，delicate是用来修饰ecological balance的，后面紧跟着有个“and”，因此其语气应该和后面的limite

21、d in the potential 一致。Limited是个常规词汇，意为有限的，语气为负面的，那么作为并列delicate也应该是负面的语气，用来修饰生态平衡，那么答案为A，脆弱的生态平衡。TPO2-216. Although limited to askull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans.The word precious in the passage is closet in meaning toA. Exact B. Scarce C. Valuable D.

22、Initial解析：precious所在的句子的主句与其从句因为although呈现出转折的逻辑关系，所以precious的语气和词义应该与limited相反。limited为有限的，语气为负面，所以precious的语气应为正面的积极的，答案为C，意为有价值的。7. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and su

23、sceptible to wind and water erosion.The phrase devoid of in the passage is closet in meaning toA. Consisting of B. Hidden by C. Except for D. Lacking in解析：devoid所在的主句与从句因为since逻辑关系为因果，被我们划为同义重申。那么从句句意为因为绝大多数的庄稼的培植必须事先移除土地的自然植被，所以主句说一旦庄稼种植失败，就留下了大面积的土地devoid植物的覆盖，当然是没有植物的覆盖了，所以答案为D。当然还可以根据主句内部的and判断出

24、与and后面的句意的逻辑关系为并列，后面说susceptible to wind and the water erosion容易受到风和水的腐蚀，可以判断出前文应该是没有植物的覆盖，答案为D。但是susceptible to这个词汇很多同学都不认识，所以还是前一种方法对于此题更可行。句与句之间：DELTA EXERCISECool has with stood the fleeting nature of most slang. As a modifier, as a noun,and as a verb, cool has been around along time.The word “f

25、leeting”in the passage is closet in meaning toA. Temporary B. Youthful C. Emotional D. Popular解析：fleeting这句和后一句的逻辑关系为同义重申，因为后一句开头没有转折。后一句讲到cool已经存在很长的时间了，所以讲的是时间的范畴，那么选项应该也是时间的。A和B都有点和时间有关联。但是因为第一句有with stood词义为禁得住，第一句的句意为绝大多数俚语有着一个特质即为fleeting，而cool却经受住了这样的考验。加上后句讲存在了很长的时间，结合起来也就是说cool经受住了俚语随时间快速消逝

26、的考验，所以答案为A，短暂的。简而言之，别的俚语都很快就消逝了，而cool却流传下来。TPO3-338. Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic

27、 explosion of Mount St Helens, in the north-western United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans.The word pales in the passage is closet in meaning toA. Increases proportionally B.DiffersC. Loses significance D. Is common解析：pales所在的句子一开头并没有转折词汇出现，所以与前一句的逻辑关系为同义

28、重申，因此重点在于读懂前一句的句意。前一句为：生态学家特别想知道是哪些因素导致了群落的复苏，因为全世界的顶级群落都正在被人类的活动所严重破坏。请宝宝们注意严重这个词。pales所在的句子紧接着就举例了，结果举了个大自然活动的破坏的例子，并把大自然活动的破坏和人类互动的破坏放在一起比较，根据同义重申的逻辑关系，应该是人类活动的破坏性很严重，那么正话反说，大自然活动的破坏性就没有人类活动的破坏性强。所以答案为C，没那么严重。托福阅读推理题的解题路径!一、正向推理所谓“正向推理”，是指最终答案所描述的特质与*所描述的特质一致。值得注意的是，这种特质的一致性往往体现为“整体”与“部分”特质的一致性，所

29、以我们也常常把“正向推理”称为“整体与部分推理”。正向推理包含两种主要情形，一种叫做给定段里面没有推理对象的情况，另外一种叫做有举例引发的“整体与部分推理”。所谓“整体与部分推理”，就是*里面讲述一个特质是A，下面选项中的特征也是A，这个特质本身没有变化。*里面讲什么特质，下面选项中就是什么特质，只不过一个是“整体”，一个是“部分”而已。“整体”具备A的特质，那么“部分”也具备A的特质，也就是AA。二、逆向推理“逆向推理”又叫“取非式推理”，*中讲的是A，下面选项里最终答案是“非A”，此推理包含三种情形。一种是由新时间点引发的逆向推理，比如“now”表示现在，含有典型的暗转折含义。事实上，凡是

30、时间点概念，都暗示着转折。比如说：1999年澳门回归了，这意味着1999年之前澳门没有回归。这条原则可能听起来怪怪的，但意义重大，以后我们做托福*要比其他没有经历过严格训练的同学多长一个心眼，但凡是有时间点出现，就意味着前后的特质不一致，而这恰好是考点。第二种是由新地点引发的逆向推理。事实上，它和第一点的内涵是一致的，可以被统称为“分类取非”。在*中经常会出现把一个大类分成两个小类的情况，比如*里面讲述生物分为两类，一类是动物，一类是植物，这时*里面会谈到动物和植物的“不同点”而不会是“相同点”。最后一种是由特定词引发的逆向推理，这一类词包括unlike、without以及所有能够表示“比例”的词等。实际上，推理题的真正难点在于我们很难在短时间内找到用于推理的句子，这样我们可以用以上两个大类的推理路径来解决这个问题。