2020 ASHRAE Handbook HVAC Systems and Equipment (ASHRAE)原版完整文件.pdf

2020 ASHRAE HANDBOOKHeating,Ventilating,andAir-ConditioningSYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENTASHRAE,1791 Tullie Circle,N.E.,Atlanta,GA 30329www.ashrae.orgSI EditionLicensed for single user.2020 ASHRAE,Inc.ThisfileislicensedtoOsamaKhayata(osamaashraeuae.org).CopyrightASHRAE2020.2020 ASHRAE.All rights reserved.DEDICATED TO THE ADVANCEMENT OFTHE PROFESSION AND ITS ALLIED INDUSTRIESNo part of this publication may be reproduced without permission in writing fromASHRAE,except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations ina review with appropriate credit;nor may any part of this book be reproduced,stored in aretrieval system,or transmitted in any way or by any meanselectronic,photocopying,recording,or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRAE.Requests for permis-sion should be submitted at www.ashrae.org/permissions.Volunteer members of ASHRAE Technical Committees and others compiled the infor-mation in this handbook,and it is generally reviewed and updated every four years.Com-ments,criticisms,and suggestions regarding the subject matter are invited.Any errors oromissions in the data should be brought to the attention of the Editor.Additions and correc-tions to Handbook volumes in print will be published in the Handbook published the yearfollowing their verification and,as soon as verified,on the ASHRAE Internet website.DISCLAIMERASHRAE has compiled this publication with care,but ASHRAE has not investigated,and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate,any product,service,process,procedure,design,or the like that may be described herein.The appearance of any technicaldata or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement,warranty,orguaranty by ASHRAE of any product,service,process,procedure,design,or the like.ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in this publication is free of errors.Theentire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.ISBN 978-1-947192-53-9ISSN 1930-7705The paper for this book is both acid-and elemental-chlorine-free and was manufactured with pulp obtained from sources using sustainable forestry practices.Licensed for single user.2020 ASHRAE,Inc.ThisfileislicensedtoOsamaKhayata(osamaashraeuae.org).CopyrightASHRAE2020.CONTENTSContributorsASHRAE Technical Committees,Task Groups,and Technical Resource GroupsASHRAE Research:Improving the Quality of LifePrefaceAIR-CONDITIONING AND HEATING SYSTEMSChapter1.HVAC System Analysis and Selection(TC 9.1,Large Building Air-Conditioning Systems)2.Decentralized Cooling and Heating(TC 9.1)3.Central Cooling and Heating Plants(TC 9.1)4.Air Handling and Distribution(TC 9.1)5.In-Room Terminal Systems(TC 9.1)6.Radiant Heating and Cooling(TC 6.5,Radiant Heating and Cooling)7.Combined Heat and Power Systems(TC 1.10,Cogeneration Systems)8.Combustion Turbine Inlet Cooling(TC 1.10)9.Applied Heat Pump and Heat Recovery Systems(TC 6.8,Geothermal Heat Pump and Energy Recovery Applications)10.Small Forced-Air Heating and Cooling Systems(TC 6.3,Central Forced Air Heating and Cooling Systems)11.Steam Systems(TC 6.1,Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems)12.District Heating and Cooling(TC 6.2,District Energy)13.Hydronic Heating and Cooling(TC 6.1)14.Condenser Water Systems(TC 6.1)15.Medium-and High-Temperature Water Heating(TC 6.1)16.Infrared Radiant Heating(TC 6.5)17.Ultraviolet Lamp Systems(TC 2.9,Ultraviolet Air and Surface Treatment)18.Variable Refrigerant Flow TC 8.7,Variable Refrigerant Flow(VRF)AIR-HANDLING EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTSChapter19.Duct Construction(TC 5.2,Duct Design)20.Room Air Distribution Equipment(TC 5.3,Room Air Distribution)21.Fans(TC 5.1,Fans)22.Humidifiers(TC 5.11,Humidifying Equipment)23.Air-Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils(TC 8.4,Air-to-Refrigerant Heat Transfer Equipment)24.Desiccant Dehumidification and Pressure-Drying Equipment(TC 8.12,Desiccant Dehumidification Equipment and Components)25.Mechanical Dehumidifiers and Related Components(TC 8.10,Mechanical Dehumidification Equipment and Heat Pipes)26.Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Equipment(TC 5.5,Air-to-Air Energy Recovery)27.Air-Heating Coils(TC 8.4)28.Unit Ventilators,Unit Heaters,and Makeup Air Units(TC 6.1 and TC 5.8,Industrial Ventilation)29.Air Cleaners for Particulate Contaminants(TC 2.4,Particulate Air Contaminants and Particulate Contaminant Removal Equipment)30.Industrial Gas Cleaning and Air Pollution ControlTC 5.4,Industrial Process Air Cleaning(Air Pollution Control)Licensed for single user.2020 ASHRAE,Inc.ThisfileislicensedtoOsamaKhayata(osamaashraeuae.org).CopyrightASHRAE2020.HEATING EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTSChapter31.Automatic Fuel-Burning Systems(TC 6.10,Fuels and Combustion)32.Boilers(TC 6.1)33.Furnaces(TC 6.3)34.Residential In-Space Heating Equipment(TC 6.5)35.Chimney,Vent,and Fireplace Systems(TC 6.10)36.Hydronic Heat-Distributing Units and Radiators(TC 6.1)37.Solar Energy Equipment(TC 6.7,Solar Energy Utilization)COOLING EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTSChapter38.Compressors(TC 8.1,Positive Displacement Compressors,and TC 8.2,Centrifugal Machines)39.Condensers(TC 8.4,TC 8.5,Liquid-to-Refrigerant Heat Exchangers,and TC 8.6,Cooling Towers and Evaporative Condensers)40.Cooling Towers(TC 8.6)41.Evaporative Air-Cooling Equipment(TC 5.7,Evaporative Cooling)42.Liquid Coolers(TC 8.5)43.Liquid-Chilling Systems(TC 8.1 and TC 8.2)GENERAL COMPONENTS44.Centrifugal Pumps(TC 6.1)45.Motors,Motor Controls,and Variable-Frequency Drives(TC 1.11,Electric Motors and Motor Control)46.Valves(TC 6.1)47.Heat Exchangers(TC 6.1)PACKAGED,UNITARY,AND SPLIT-SYSTEM EQUIPMENTChapter48.Unitary Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps(TC 8.11,Unitary and Room Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps)49.Room Air Conditioners and Packaged Terminal Air Conditioners(TC 8.11)GENERAL50.Thermal Storage(TC 6.9,Thermal Storage)51.Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems(TC 8.1052.Codes and Standards Additions and CorrectionsIndexComposite index to the 2017 Fundamentals,2018 Refrigeration,2019 HVAC Applications,and 2020 HVAC Systems and Equipment volumesComment PagesLicensed for single user.2020 ASHRAE,Inc.ThisfileislicensedtoOsamaKhayata(osamaashraeuae.org).CopyrightASHRAE2020.CONTRIBUTORSIn addition to the Technical Committees,the following individuals contributed significantly to this volume.The appropriate chapter numbers follow each contributors name.Howard McKew(1,5)BuildingSmartSoftware,LLCSteven Nicklas(2)Gene Strehlow(2)Stephen W.Duda(3)Ross&Baruzzini,Inc.R.Dan Leath(3)Murphy CompanyRachel Romero(4)National Renewable Energy LaboratoryLynn Werman(4)Dove Feng(6)Taylor EngineeringRyan MacGillivray(6)Daniels Wingerak Engineering Ltd.Paul Raftery(6)University of California,BerkeleyPeter Simmonds(6)Building and System AnalyticsGearoid Foley(7)Integrated CHP SystemsLucas B.Hyman(7,12,51)Birol I.Kilkis(7)Baskent UniversityJohn S.Andrepont(8,51)The Cool Solutions CompanyDharam Punwani(7,8)Avalon Consulting,Inc.Chris Gray(9)Southern CompanyGary Phetteplace(9,12)GWA ResearchCharles Gaston(10,33)The Pennsylvania State UniversityLouis Starr(10)Northwest Energy Efficiency AllianceRamez Afify(11)E4P Consulting Engineering PLLCJason Atkisson(11,32)Affiliated Engineers,Inc.Rex Scare(11)Armstrong International,Inc.Steve Tredinnick(12,13,14)Burns&McDonnell,Inc.Mick Schwedler(13,14)The Trane CompanyForrest B.Fencl(17)UV ResourcesJaak Geboers(17)Philips Lighting BVStephen B.Martin,Jr.