托福独立写作开头段如何写好.doc

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1、托福独立写作开头段如何写好 托福独立写作开头结尾段如何写好?实用高分写法技巧解析。今天给大家带来了托福独立写作开头结尾段如何写好，希望能够给帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。托福独立写作开头结尾段如何写好?实用高分写法技巧解析托福独立写作开头段写法分享开头段主要用以下几种方法来组织，即背景法(Background)，争议法(Controversy)，提问法(Question)，故事法(Story)和引言法(Quotation)。以背景法为例。背景法一般会提出一种普遍的或值得关注的现象作为背景或者是由远到近，由大到小地谈论紧扣论题的社会观点作为背景。背景法开头段的结构通常如下：背景(1

2、-3句)+论题+反方观点+(反方理由)+过度+(正方观点)+作者的观点+作者的理由。以20XX年8月11日的独立写作试题为例：Technologymakes peoples lives more complicated.题目涉及到了现今社会比较热门的话题-科技。这样，我们就可以以这种社会比较关注的现象作为我们作文的开头背景。因此这个题目的首段就可以这样开始：Technologyhas had tremendous impacts on every aspect of modern life. However, people arehaving conflicting opinions abou

3、t whether it has made peoples lives morecomplicated or not. I believe technology has by and large made our lives moreconvenient。第一句话就是一句紧贴社会的背景，这样写不但很容易打开考生自己的思路，抓住作文的焦点，还能引起考官的共鸣。托福独立写作结尾段怎么写?介绍：*结尾段落虽然并不像开头和中间段落那样重要，然而没有结尾的*是不完整的，不符合基本写作要求。所以考生在考场上一定要在结尾处再次声明自己观点(restatement)，或者提出新的希望，或者提出解决问题的方案，

4、从而让考官有一种善始善终的良好印象。托福写作让步段写法解析到底怎样写出好的让步段?今天小就来和大家详细讲讲让步段的写法，助力你的托福写作!写还是不写?这是个问题Q：很多同学有疑问，在一篇完整的独立作文中，让步段是不是一定要写呢?可不可以不写呢?老师：让步段不是必须要写的，考生们可以在作文里只提出支持自己观点的两至三个正面的理由，这样也可以得出最后的结论。比如说是否同意“新的科技产品发布，过段时间购买比马上购买要好”，我们完全可以只提出过段时间购买的两个正面理由：一. 价格会更便宜; 二. 产品的性能会更优化，这样整篇作文的论点还是明确的。但是这篇*当然也可以加上让步段，过段时间再买的坏处，或是

5、马上购买的好处。这样会显得这篇*论证的逻辑更加严密和全面，我们确实是进行了优劣对比后，才得出自己的观点。尤其要注意的是，如果作文题目本身的观点的反面并不能够被忽略，那么建议让步段是一定要写的，这样显得我们得出自己的观点才不牵强。比如作文题目“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Playing computer games is a waste of time. Children should not be allowed to play them.”。我们可以写正面的两个观点，即玩电脑游戏的两个好处，但是我们同样不能忽略

6、玩电脑游戏的坏处，所以就要写让步段了，不然观点就会显得过于偏激。怎么写让步段?这又是个问题重中之重: “让一小步，进一大步”!让步段的最重要目的是对让步内容地不断削弱，以退为进，先提出坏处，然后再否定它。但是要记住的是让步段与支持段结构一致，也是有主题句，然后要对主题句进行展开解释。所以常见的套路是：主题句(不可否认A也有坏处)+解释(进一步解释说明坏处是什么)+让步(但是呢，这些坏处可以被解决掉，或是不太重要)1.让步段主题句写法让步段的主题句一般是这样的：不可否认的是，A可能会有一些坏处。这里我们尽量语气要委婉些，下面是一些会用到的词组表达：Admittedly / Undoubtedly

7、 / There is no denying that / It cannot be denied thatMay / might / possibly / probablyOne / one or two / a couple of / minor / severalTo some extent / to some degree【常见错误】很多考生让步段用although开头，但是although后面只能跟一个从句，所以后面主题句的内容就没有办法展开了。2. 让步如何实现让步段的表述可以参考以下模式：?让步方的好处比支持方的好处次要，或者支持方的坏处比起好处来次要。However, the

8、advantages of A are more important than those of B.?让步方优点与支持方优点比起来较少，或支持方缺点与优点比起来较少。However, the advantages of A are far more than those / that of B.However, the advantages of A outnumber those / that of B.?对方的好处，我方也可以有办法得到;我方的坏处可以有办法消除。However, the problem can be solved by However, the negative inf

9、luence can be eliminated by 3. 让步段范例赏析Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Playing computer games is a waste of time. Children should not be allowed to play them.主题句:Admittedly, playing computer games does harbor several drawbacks.解释：Some children are addicted to playing computerga

10、mes and ignore their studies, thereby suffering from poor academic performance. Also, over exposure to computer games with high concentration will sooner or later cause the impairment of their eyesight.让步:However, most children are able to control themselves to play games in moderation. Also, their

11、parents can intervene and supervise as well. Specifically, they could set strict rules on how much time their children could play games everyday and on what conditions they could do so, therefore it is completely unnecessary to forbid them to play computer games.托福写作得分点-立论句到底如何写托福写作主题句(topic sentenc

