雅思阅读必备之3大黄金法则.doc

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1、雅思阅读必备之3大黄金法则 很多出入雅思江湖的人，雅思阅读部分似乎是很难，*篇幅变态的长，题目还那么多。今天给大家带来了雅思阅读必备之3大黄金法则,希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧【雅思阅读必备技巧】3大黄金法则一.*的选择首先，我们要简单探讨一下雅思考试中所用*的范畴。雅思*的总是集中在商业、社会科学和基础科学领域。出题者总是喜欢选择非常具体的题目。可能考生对这些题目的背景知之甚少。但稍后你会发现，你并不需要这样的知识。事实上，如果你试图依靠背景知识答题才会有麻烦。如果你对此题目知之甚少，不必担心。你很快就会知道如何应对并得出正确答案。此外，雅思出题者总爱用很多数字、数据和

2、专业的术语。雅思极其细节化。这看来可能会使考生无法招架。但实际上这些信息只是我们的工具和朋友。你不必记忆*的全部内容。事实上，因为雅思考试出题者总喜欢将注意力放在具体的细节上，在阅读时几乎没有必要理解其“*大意”。绝大多数问题都与*中出现的具体信息有关。答案都摆在你眼前!几乎不需要自己的推理。一旦你知道怎样适当的阅读，就会很容易找到答案。一旦你知道怎样定位，你的成绩自然也会提高。二.应试者会遇到的主要问题及如何应对因为，我们说过后面也还会具体分析到，所有的答案都摆在你眼前，窍门就是找出它们。如果我们有一整天的时间阅读，这可能不是什么问题。很遗憾，我们的时间有限，仅有一个小时。时间问题就显得尤为

3、重要。我们绝不能紧张和慌乱。相反，你要做的仅仅是在阅读的同时应用我们的黄金法则。在看的同时，了解你要找什么我们稍后会对这一方法详细解释能解决这一问题。再强调一遍，放松、不要读的太快。速度应适当。另一个可能的问题是词汇量。如我们所说过的，雅思考试中所用的词汇可能非常专业，有时甚至很复杂。即使如此，这一问题也很容易解决。所有需要理解的关键词汇在文中都会给出解释。如果没有解释，这个词就很可能并不重要。甚至如果有问题问到了你不熟的词，也是有办法解决的，这一点会在后面讲到。三.考试的结构本部分包括三篇*，每篇后有13-14个问题。这些问题一般分为八种，但也存在一些变化。对每类题型都有不同的办法。当然也有

4、一些适用于所有题型的基本方法。下面我会先谈谈这些基本方法，即“黄金法则”，之后再用更大的篇幅讨论每一题型的具体方法。雅思阅读模拟练习及答案From The Economist print editionHow shops can exploit peoples herd mentality to increase sales1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfarebut it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with

5、the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (that i

6、s， how ants， bees or any social animal， including humans， behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome， Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani， a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology， described a new wa

7、y to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted： for instance， by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store， forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usm

8、ani and Ronaldo Menezes， also of the Florida Institute of Technology， set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that， if a certain product is seen to be popular， shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about wh

9、at others are buying.3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmanis supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag， a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information， and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As

10、a customer walks past a shelf of goods， a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high， he is more likely to select it too.4. Mr Usmanis “swarm-moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without th

11、e need to give people discounts. And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bought the “right” productthat is， the one everyone else bought. The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world， mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been

12、installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal-Mart in America and Tesco in Britain are interested in his work， and testing will get under way in the spring.5. Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could， indeed， be boosted in thi

13、s way. Matthew Salganik of Columbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14，000 people downloaded previously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they had been download

14、ed， they followed the crowd. When the songs were not ordered by rank， but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed， the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so.6. In Japan a chain of convenien

15、ce shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category， and the rankings are updated weekly. Icosystem， a company in Cambridge， Massachusetts， also aims

16、 to exploit knowledge of social networking to improve sales.7. And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet. Online retailers such as Amazon are adept at telling shoppers which products are popular with like-minded consumers. Even in the privacy of your home， yo

17、u can still be part of the swarm.Questions 1-6Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.1. Shopowners realize that the smell of _ can increase sales of food products.2. In shops， products shelved at a more visible level sell

18、better even if they are more _.3. According to Mr. Usmani， with the use of “swarm intelligence” phenomenon， a new method can be applied to encourage _.4. On the way to everyday items at the back of the store， shoppers might be tempted to buy _.5. If the number of buyers shown on the _ is high， other

19、 customers tend to follow them.6. Using the “swarm-moves” model， shopowners do not have to give customers _ to increase sales.Questions 7-12Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 7-12 writeYES if the statement agrees with the informationNO

20、if the statement contraicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage7. Radio frequency identification technology has been installed experimentally in big supermarkets like Wal-Mart.8. People tend to download more unknown songs than songs they are familiar with.9. So

21、ngs ranked high by the number of times being downloaded are favored by customers.10. People follow the others to the same extent whether it is convenient or not.11. Items sold in some Japanese stores are simply chosen according to the sales data of other shops.12. Swarm intelligence can also be obse

