托福独立写作中间段论证写法思路实例讲解.doc

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1、托福独立写作中间段论证写法思路实例讲解 托福独立写作中间段需要大家对自己的论点做尽可能全面到位的论证，因此其价值是相当高的。今天给大家带来了托福独立写作中间段论证写法思路实例讲解，希望能够给帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。托福独立写作中间段论证写法思路实例讲解托福独立写作中间段写法思路分析很多同学都很头疼独立写作的中间到底写点什么，也经常听到学生抱怨：那些范文的作者怎么有那么多有的没的可以扯，我就是想不出那么多话那么多内容往*里搬啊。面对这样的问题，一开始也很困惑应该怎样去帮助他们，因为这是确实存在的一个事实，暂且不谈英文，即便是说中文，也有一些人是能“扯”的，有一些人是“不能扯”

2、的。后来发现，“能不能扯”在方向上来说就已经错了，或者说已经偏了，偏离了简单写作的轨道。原因在于，内容是无止尽的，非要一个高中生脑子里装很多内容素材也确实强人所难。即便经历了长期的准备积累，在考场上要把这些信息想到，再敲到*里也是很耗费时间的，所以说关于论证细节，如果从内容下手进行思考，反而会让写作看起来更复杂。那么，托福考试中的简单写作到底是什么呢?那就是考生一定听说过的“论证方法”。大部分考生对这个词不陌生，知道主体段需要运用各种论证方法进行支持。在此，想强调的是，考生大可不必从内容上去思考写点什么，而是直接可以从论证方法入手，因为论证方法是有止尽的，最常用的也是最好用的论证方法包括因果论

3、证(分析原因、说明结果)、举例论证、引证以及对比论证。我们随便看几个范文段落就可以发现，*段落中的每一句话都是有存在的目的的，所谓目的就是论证的方法。论证方法实例分析1例如：1. Firstly,the wide application of the Internet dramatically boosts the convenience and efficiency of acquiring knowledge for people.(中心句)2.In the times without the Internet,the main way to be well-educated was at

4、tending schools.3.But the scarcity of educational resources enabled only a few elites to do it.4.Thanks to the Internet technology,the knowledge gets across among people regardless of time and space.5.For example,Khan Academy,an innovative online educational company,offers high-quality and free-of-c

5、harge cramming courses involving mathematics,physics and other high school subjects.6.Another renowned program called “Coursera” cooperates with top universities and puts online real lectures of top-notch professors for people to learn from at no cost.整个段落一共6句话，第一句话是中心句，第二句到第四句是对比论证(没有网络的时候VS有了网络的时候

6、)，第五句和第六句是两个例子。论证方法实例分析2再如：1.In the first place,job satisfaction is becoming increasingly important in contemporary society.2.Due to the fierce competition and social pressure,whether workers can attain satisfaction in their positions determines how hardly they work,which also determines how many pr

7、ofits the company will get.3.My brother can be cited as a good example.4.At first,he worked in an international company which cared nothing for its employees but profits.5.He was forced to work for extra hours without extra salary in regular working time, which generated extreme tiredness and dissat

8、isfaction.6.As a result,he soon changed the job into a more satisfying one which has more vacation,better working environment and more friendly relationships between colleagues.7.Now,my brother enjoys his job which creates great job satisfaction for him and works more assiduously.整个段落一共7句话，第一句仍然是中心句

9、，第二句用的是因果论证，第三句开始举了具体的个人例子。因此，当中心句写完之后，到底写点什么来支撑一个段落的字数，考生可以从论证方法这个概念去思考。例如Body 1中心句之后可以先用因果论证，带一下原因，再将结果层层递进写几句话，结束之后字数肯定不够，那就想一下还有一种论证方法叫举例论证，能不能编一个例子出来。同理，Body 2还是先写中心句，接下来写一句因果，写一句对比(正反假设)，最后再来一组例子。简而言之，我们在思考的时候从论证方法出发，但是呈献给考官看的还是内容。论证方法只是便于我们快速想到写的内容的方向，总比绞尽脑汁直接想内容要简单得多。如何让段落逻辑清晰?在了解了怎样以最快速度想出理

10、由段写点什么内容之后，还需要注意的一个问题是，有些人能“条理清晰地扯”，有些人“扯出了一团浆糊”。那么怎样才能让考官看着觉得这个段落逻辑清晰呢?笔者在看了很多官方范文及学生的高分*后，发现了一个规律，好的*段落有一个共同的逻辑层次，即由抽象到具体，上文两个段落的层次安排也是按照这样来进行的，中心句结束后进行解释，最后搬上例子。这样看来，*理由段的写法也非常简单，按照上面的安排操作即可，根据论证方法配以具体的内容，一个段落就能轻松完成了。在此要强调的是，新托福作文中，主体段的例子是非常重要的，考生应该做到每一个段落都要有例子支持，当然并不一定是具体某个人的例子，可以是引用的研究结果，也可以使用排