(17)Centers for Disease Control/National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthDean A.Saputa(17)UV ResourcesRichard L.Vincent(17)Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiDavid L.Witham(17)UltraViolet Devices,Inc.William Artis(18)Daikin Applied N.Y.Brian Bogdan(18)LG ElectronicsYvette Daniel(18)Mitsubishi Electric USA,Inc.Paul Doppel(18)Mitsubishi Electric USA,Inc.Dermot McMorrow(18)Mitsubishi Electric CanadaDouglas Tucker(18)Mitsubishi Electric USA,Inc.Herman Behls(19)Ralph Koerber(19)ATCO Rubber ProductsCraig Wray(19,21)Kevin Cash(20)TroxJose Palma(20)TitusCurtis Peters(20)Nailor IndustriesDavid Pich(20)TitusJack Stegall(20)EnergisticsMichael Brendel(21)Lau IndustriesJoseph Brooks(21)AMCA InternationalPatrick Chinoda(21)Revcor,Inc.Armin Hauer(21,45)ebm-papst,Inc.Zhiping Wang(21)Morrison Products,Inc.Gary Berlin(22)Humidity Consulting LLCSukru Erisgen(22)DriSteem CorporationNicholas Lea(22)Nortec Humidity Ltd.William Fox(23,27,39)Ingersoll Rand/TraneSteve Brickley(24)Munters CorporationPhillip Farese(24)Advantix SystemsMichael Sherber(24)PPL SavageALERTRichard Wolcott(24)Ralph Kittler(25)Seresco Technologies,Inc.Alois Malik(25)Dectron International,Inc.Harry Milliken(25)Desert-Aire CorporationPrakash Dhamshala(26)University of TennesseeGursaran D.Mathur(26,41)Calsonic Kansei North AmericaTricia Bruenn(28)Belimo AmericasScott Fisher(28,36,48)State FarmJohn McKernan(28)U.S.Environmental Protection AgencyKen Mead(28)National Institute of Occupational Safety and HealthEric Brodsky(29)Research ProductsLicensed for single user.2020 ASHRAE,Inc.ThisfileislicensedtoOsamaKhayata(osamaashraeuae.org).CopyrightASHRAE2020.Tom Justice(29)ZENE,LLC FiltrationCarolyn(Gemma)Kerr(29)Phil Maybee(29)The Filter Man Ltd.Larry Brand(31,35)Gas Technology InstituteMehdi M.Doura(31,35)Lochinvar LLCJennifer Guerrero-Ferreira(31,35)Bekaert CorporationTom Neill(31,35)Mestek Inc.Bill Roy(31,35)Timco RubberPaul Sohler(31,35)Crown Boiler CoCory Weiss(31,35)Field Controls LLCDiane Jakobs(33)Rheem Manufacturing CompanyGeorge Yaeger(33)Sears Holdings CorporationConstantinos A.Balaras(37)National Observatory of AthensElena G.Dascalaki(37)National Observatory of AthensSvein Morner(37)Sustainable Engineering Group LLCKhalid Nagidi(37)Energy Management Consulting Group,LLCRay Good(38)Danfoss Turbocor Compressors,Inc.Rick Heiden(38)The Trane CompanyJustin Kauffman(38,43)Johnson ControlsAlexander D.Leyderman(38,43)Triumph Thermal Management Systems-MDMichael Perevozchikov(38)Emerson Climate TechnologiesLorenzo Cremaschi(39)Oklahoma State UniversitySatheesh Kulankara(39)Johnson Controls,Inc.Sankar Padhmanabhan(39)Danfoss LLCMike Scofield(41)Conservation Mechanical SystemsSatyam Bendapudi(42)Carrier CorporationLaurant Abbas(43)ArkemaFred Betz(38,43)PEDCO E&A Services,Inc.Hermann Renz(38)Bitzer InternationalNiels Bidstrup(44)Grundfos Holding A/SLarry Konopacz(44)Xylem-Applied Water SystemsDavid Lee(44)Armstrong Fluid TechnologyGreg Towsley(44)Ken Fonstad(45)ABB,Inc.Paul Lin(45)Regal BeloitTom Lowery(45)Schneider ElectricMarcelo Acosta(47)Armstrong Fluid TechnologyEric Rosenberg(47)Grumman/Butkus AssociatesSteve Taylor(47)Taylor Engineering,LLCRobert Walker(47)Belimo Aircontrols(USA),Inc.Theodore E.Duffy(49,50)Johnson SupplyKevin Mercer(49)Carrier CorporationRay Rite(49,50)Ingersoll RandDon Schuster(49)Ingersoll RandCraig Messmer(50)UnicoGeoff Bares(51)CB&IHenry Becker(51)H-O-H Water TechnologyPaul Steffes(51)Steffes CorporationASHRAE HANDBOOK COMMITTEESuzanne LeViseur,Chair2020 HVAC Systems and Equipment Volume Subcommittee:Michael P.Patton,ChairCaroline C.CallowayNicolas LemirePrakash R.DhamshalaFlorentino Roson RodriguezSteven C.SillASHRAE HANDBOOK STAFFMark S.Owen,PublisherDirector of Publications and EducationHeather E.Kennedy,EditorHayden Spiess,Editorial AssistantNancy F.Thysell,Typographer/Page DesignerDavid Soltis,Group Manager,and Jayne E.Jackson,Publication Traffic Administrator Publishing ServicesLicensed for single user.2020 