22、rved in everyday life.Answer keys：1. 答案：(freshly baked) bread. (第1段第2 行：Shoppers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they intended.)2. 答案：expensive. (第1段第4 行： Stocking the most expensive products at eye lev

23、el makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors.)3. 答案：impulse buying. (第2段第1 句：At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome， Zeeshan- ul- hassan Usmani， a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology， described a new way to increase impul

24、se buying using this phenomenon.)4. 答案：other (tempting) goods/things/products. (第2段第2 句：Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted： for instance， by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store， forcing shoppers to walk past other

25、tempting goods to reach them.)5. 答案：screen. (第3段第4 行：As a customer walks past a shelf of goods， a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high， he is more likely to select it too.)6. 答案：discounts. (第4段第第1句：Mr Usmanis “

26、swarm- moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts.)7. 答案：NO. (第4段第3、4 句：The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world， mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentall

27、y in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal- Mart in America an Tesco in Britain are interestd in his workd， and testing will get under way in the spring. 短语 “get under way”的意思是“开始进行”，在Wal-Mart的试验要等到春天才开始)8. 答案：NOT GIVEN. (在文中没有提及该信息)9. 答案：YES。 (第5段第3 句：The reseachers found that when pe

28、ople could see the songs ranked by how many times they have been downloaded， they followed the crowd.)10. 答案：NO。 (第5段最后两句：When the songs are not ordered by rank， but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed， the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. Pe

29、ople thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so. pronounced 的词义是“显著的、明显的”)11. 答案：YES。 (第6段第1 句：In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies.)12. 答案：YES。 (最后一段最后一句：Even in

30、 the privacy of your home， you can still be part of the swarm. home应该算是everyday life的一部分雅思阅读模拟练习及答案1.A controversial theory of how we smell, which claims that our fine sense of odour depends on quantum mechanics, has been given the thumbs up by a team of physicists.2.Calculations by researchers at U

31、niversity College London (UCL) show that the idea that we smell odour molecules by sensing their molecular vibrations makes sense in terms of the physics involved.3.Thats still some way from proving that the theory, proposed in the mid-1990s by biophysicist Luca Turin, is correct. But it should make

32、 other scientists take the idea more seriously.4.This is a big step forward, says Turin, who has now set up his own perfume company Flexitral in Virginia. He says that since he published his theory, it has been ignored rather than criticized.5.Most scientists have assumed that our sense of smell dep

33、ends on receptors in the nose detecting the shape of incoming molecules, which triggers a signal to the brain. This molecular lock and key process is thought to lie behind a wide range of the bodys detection systems: it is how some parts of the immune system recognise invaders, for example, and how

34、the tongue recognizes some tastes.6.But Turin argued that smell doesnt seem to fit this picture very well. Molecules that look almost identical can smell very different such as alcohols, which smell like spirits, and thiols, which smell like rotten eggs. And molecules with very different structures

35、can smell similar. Most strikingly, some molecules can smell different to animals, if not necessarily to humans simply because they contain different isotopes (atoms that are chemically identical but have a different mass).7.Turins explanation for these smelly facts invokes the idea that the smell s

36、ignal in olfactory receptor proteins is triggered not by an odour molecules shape, but by its vibrations, which can enourage an electron to jump between two parts of the receptor in a quantum-mechanical process called tunnelling. This electron movement could initiate the smell signal being sent to t

37、he brain.8.This would explain why isotopes can smell different: their vibration frequencies are changed if the atoms are heavier. Turins mechanism, says Marshall Stoneham of the UCL team, is more like swipe-card identification than a key fitting a lock.9.Vibration-assisted electron tunnelling can un

38、doubtedly occur it is used in an experimental technique for measuring molecular vibrations. The question is whether this is possible in the nose, says Stonehams colleague, Andrew Horsfield.10.Stoneham says that when he first heard about Turins idea, while Turin was himself based at UCL, I didnt beli

39、eve it. But, he adds, because it was an interesting idea, I thought I should prove it couldnt work. I did some simple calculations, and only then began to feel Luca could be right. Now Stoneham and his co-workers have done the job more thoroughly, in a paper soon to be published in Physical Review L

40、etters.11.The UCL team calculated the rates of electron hopping in a nose receptor that has an odorant molecule bound to it. This rate depends on various properties of the biomolecular system that are not known, but the researchers could estimate these parameters based on typical values for molecule

41、s of this sort.12.The key issue is whether the hopping rate with the odorant in place is significantly greater than that without it. The calculations show that it is which means that odour identification in this way seems theoretically possible.13.But Horsfield stresses that thats different from a p

42、roof of Turins idea. So far things look plausible, but we need proper experimental verification. Were beginning to think about what experiments could be performed.14.Meanwhile, Turin is pressing ahead with his hypothesis. At Flexitral we have been designing odorants exclusively on the basis of their computed vibrations, he says. Our success rate at odorant discovery is two orders of magnitude better than the competition. At the very least, he is putting his money where his nose is.