12、e, 也有人叫它中心句)，就是独立写作主体段中统领全文的那个句子，也就是表述在独立写作头脑风暴和谋篇布局时候想到的“主要理由”或者“论点”的那个句子。通常一篇托福独立写作有三个主题句。例如在题目“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is betterto work in large companies than in small ones.”，选择agree，三个主题句可以是：The first reason is that a large company can provide more opportunitie

13、s to develop ones abilityAnother reason for choosing a big company involves welfare.A third reason is that one who appreciates the unique culture of abig enterprise will become a more responsible person to the society.在托福写作中，三个主题句可以说是作文中最重要的一组句子，因为主题句对段落起到“提纲挈领”的作用，同时对整篇*的结构清晰度和*逻辑性也至关重要。如何将这个理由“完整”

14、“清晰”“出彩”的表达出来就是*讨论的话题。首先，每段主题句通常都位于段首，紧跟于“first, second, third”这些“信号词”之后。除此之外还需要注意以下几点。丨简明扼要主题句需要让读者看到之后能够快速、准确地把握本段的主要内容。这要求我们在写主题句的时候，一方面内容要简单，另一方面用语要凝练。先来看一个反面例子：“First and foremost, television, invented in the last century, withits wide availability and increasingly prosperous programs ,becomes

15、one of the most powerful means of communication in history, and is more and more difficult to ignore”这个主题句涵盖的内容太多，读完这个句子，读者根本不明白本段是要陈述电视节目蓬勃发展(increasingly prosperous program), 要强调电视是最强力的交流工具(the most powerful means of communication in history),还是要论证电视不可被忽视(difficult to ignore)，这就是一个典型的内容太复杂的主题句。再看一

16、个反例:“First of all, following the new customs can show a sense of respect,which can allow a better and faster adaption inside the local population so that they make more friends.”这个句子也有两个论点：表示尊重(show a sense of respect)，扩大社交(make more friends),同样也使读者不能抓住本段的主要内容。如何避免这种错误，使主题句内容简单呢?很简单，首先做到每个主题句有且只有一个论

17、点。论点就是指我们头脑风暴时候想到的那些“key words”，比如健康，安全，情感等等，每段写一个，不要把健康和安全放在同一个段落，也不要把情感和成功放在同一个段落。例如上面第二个例子，我们只需要删去一个论点，就可以变得非常简洁：“To start with, accepting cultures in the foreign country is an indispensable element that contributes to the expansion of social circle.”这是一个简洁的主题句，只有扩大社交(contributes to the expansion

18、 of social circle)这一个论点。论点唯一还不一定能完全做到简洁，来看另一个反例：“The first reason why letting children care for animals isnot the best way to teach them about responsibility is that it could negatively impact a childs health.”这句话虽然只有一个论点，可是用语太繁杂，让人头晕。主题句的语法不建议太复杂，建议大家把花式操作留到其他部分去秀，在主题句，只要写一些简单句，例如：“First, raising p

19、ets will exert a negative impact on a childshealth.”就行了。丨不是陈述事实来看下面两个句子：A: “First, some children might be infected by feeding animals.”B: “First, raising pets could negatively impact a childs health.”哪一个是好的主题句呢?答案是B。因为A句的内容是一个“纯粹的事实”，而B句则是“抽象的概念”(exert negative impact)，换言之，A句可以作为B句的例子，但B句不能作为A句的例子。陈

20、述事实的句子是不能作为主题句的，事实是不言自明的。不言自明，也就不需要后面的文字来“论证”了。主题句需要写“a sentence that you could give examples for”，而不能写一个 “example”。来练习判断下面几组句子中哪一个可以做主题句呢?A: “Second, the academic performance of some children becomes poor after they are responsible for caring for a pet.”B：“Second, caring for a pet could disrupt a c

21、hilds regular studies.”A: “First, people could learn how to communicate with eachother through participating in community activities”B: “First, participating in community activities is apractical and effective approach to enhance their social skills.”A: “First, letting children take care of animal i

22、s a good suggestion for the reason that kids like animals.”B: “To start with, raising pets fill friendship vacuums and satisfy peoples need to nurture(答案：三组都是B句较好)丨使用高级词汇很多同学要问，如果主题句中不建议使用复杂句型，又不能出现多层结构，那如何显示自己的语言功力呢?要知道我们展示语言能力的地方并非只有复杂的句型，丰富和精准的词汇使用，同样可以展示英语的专业程度。比如“First, go to museums can teach

23、people different kinds of knowledge” “First, visiting museums provide people with an opportunity to comprehend a vast amount of knowledge”想想看，如果原本句子中只会写“good”之处，替换为“advantageous, beneficial, effective, efficacious, favorable,invaluable, rewarding, unparalleled, unprecedented”等等词汇，效果是不是更好呢?如果多次出现“important”的地方，改写为“central, critical ,crucial, decisive, essential, pivotal, primary,principal, vital，a key to, an indispensable part, play a pivotal role, attach great importance to”会不会增加可读性呢?在平时的阅读中，注意积累一些“高级词汇”，准确掌握词义，并且刻意练习使用这些词汇，逐渐就会取得不错的托福写作成绩。