ASHRAE,Inc.ThisfileislicensedtoOsamaKhayata(osamaashraeuae.org).CopyrightASHRAE2020.ASHRAE TECHNICAL COMMITTEES,TASK GROUPS,AND TECHNICAL RESOURCE GROUPSSECTION 1.0FUNDAMENTALS AND GENERAL1.1Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics1.2Instruments and Measurements1.3Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow1.4Control Theory and Application1.5Computer Applications1.6Terminology1.7Business,Management&General Legal Education1.8Mechanical Systems Insulation1.9Electrical Systems1.10Cogeneration Systems1.11Electric Motors and Motor Control1.12Moisture Management in Buildings1.13OptimizationSECTION 2.0ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY2.1Physiology and Human Environment2.2Plant and Animal Environment2.3Gaseous Air Contaminants and Gas Contaminant Removal Equipment2.4Particulate Air Contaminants and Particulate Contaminant Removal Equipment2.5Global Climate Change2.6Sound and Vibration2.7Seismic and Wind Resistant Design2.8Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability2.9Ultraviolet Air and Surface TreatmentTG2Heating Ventilation and Air-Conditioning Security(HVAC)SECTION 3.0MATERIALS AND PROCESSES3.1Refrigerants and Secondary Coolants3.2Refrigerant System Chemistry3.3Refrigerant Contaminant Control3.4Lubrication3.6Water Treatment3.8Refrigerant ContainmentSECTION 4.0LOAD CALCULATIONS AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS4.1Load Calculation Data and Procedures4.2Climatic Information4.3Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration4.4Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance4.5Fenestration4.7Energy Calculations4.10Indoor Environmental ModelingTRG4Indoor Air Quality Procedure DevelopmentSECTION 5.0VENTILATION AND AIR DISTRIBUTION5.1Fans5.2Duct Design5.3Room Air Distribution5.4Industrial Process Air Cleaning(Air Pollution Control)5.5Air-to-Air Energy Recovery5.6Control of Fire and Smoke5.7Evaporative Cooling5.8Industrial Ventilation5.9Enclosed Vehicular Facilities5.10Kitchen Ventilation5.11Humidifying EquipmentSECTION 6.0HEATING EQUIPMENT,HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS6.1Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems6.2District Energy6.3Central Forced Air Heating and Cooling Systems6.5Radiant Heating and Cooling6.6Service Water Heating Systems6.7Solar Energy Utilization6.8Geothermal Heat Pump and Energy Recovery Applications6.9Thermal Storage6.10Fuels and CombustionSECTION 7.0BUILDING PERFORMANCE7.1Integrated Building Design7.2HVAC&R Construction&Design Build Technologies7.3Operation and Maintenance Management7.4Exergy Analysis for Sustainable Buildings(EXER)7.5Smart Building Systems7.6Building Energy Performance7.7Testing and Balancing7.8Owning and Operating Costs 7.9Building CommissioningSECTION 8.0AIR-CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS8.1Positive Displacement Compressors8.2Centrifugal Machines8.3Absorption and Heat Operated Machines8.4Air-to-Refrigerant Heat Transfer Equipment8.5Liquid-to-Refrigerant Heat Exchangers8.6Cooling Towers and Evaporative Condensers8.7Variable Refrigerant Flow(VRF)8.8Refrigerant System Controls and Accessories8.9Residential Refrigerators and Food Freezers8.10Mechanical Dehumidification Equipment and Heat Pipes8.11Unitary and Room Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps8.12Desiccant Dehumidification Equipment and ComponentsSECTION 9.0BUILDING APPLICATIONS9.1Large Building Air-Conditioning Systems9.2Industrial Air Conditioning9.3Transportation Air Conditioning9.4Justice Facilities9.6Healthcare Facilities9.7Educational Facilities9.8Large Building Air-Conditioning Applications9.9Mission Critical Facilities,Data Centers,Technology Spaces and Electronic Equipment9.10Laboratory Systems9.11Clean Spaces9.12Tall BuildingsSECTION 10.0REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS10.1Custom Engineered Refrigeration Systems10.2Automatic Icemaking Plants and Skat