句子成分及句子结构.doc

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1、句子构造及成分1. 及物动词和不及物动词实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。实义动词后面不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词。The door opened. He opened the door.The meeting began at si*. We began the meeting at si*. 指出以下句中斜体动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，及物动词填vt.，不及物填vi.。考点1. Most birds can fly. 考点2. The children are flying kites in the park. ( )考点3. It happened yesterday.

2、 考点4. My watch stopped. 考点5. The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. ( )考点6. She spoke at the meeting this morning. 考点7. Shall I begin at once 考点8. She began working as a teacher after she left school. 考点9. When did they leave Beijing 考点10. They left last week. 2. 实义动词、助动词与情态动词实义动词和助动词是根据动词在

3、句子中的含义和作用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。实义动词指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。如：He lives quite near. (live“住，有明确的意义，单独作谓语，为实义动词。)I like reading. like “喜欢，意思明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。I bought a pen yesterday. bought “买，意义明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。助动词助动词的“助是“帮助之意。因此，助动词是指那些用来帮助构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否认句、倒装句和帮助强调的词。这些词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。帮助构成时态的：The boy i

4、s crying.He has arrived. I have been painting all day. Does he like EnglishHe doesnt have lunch at home.Trees are planted in spring. The house has been pulled down. If he had e yesterday, I wouldnt have made such a mistake.So did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday.帮助

5、构成强调意义的He did e yesterday. (他昨天确实来过。did起强调作用，没有具体意义，是助动词。)因此可以看出，常见的助动词为do, be, have，它们为根本助动词。一个词既可以作实义动词也可以作助动词，具体是哪一种，主要看它们在句中的功能。He did his homework at seven oclock.Did he do his homework yesterdayHe has had breakfast.指出以下斜体单词是实义动词还是助动词。i. Does ( ) he like ( ) swimming ii. He does ( ) like ( ) sw

6、imming.iii. Where does( ) he live ( )iv. He does ( ) some washing after work.v. He has ( ) had ( )supper already.vi. The bridge has( ) been( ) built( ) now.vii. I have ( ) been ( )waiting( ) for you all day.viii. He was ( ) struck ( )by a stone.情态动词情态动词同助动词一样，不能单独作谓语，要和实义动词一起作谓语。因此，情态动词也称为情态助动词。情态动词

7、同根本助动词的区别在于，根本助动词本身无意义，而情态动词有自己的意义。如：He can swim across the river.You must stay at home. Imight leave tomorrow.3. 谓语和非谓语在英语中，一个主谓构造中只能有一个谓语，再出现动词时，要变成非谓语形式，即：在前面加to构成动词不定式，或在后面加-ing构成动名词或现在分词，或在后面加-ed构成过去分词。也就是说，非谓语是指：动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。先找出句中的谓语，然后改正句中的错误，并说明原因。考点1. Get up early is good for our hea

8、lth.考点2. I want go home now.考点3. My favorite sport is play football.考点4. There is a bird sings in the tree.The boy sits over there likes singing.考点5. The house was built last year has been sold out.The girls are singing over there are my classmates.考点6. My parents wanted him work hard.考点7. I remembe

9、r saw him that day.8. I saw him walked into the building.4. 主动关系和被动关系先看下面两个题：1. _ wonderful, this kind of food enjoyed a good sale.A. TastedB. Being tastedC. TastingD. Having tasted2. The food_ delicious sells well.A. smellsB. smelledC. smellingD. is smelling主动关系：从逻辑关系上看，相当于主动语态。如：The boy crying ove

10、r there is Tom.(在那边哭的那个男孩) 从逻辑上讲，the boycry, 男孩哭，相当于主动语态，是主动关系。被动关系：从逻辑关系上看，相当于被动语态。如：The house built last year is the strongest.(去年建的那座房子) 从逻辑上讲，the house was built,房子被建，相当于被动语态，是被动关系。5. 逻辑上的主谓关系在判断是否是宾语补足语时，一般说，“宾语和宾语补足语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。He askedme to lend him some money.他让我借给他一些钱。判断以下句中画线局部是否是宾语补足语。(是的填

11、T，不是的填F)写作专练1. I want him to e at once. ( )写作专练2. He lent me some money. ( )写作专练3. He made the boy cry again. ( )写作专练4. The teacher found him cheating in the e*am. ( )写作专练5. Dont leave the door open at night. ( )6. 复合构造He invited us to e to the party.Its important for us to learn English well.Its ve

12、ry kind of you to help me.Toms ing late made our teacher angry7. 没有人称和数的变化先看以下三组句中have、do和be的变化形式I have a bookHe has a book.They have a book.I enjoy watching TV.You enjoy watching TV.We enjoy watching TV.He is sleeping.I am sleeping.They are sleeping.“人称的变化是指：谓语动词用什么形式，受前面主语是第几人称的影响。主语同为单数表示一个人， be在

13、第一人称I后用am, 在you后用are, 在he后用is; do和have在一、二人称后用原形，在第三人称后用为does, has。“数是指“单数和复数。“数的变化是指谓语动词用什么形式，还受前面主语是单数还是复数的影响。如果主语是复数，be要用are的形式，do和have用原形。如果主语是第三人称单数，be用is, do和have要用does和has。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。如：He/I/We can swim.句子成分主语是一个句子所表达的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。可以作主语的词性或语法构造：1.名词2.代词3.数词4.名词化的形容词如the rich5.不定式6.