11、比的句式写出一组列举的例子。托福语料：CGTN主播刘欣和Fox主播Trish辩论原文Regan：Xin welcome, its good to have you here.刘欣你好，很高兴你能来。Have sb 表示邀请比如我们去别人家吃饭，告辞的时候可以说声 thanks for having me here表示谢谢你邀请我来。Xin：Unprecedented opportunity to speak to you and to speak to audiences in the ordinary houses in the US.Unprecedented：adj. 前所未有的? th

12、at has never happened, been done or been known before? 前所未有的;空前的;没有先例的:I have to get it straight, I am not a member of CPC.Get sth straight, 把说清楚 一般用来更正，或者澄清可能产生的误解在口语里可以说let me get it straight Im not saying.This is on the record, please dont assume that I am a member. I dont speak for the CPC and I

13、m here today Im only speaking for myself as Liu Xin a journalist working for CGTN. So if anybody wants to quote me, please put my name there at least.On the record:记录在案;公开发布一般采访的时候，如果希望自己匿名，可以说off the record.能和你交谈，和美国普通家庭中的观众交谈，这是一个前所未有的机会。我必须澄清，我并不是中国共产党。我把话说明白，请不要假定我是党员。我并不为共产党发言，今天在这里我是作为CGTN的记者代

14、表我自己发言。所以，如果有人想引用我的话，至少请把我的名字放在这里。(刘欣直接表明自己身份，强调自己是个人身份，回击了对方对身份和立场攻击)Regan：Ok appreciate it. Give your current assessment of where we are on these trade talks. Do you believe a deal is possible?好的，谢谢你。以你目前对贸易谈判的评估，告诉我们你对贸易谈判进展的判断吧。你相信会达成协议吗?非常好的口语表达，不是字面意思我们在哪里，而是表示一种现状, 或者处境。Xin：It is true that th

15、e satellite connection is not very good, but I believe you are asking me where we are in terms of the trade negotiations. I dont know. I dont have any insider information. I knew that talks were not very successful last time when they were going on in the United States, and now I know both sides are

16、 considering what to go next. But I think the Chinese government has made its position very clear that the US treated the Chinese government, treated the Chinese negotiation team with respect and show the willingness to talk without using outside pressure. There is high possibility that there could

17、be a productive trade deal. Otherwise we might be facing a prolonged period of problems for both sides.productive:高产的Someone or something that is productive produces or does a lot for the amount of resources used.? Training makes workers highly productive.培训提高了工人们的生产力。prolonged :持续很久的;时间长的A prolonge

18、d event or situation continues for a long time, or for longer than expected.【搭配模式】：usu ADJ n? .a prolonged period of low interest rates.长期的低利率卫星信号的确不是很好哈。但是如果你问我，当前我们贸易谈判的进程如何，我并不知道。我并没有任何内部消息。我知道上一次在美国的谈判不是很顺利，现在我知道双方都在考虑接下来怎么办。但是我认为，中国政府已经摆出了明确的立场：只要美国尊重中国政府、中方谈判团队，展现出不施加外部压力来交流的意愿，我们就很有可能达成富有成效的贸

19、易协议。否则，我们双方可能都会面临旷日持久的问题时期。Regan: I would stress that trade wars are never good. They are not good for anyone. So I wanna believe Xin I wanna believe that something can get done. And this is certainly a challenging time. I realize there are a lot of rhetorics out there. But let me term one of the is

20、sues. Thats IP rightsYou fundamentally I think we can all agree that its right to take something thats not yours. And in going through some of these cases, cases of the independent WTO that China is a member of as well as the DOJ, the FBI cases, you can actually see some of them are on the screen ri

21、ght now. There is evidence that China has stolen an enormous amount of IP, hundreds of billions of dollars worth. But truly, I think we shouldnt care hundreds of billions of dollars are just 50 cents. How do American businesses operate in China if there are risks of having their ideas or intellectua

22、l properties stolen?rhetorics: 华丽的词藻;浮夸之词If you refer to speech or writing as rhetoric, you disapprove of it because it is intended to convince and impress people but may not be sincere or honest.【语用信息】：disapproval? What is required is immediate action, not rhetoric.需要的是立刻采取行动，而不是说些华而不实的空话。我想强调，贸易战绝

