实例解析托福阅读解题方法.doc
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1、实例解析托福阅读解题方法 在托福阅读题型中,句子简化题可算是一种让学生颇为头疼的题型了,今天给大家带来实例解析托福阅读解题方法,希望能够帮助到大家,下面就和大家分享,来欣赏一下吧。实例解析 托福阅读解题方法逻辑解题法,顾名思义就是通过对句子进行分析,在了解句子结构的基础上,分析句子的主要逻辑结构,找到句子所要表达的核心内容,然后对应答案,选出内容逻辑都符合的正确选项。句子简化题简化的是内容,但不是逻辑,所以通过逻辑解题法我们可以快速锁定正确答案范围。托福阅读逻辑解题法主要有以下三个步骤:通读原句,分析句子结构,找到句子主干及句子所表达的主要逻辑关系查看选项,排除非主干逻辑的选项根据句子内容,对
2、应逻辑关系的具体对象,选出正确答案实例1:例: The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.上面这句话就是一个高亮的句子,我们来看一下对应的 4 个选项:A. Desertification is a significant probl
3、em because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be
4、solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.按照逻辑解题法的步骤,首先我们先分析一下原句,找到主干逻辑。很明显,这句话主语是 The extreme seriousness,谓语 results from,后面 as well as from 与前面并列
5、,连接了并列宾语,所以这句话的主干逻辑就是 “result from” 所表现出来的因果关系。第二步查看选项,我们可以直接排除 C D 两个选项,C 选项因果关系缺失,D 选项中 “unless” 表示句子逻辑关系,中文释义为“除非”,不是因果,所以 D 选项也没有因果概念。答案应该在 A B 之中选择。第三步对应逻辑关系主要承接对象,选定最终答案。原句中 “result from” 前面的部分是结果部分,而 B 选项 “because of” 前面表示结果的部分跟原文中不一致,排除。A 选项的结果部分与原句的结果部分一致。所以选 A。最后,做完题还应进行验证。看这个题目选的这句话跟原文那句话
6、的意思是否一致,规避一些基本的小错误。此外,我们在考试的时候还会遇到一些比较复杂的句子,里面包含多种逻辑关系,在这种情况下,我们就需要分析哪个是主要逻辑,哪个是次要逻辑,最终根据分析,确定主要内容。实例2:例:He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several.通过分析句子,我们可以看到,句
7、子中有两个逻辑关系,一个是因果,一个是条件,“reasoning” 表示“因果关系”,“if” 表示“条件关系”。但是“条件”是被镶嵌在“因果”关系里面的,主干逻辑为 “a reasoning that b”,a 以 b 为原因,而这个原因就是 if 引导的从句,这意味着因果关系要比条件关系要高一层。所以我们在选择的时候主要的逻辑关系应该是因果,不是条件。看下面四个选项:A. Edison was more interested in developing a variety of machines than in developing a technology based on only o
8、ne.B. Edison refused to work on projection technology because he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors with newer machines.C. Edison did not want to develop projection technology because it limited the number of machines he could sell.D. Edison would not develop projection technolo
9、gy unless exhibitors agreed to purchase more than one projector from him.通过上述分析,我们可以知道,答案为 C,D 选项虽然与原句表达的意思相似,但是不能选 D。因为因果和条件这两种逻辑差别的关系:已经发生的事情属于因果关系,尚未发生的事情属于条件关系。OK,上面就是利用主干逻辑解题的方法啦。最后还要提醒大家:技巧不是万能的,不能雪中送炭,只能锦上添花,所以大家还应该打好基础,尤其是句子分析,这样才能提高自己对句子的理解,才能提高我们的阅读水平。托福阅读素材之世界上最贵的指甲油The most expensive nai
10、l polish in the world has been unveiled.Containing 267-carats of black diamonds, the tiny bottle of varnish, by Los Angeles-based luxury jeweler Azature, has been priced at $250,000 (157万元).Models Own, a British company, released a Gold Rush Couture nail polish last year. The product, which containe
11、d 1,118 diamonds, was priced at $132, 800 (84万元), which set a new record for the most expensive nail polish in the world.It also featured a hand-crafted lid made from yellow gold.Just last month, beauty fans showed their passion for nail polish by taking to the auction site eBay in order to purchase
12、 the almost impossible-to-get Black Spotted polish by OPI.Because it only sells in France, French owners of the product are able to price the varnish for up to $70 (440 元) per bottle.译文:女生们大都喜欢指甲油,那或鲜艳或神秘的颜色,给心情增加了不少斑斓。不过,这小小的指甲油,也有平价和天价之分。珠宝品牌Azature推出号称“全世界最昂贵的指甲油”,成分含有267克拉的黑钻石,一瓶售价高达25万美元。流行品牌Mo
13、dels Own两年前推出一款名称为“淘金潮”(Gold Rush)的金黄色指甲油,要价13万美元,且宣称是“全世界最昂贵的指甲油”,受到媒体瞩目。这款指甲油内含约14克拉的钻石粉末,手工打造的瓶子含有将近4盎司黄金,并镶着1118颗碎钻。如今珠宝品牌Azature更上一层楼,推出售价25万美元的黑钻石指甲油,指甲油内含有276克拉的黑钻石,堪称“全世界最昂贵的指甲油”。托福阅读中的四种句子关系很多考生在准备托福考试的时候,总会发现部分托福考试中的句子远远超出了自己的能力范围。对于这些长难句,当然要从语法的角度去完全把握。但是如果是在考试中遇到不能理解的句子时,考生就偏向于一遍一遍的去读句子,
14、没读懂不说,还浪费了时间,影响了下面的答题。其实长难句在考试中最直接的运用就是考察插入句子题和解释句子题。对于这样的题目,我们在不能读懂句子的情况下,能够把握的就是句子的内在关系,即逻辑。逻辑在解释句子题中的运用尤为重要,以前有学生反映,在考试中其实句子根本就不能读懂,而利用逻辑就能迅速排除选项,从而找到正确的答案。所以说,逻辑是我们托福阅读中的隐形解题帮手,考生们一定要尤为关注。下面是托福阅读中经常出现的四大逻辑关系,把握了它们就等于掌握了托福阅读解题技巧的一个重要部分。1. 因果关系因:because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on acc
15、ount of, with果:so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus, consequently, accordingly因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外,隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。隐性因果:A 导致(因-果):cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support, push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for
16、如The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs。在这段话中,有lead to, 表示了导致的意思,即结果; 而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果,所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。B 由而来(果-因):result from, derive from, or
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