14、动名词7.主语从句等表示。在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。 During the 1990s, American country music has bee more and more popular. We often speak English in class. One-third of the students in this class are girls. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. Smoking does harm to the health. The rich should help the poor. W

15、hen we are going to have an English test has not been decided. It is necessary to master a foreign language. That he isnt at home is not true.改正以下句中的错误，并说明原因。He failed the e*am is the reason why he dropped out. That why he was late for school was that his mother was ill.Beyond the mountains lie a sm

16、all village.Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot.Play basketball is my favorite sport.Give up English is not an option.1. 谓语谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下：简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningevery morning.Hereadsnewspapers every day.复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如：You may keepthe book f

17、or two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there.I havebeenwaiting for you all the time.Iwouldstay at home all day.由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。如：We arestudents.Your idea soundsgreat.2. 表语表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词如be, bee, get, look, grow, turn, seem等之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、

18、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。画出以下句中的表语，并说明由什么充当。a) Our teacher of English is an American. b) Is it yours c) The weather has turned cold. d) The speech is e*citing. e) Three times seven is twenty one.f) His job is to teach English.g) His hobby爱好is playing football. h) The machine must be under repair

19、s. i) The truth is that he has never been abroad.3. 宾语宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语，分别构成动宾构造和介词构造。画出以下句中的宾语, 并说明由什么充当。They planted many trees yesterday. (How many dictionaries do you have) I have five. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. I wanted to buy a car. I

20、enjoy listening to popular music.I thinkthathe is fit for his office.4. 宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：*些及物动词如make等+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。用下画线画出以下句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。His father named him Dongming. Th

21、ey painted their boat white. Let the fresh air in. You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. We saw her entering the room.We found everything in the lab in good order.We will soon make our city what your city is now.I want your homework done on time.5. 主补对主语的补充。含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了

22、主语补足语。He was elected monitor.She was foundsinginginthene*troom.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.6. 定语定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“的表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。在英语中，许多情况下，定语是放在所修饰词后面的，这点与汉语习惯不同，也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。a) 副词用作定语一般要后置。People there are very friendly. (那儿的人们)He didnt like the mandownstair

23、s. 楼下的那个人b) 形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。The ne*t man is a scientist.The man ne*t to me is a scientist.我旁边的那个人c) 介词短语作定语时要后置。The boy under the tree is Tom.树下的那个男孩The tallest boy in our class is John.我们班最高的那个男孩d) 现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式作定语常后置。I have something to say. (直译：我有要说

24、的话)The boy crying over there is my classmate.在那边哭的那个男孩The house built last year is impressive.去年建的那座房子口头翻译以下句子，用下划线标出定语局部，留意定语的位置，并说明定语是由什么词性或构造充当。 The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu. The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother. We need a place twice larger than this one. She carried a basket

25、full of eggs. Its a book worth no more than one dollar. Its a city far from the coast. He has money enough to buy a car. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city. Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat. A boy calling him

26、self John wanted to see you. He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home. There are many clothes to be washed. Most of the singers invited to the party were from America. Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team.7. 状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分

27、，叫作状语。He writes carefully. He walks slowly.(认真地写，慢慢地走，修饰动词用副词，作状语)This material is environmentally friendly.修饰形容词用副词，作状语He runs very slowly.修饰副词slowly, 因此very是副词，作状语Unfortunately, he lost all of his money. 修饰整个句子用副词，作状语几个并列状语的先后顺序：方式地点时间一个句中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式地点时间。如：He worked hardat his lessonsl

28、ast year.I found a lost pen outside our schoolyesterday morning.He was walking slowlyoutside the parkat that moment.频度副词often, always, usually, sometimes, never等在句中的位置位于情态动词、系动词、助动词之后, 实义动词之前。You can never tell what he will do.He is often late.He is always helping others.He often came late.状语按意义分类在句

29、子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比拟好识别，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步等。指出以下画线局部属于什么状语。I. How about meeting again at si* II. Mr. Smith lives on the thirdfloor. III. Last night she didnt go to the dance party becauseof the rain. IV. She put the eggs into the basket with great car

30、e. V. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. VI. In order to catch up with the others, I must workharder. VII. To make his dream e true, Tom bees very interested in business. VIII. The boy needs a pen very much. IX. The boy really needs a pen. 10. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.