23、不是好事儿，对任何人都不好。所以我愿意相信，我愿意相信能做成一些事情。这无疑是一个极具挑战的时代。我意识到形形色色的话术。但是，让我来聊其中一个问题吧。那就是知识产权你基本上我想我们都同意，拿不是你的东西是不对的。在浏览某些此类案件的过程中，中国也是成员之一的WTO、DOJ和FBI的案件，你现在可以真切地在屏幕上看到它们。有证据表明，中国盗窃了大量的IP，价值数万亿美元。但认真的，我认为我们不该把数万亿美元当做50美分。如果有让他们的想法或知识产权遭到盗窃的风险?Xin: Well, I think Trish you should ask American businesses whethe

24、r they want to come to China, whether they find coming to China and cooperating with Chinese businesses has been profitable or not. They will tell you their answers, as far as I understand, many American companies have been established in China very profitable. The great majority of them, I believe,

25、 plan to continue to invest in China and explore the Chinese market. Well now US president Donald Trumps tariffs make it a little bit difficult, make the future a little bit uncertain. I don not deny that there are IP infringement or copyright issues or there are piracy or even theft of commercial s

26、ecrets. I think this is something to be dealt with. I think the Chinese government, the Chinese people and me as an individual, I think there is a consensus because without the protection of IP right nobody, no country, no individual can be stronger, can develop itself. I think that is a very clear

27、consensus among the Chinese society. And of course there are cases where individuals where companies just go and steal, and thats a common practice probably in every part of the world. There are companies in the United States who sue each other all the time for infringement on IP rights. You cant sa

28、y simply because these cases are happening, America is stealing or China is stealing or the Chinese people are stealing. And basically thats the reason why I wrote that rebuttal because I think this kind of blanket statement is really not helpful, really not helpful.blanket statement： 含糊的，一锅端的观点blan

29、ket表示毯子，这里面引申为overall的意思，就是以偏概全的意思。例句：This is often a blanket statement that many people use when they dont understand or cant explain something easily.这常常是一句空洞的话，当不理解或者不能轻易解释某些事物的时候，很多人使用这句话。我认为你应该去问问美国公司，看看他们愿不愿意来中国，看看他们觉得到中国来、和中国公司合作是不是有利可图。他们会给你答案的。就我所知，许多美国公司在中国发展得非常好，盈利非常可观。我相信，他们中的绝大多数都打算继续在中

30、国投资，开发中国市场。好吧，现在美国总统特朗普的关税把事情弄得有点儿麻烦了，把未来弄得有点儿不确定了。我不否认的确存在知识产权侵犯问题、版权问题、隐私问题乃至商业机密盗窃问题。我认为这是有待于解决的事情。中国政府、中国人民以及我作为个体都有这样一个共识，因为如果没有IP保护，没有国家或个人可以独善其身。这在中国社会是一个显而易见的共识。当然也有个体或公司进行偷窃的案例，这样的情况或许在世界各地都很常见。许多美国的公司也一直在控诉彼此侵犯知识产权。你不能因为这样的案例在发生，就说美国人就在盗窃，或者中国人在盗窃。基本上这就是我写下那段反驳的原因，因为我认为，这种含糊片面的言论真的毫无益处，真的毫

31、无益处。Regan: Its not just a statement. Its multiple reports including evident from the WTO. Let me ask you about Huawei. Thats in the headlines right now. (Sure. I dont deny those.) As I said, we can all agree, if you do business with someone, it has to be based on trust. and you dont want anyone stea

32、ling your valuable information you spent decades working on. Anyway China passed a law in 20XX requiring tech companies to work with the military and the government. Its not just individual companies right? They might be getting access to these technologies as the government itself, which is an inte

33、resting nuance. But I get that China is upset that Huawei has not been welcome to the US market totally. So let me just ask you this, its an interesting way to think about it. What if we said, you know, sure, Huawei, come on in, but heres the deal you must share all the technological advances that y

34、ouve been working on. You get to share with us. Would that be ok?nuance:noun C, U 细微差别? a very slight difference in meaning, sound, colour or sbs feelings that is not usually very obvious?He watched her face intently to catch every nuance of expression.他认真地注视着她的脸,捕捉每一丝细微的表情变化。这不仅仅是一段言论。这是许多份报告，其中包括了

35、来自WTO的证据。让我问问你华为的事儿吧。毕竟这是现在的头条热点。(当然，我不否认。)如我所说，我们都同意，如果你要和一个人做生意，那一定是建立在信任之上的，你不希望别人来偷窃你花费了几十年心血的宝贵信息。无论如何，20XX年中国通过了一条法律，要求科技公司与军方和政府合作。不仅仅是独立的公司对吧?政府本身也可能接触到这些技术，这是一个很有趣的细微差别。但我了解到，华为在美国市场完全不受欢迎，这事儿让中方很沮丧。所以我想问问你，用这种方式来想很有意思。如果我们说，华为，进来吧，但条件是你们必须把正在研究的所有先进技术都拿来共享。你们必须和我们分享。这样可以吗?Xin: I think if i