31、 11. She works very hard thoughshe is old. 12. I am taller thanhe is. 13. I shall go there if itdoesnt rain. 14. On Sundays, there is no student intheclassroom. 15. Having to finish hishomework, the boy needs a pen. 8. 同位语同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：We students should study hard. / (stud

32、ents是we的同位语，都是指同一批“学生Its good to us students. 选择正确答案，并口头说出句中那个是同位语。The young man,_,works in the office.A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me Our English teacher,_, often helps us with study.A. Mrs. WangB. Mrs. Wangs C. Mrs. Wangs.D. of him _, some railway workers, are busy repairing the t

33、rain.A .Them B .They C .He D .Theirs简单句的五种根本构造用符号表示为： 主谓 主谓宾 主谓间宾直宾 主谓宾宾补 主系表根本句型一： 主谓这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，都不带宾语，但可以带状语。如: Itis rainingnow. ( )Weve workedfor 5 hours. ( )The meetinglastedhalf an hour. ( )Timeflies. ( )分析以下句子成分，并在后面括号标明属于五种根本句型中的哪一种。1. Dark clouds hung overhead. ( )2. Gradually a smile a

34、ppeared on her face. ( )3. He is smiling all over his face. ( )4. I did well in English. ( )5. He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. ( )根本句型二： 主系表系动词主要是be，但还有一些动词有些时候也可作系动词，有人称之为半系动词。如何区分系动词 She looks beautiful. (looks变为is之后，她是美丽的，句意没有大的变化，looks是系动词。) Look at the picture.(look不能换为be, look为实义动

35、词。) He felt the book with his right hand The silk feels soft.区分以下斜体动词是系动词还是实义动词。 The door stays open at night. He tasted the food, and the food tasted delicious. The book still lies open on the desk. What he said proved true. He cant proved his theory(理论).常见的系动词状态系动词 用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。如： He is a teach

36、er. 他是一名教师。持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand。如：He kept silent at the meeting. 他开会时保持沉默。 This matter remains a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。The food stays fresh in the fridge.食物在冰箱里仍然很新鲜。The house stood empty for years.房子空了数年。He lies awake in bed.他躺在床上，醒着。表“像系动词用来表示“看起来像这一概念，主要有seem, app

37、ear, look。如：Something seems wrong. 好似出过失了。He appears young. 他看起来很年轻。 感官系动词感官系动词主要有look“看起来，feel“摸起来, smell“闻起来, sound“听起来, taste“尝起来。This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。 变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样。变化系动词主要有bee, grow, turn, fall, get, go, e, run。He became mad a

38、fter that. 自那之后，他疯了。She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。Eggs go bad easily in summer.蛋夏天容易变坏。His face went red.他的脸变红了。What he had dreamt of came true.他的梦想实现了。Still waters run deep.静水流深。终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达“证实，“变成之意。如：The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实

39、有假。His plan turned out a success. 他的方案终于成功了。turn out表终止性结果What he predicted turned out (to be) wrong.他预言的结果是错的。用下画线画出以下句中的系动词。1. His advice proved right.2. The shop stays open till 8 oclock.3. The machine went wrong.4. All these efforts seem in vain. 5. These words sound reasonable. 6. The room soon

40、 became crowded. 7. The days are getting longer and longer. 8. He fell ill yesterday. 9. Trees turn green in spring. 10. What you said sounds great.在一个英语单句中，一般情况要有谓语动词要注意：介词短语和形容词不能单独作谓语，要和系动词一起作谓语。改错：Our school very beautiful and we like it very much.Your book on the desk.根本句型三： 主谓宾此构造是由“主语+及物动词词组+

41、宾语构成。如：ShelikesEnglish.Weplanteda lot oftreeson the farmyesterday.用下画线画出以下句中的宾语。练习1. People all over the world speak English. 练习2. Jim cannot dress himself. 练习3. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. 练习4. He did not know what to say. 练习5. He just wanted to stay at home.练习6. He practices spea

42、king English every day.根本句型四： 主谓间宾直宾有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give“给，pass“递，bring“带，show“显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如：He gavemea cup of tea. ( )强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Show this house to Mr. Smith.假设直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Bring it to me, please. (不

43、能说 Bring me it, please.)常跟双宾语的及物动词有：需借助to的allow, bring, deny, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish, write等。需借助for 的 buy, choose, fetch, get, make, order, paint, play(演奏), save, sing, spare等。一般用to多些，用for的记住常用的三个就行：ge

44、t, buy, make。He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary. = He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.She bought John a book. = She bought a book for John.分析以下句子成分，口头说出间接宾语和直接宾语。She ordered herself a new dress.She cooked her husband a delicious meal. He brought you a dictionary. He denies her nothing

45、. I showed him my pictures.I gave my car a wash.I told him that the bus was late.He showed me how to run the machine.根本句型五： 主谓宾宾补此句型的句子特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。分析以下句子并划分成分，在后面的括号标明是什么充当句子的宾语补足语。1. They appointed him manager. 2. They painted the door green. 3. He pushed the door open. 4. They found the house deserted. 5. What makes him think so 6. We saw him out. 7. He asked me to e back soon. 8. I saw them getting on the bus. 9. We all think it a pity that she didnt e here. 10. Ill have my bike repaired. 11. We elected him monitor. 12. D