36、t is through cooperation, if it is through mutual learning, if you pay for the use of this IP or high technology, absolutely fine. Why not? We all prosper because we learn from each other. I learn English because I had American teachers. I learn English because I had American friends. Still Im learn

37、ing journalism because I have American copy editors. I think that is fine as long as it is not illegal. Everybody should do that. Thats how we get better right?我认为如果是通过合作，如果是通过互相学习，如果你愿意花钱来使用我们的知识产权或高新技术，绝对可以的。为什么不呢?我们都会繁荣发展，因为我们互相学习。我学英语，因为我有美国老师。我学英语，因为我有美国朋友。不仅如此，我学新闻，因为我有美国的文案编辑。我觉得那是可以的，只要不违反法律

38、。每个人都应该那样做。我们就是那样变得更好的，不是吗?Regan：But you mention something very important, which is that you should pay for the acquisition of that. You know, look, I think that the liberalized economic world in which we live and have valued intellectual property and its governed by a set of laws, and so you need k

39、ind of to play by the rules and play by those laws for going to have that kind of trust between each other. But I think you bring up some good points. Let me turn to China right now, which is nowwowthe second largest economy. At what point will China abandon its developing nation status or stop borr

40、owing from the World Bank.但你提到了一件非常重要的事情，那就是：你应该花钱来买知识产权。你知道的，听着，我认为我们生活在一个自由化的经济世界之中，当今世界很重视知识产权，这个问题受到一系列法律的管束，所以你必须按照规则和法律来玩这场游戏，才能建立起彼此之间的信任。但我认为，你提到了一些很好的观点。让我聊回中国，中国现在哇哦，第二大经济体。到什么时候，中国才会放弃发展中国家的身份，停止向世界银行借钱呢?Xin： Well I think discussion is going on and I have heard a very live discussion abou

41、t it. Indeed, there are people talking about China already big, why dont you just grow up? I think we want to grow up, we dont wanna be dwarf and underdeveloped all the time. But it depends on how you define developing country, right?If you look at the overall size of the Chinese economy, yes we are

42、 very big. But dont forget we have 1.4 billion people, that is over three times population of the United States. But when it comes down to per capita GDP, we are less than 1/6 of that of the United States and even less than some other more developed countries.Its a very complicated issue, because as

43、 I said its very small, but overall its very big.We can do a lot of big things, and people are looking upon us to do a lot more around the world.So I think we are doing that, were contributing to the United Nations, were the worlds biggest contributor to the UN peace keeping commissions, were giving

44、 out donations and humanitarian aids. Because we know we have to grow up and Trish, thank you for the reminder.好的，我认为讨论正在进行中，我已经听到了关于这个话题的非常生动的讨论。事实上，有很多人说中国已经很大了，你们为什么就不能成长起来呢?我认为我们也想要成长，我们也不想一直低人一等、不够发达。但是这要取决于你如何定义发展中国家，对吗?从如果你观察中国经济的整体规模，那么没错，我们体量很大。但不要忘了，我们还有14亿人民，是美国人口的三倍。但是，由人均GDP来看，我们还不到美国的1

45、/6，跟其他更发达的国家比起来就更少了。这是一个非常复杂的问题，因为我说了中国的人均GDP很低，但总体经济规模非常大。我们可以做成很多伟大的事情，人民期待我们在世界各地做更多的事情。所以我认为我们正在这要做，我们正在为联合国做贡献，我们是世界上为联合国维和任务贡献最多的国家，我们积极捐款，参与人道主义援助。因为我们知道我们必须“长大”，也谢谢你的提醒。Regan: Lets get to the tariffs, Ive seen some of your commentaries too, and Xin I appreciated it you think China could lowe

46、r some of its tariffs. I watch to see that and I totally agree with you. In 20XX, the average tariff charged on the American goods in China was 9.9%, and that was nearly three times what the US was charging, so what do you say about this?让我们来聊聊关税。我也看过了一些你的评论，我很感谢你认为中国应该降低关税。我拭目以待，而且完全同意你的观点。20XX年，中国

47、对美国商品征收的平均关税是9.9%，差不多是美国所征收的三倍。你怎么看待这个问题?Xin: I think that would be a wonderful idea, I mean dont you think? I mean for American consumers, products from China will be even cheaper, and for consumers in China, products from US will be so much cheaper too. I think that will be wonderful idea.You talk

48、ed about rule-based order, this is the thing, if you want to change the rules, it has to be done in mutual consensus, basically, if you talk about tariffs, it is not only about China and US, I understand, if you lower tariffs just between China and the Unites States, the Europeans will come, the Japanese will come, the Venezuelans will probably come and say, hey, we want the same tariff. But you cant discriminate between countries, so its a very complicated settlement to reach.When the